Interaction between residual feed intake and thermal environment on performance, nitrogen balance, ingestive behavior and carcass yield of dorper lambs.

Residual feed intake (RFI) is a nutritional variable used in genetic improvement programs, the relationship between the environment and the availability of energy and protein in the diet has not yet been explored. Thus, the aim was to evaluate interactions between RFI and thermal environment on performance, nitrogen balance, ingestive behavior and carcass yield of Dorper lambs receiving diets containing different concentrate levels. Dorper lambs (male, n = 64, 17.83 ± 2.43 kg and 110 ± 10 days of age) were confined individually for 40 days for RFI classification. Lambs were separated into positive RFI (n = 30) and negative RFI (n = 30) and remained confined for another 60 days. The animals were distributed in a randomized block design, with a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with 2 confinement environments (full sun or shade), 2 groups of feed efficiency (RFI positive or RFI negative) and three diets containing different concentrate levels (30, 45 and 60%), with 5 replications in each treatment. Isolated effects of concentrate level were observed for dry matter intake and digestibility, feeding, rumination, idle and chewing times, feeding efficiency, ingested, excreted and absorbed nitrogen, and on cooling losses, hot and cold carcass yield (P < 0.05). There was an effect of environment × concentrate interaction on performance, retained nitrogen and nitrogen balance (P < 0.05). There was an effect of RFI × environment interaction on the dry matter rumination efficiency, hot and cold carcass weight (P < 0.05). Under experimental conditions, RFI did not influence the productive performance of Dorper lambs. Interactions between environment and diet indicate better performance for Dorper lamb confined in the shade and receiving a higher proportion of concentrate. Animals with negative RFI show better performance and carcass weight when confined in shade, while animals with positive RFI showed better responses to these variables when confined in full sun.

Chemical Properties, Ruminal Fermentation, Gas Production and Digestibility of Silages Composed of Spineless Cactus and Tropical Forage Plants for Sheep Feeding.

The aim was to evaluate the chemical composition, carbohydrates, protein fractionation and in vitro gas production of silages composed of spineless cactus and tropical forages and their effect on sheep performance. Treatments consisted of silages: corn silage (CS), spineless cactus silage (SCS), spineless cactus + gliricidia (SCG), spineless cactus + buffel grass silage (SCBG) and spineless cactus + pornunça (SCP). Silos were opened 60 days after ensiling, and analyses were carried out. The digestibility test lasted for 36 days, with eight animals per treatment. A completely randomized design was adopted. Considering carbohydrate fractionation, CS, SCS and SCBG silages had higher total carbohydrate content (p = 0.001). The SCS silage presented a higher A + B1 fraction (p = 0.001). The SCBG and SCG silages showed a higher B2 fraction (p < 0.0001) compared to the CS and SCS silages. The SCBG and SCP silages presented a higher C fraction (p = 0.001). For protein fractionation, the SCP and SCG silages showed higher crude protein contents (p = 0.001). The CS and SCS silages showed a higher A fraction (p = 0.001). The SCBG silage presented a higher B1 + B2 fraction (p = 0.001). The SCG silage showed a higher B3 fraction (p = 0.006) compared to SCBG silage. The SCS and SCP silages showed a higher C fraction (p = 0.001). Exclusive SCS silage showed higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (p = 0.001), dry matter degradability (p = 0.001) and total gas production (p = 0.001). The use of the SCBG, SCP and SCG silages to feed sheep increased the dry matter intake (p < 0.001). Sheep fed the SCG silage showed greater dry matter and crude protein digestibility compared to the sheep fed the CS, SCS and SCP silages (p = 0.002). There was a higher water intake (p < 0.001) with the use of the SCS and SCG silages to feed the sheep. The SCP and SCG silages provided a greater intake (p < 0.001) and excretion (p < 0.001) of nitrogen by the animals. Although there were no differences between the treatments for daily gains, lambs that received the spineless cactus-based silage associated with tropical forages showed higher gains (160-190 g/day) than lambs that received CS silage (130 g/day). Thus, the use of spineless cactus associated with buffelgrass, pornunça and gliricidia to prepare mixed silages (60:40) to feed sheep has potential use to feed sheep, with positive effects on nutrient degradation and increases in dry matter intake. Under experimental conditions, we recommend the exclusive use of spineless cactus silage associated with buffel grass, pornunça and gliricidia in feeding sheep in semi-arid regions, as it provides nutrients, water and greater daily gains compared to corn silage.

Fermentation Profile, Aerobic Stability, and Chemical and Mineral Composition of Cactus Pear Silages with Different Inclusion Levels of Gliricidia Hay.

Cactus pear is used in large proportions in diets for small ruminants in semiarid regions. However, its exclusive use is not recommended due to the low fiber and crude protein content and the high water and mineral content, leading to metabolic disorders, low dry matter intake, and weight loss. The use of mixed cactus silage associated with protein and fibrous sources seeks to overcome the deficits in dry matter, fiber and crude protein, aiming to improve the nutritional quality of the diets that will be offered to ruminants. Thus, the use of gliricidia hay in cactus pear silages could represent an important alternative to improve the nutritional and fermentative characteristics of the ensiled material. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the fermentation dynamics, nutritional characteristics, and aerobic stability of mixed silages of cactus pear combined with different levels of gliricidia hay. This was a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and five repetitions. The treatments consisted of different levels of inclusion of gliricidia hay (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% on a dry matter basis) in the composition of mixed cactus pear silages. The inclusion of gliricidia hay in the composition of mixed silages of cactus pear resulted in a quadratic effect for dry matter recovery, pH, NH3-N, buffering capacity, aerobic stability, ether extract, P, K, Na, and Zn (p < 0.05). There was a reduction in density, effluent losses, maximum pH, mineral matter, non-fiber carbohydrates, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn (p < 0.05), and an increase in the time to reach maximum pH as well as an upward trend in pH, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and B (p < 0.05). Under experimental conditions, the inclusion of gliricidia hay between 20 and 30% in cactus pear-based silage provided an improvement to the chemical composition and fermentation parameters of the silages.

Thermoregulatory responses and ingestive behavior of sheep subjected to water restriction and high- and low-energy diets in a semi-arid environment.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of water restriction and low- and high-energy diets on sheep's thermoregulatory responses and ingestive behavior. Forty sheep, non-castrated, with an average body weight of 18.85 kg (SD = 2.80 kg) and an average age of 5 months were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, comprising 2 diets (high- and low-energy) and 2 water offers (ad libitum and 50% water restriction), with 10 replicates. Thermoregulatory responses were evaluated in two periods (morning and afternoon). There was an interaction effect of Diet x Water supply x Periods on respiratory rate (P < 0.05). High-energy diets resulted in increased heart rate, idleness, dry matter feeding and rumination efficiency, and water intake. Low-energy diets increased feeding time, rumination time, the number of ruminal cuds, chews per day, total chewing time, neutral detergent fiber intake and rumination efficiency, number of ruminations per day, average duration of rumination, and defecation frequency. Water supply affected heart rate and idleness (P < 0.05). Sheep had higher values of heart rate and rectal and surface temperatures during the afternoon (P < 0.05). Water restriction combined with a low-energy diet and high environmental temperature leads to a reduction in the respiratory rate of Santa Inês crossbred sheep. Regardless of the dietary energy value, water restriction by 50% of the daily requirement of sheep reduces dry matter intake and increases idleness.

Changes in the physiological, hematological and parasitological parameters of Dorper sheep in relation to residual feed intake and confinement environment.

The selection of animals with greater feed efficiency has unknown parasitological and physiological parameters when confined in full sun or shade. Thus, we aimed to assess the effect of residual feed intake (RFI) and the confinement environment on the hematological, parasitological and physiological parameters in male Dorper sheep (n = 60; 30 with positive RFI and 30 with negative RFI) distributed in 2 confinement environments (full sun and shade), in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, with 15 animals for treatment. Animals kept in the shade showed an increase (P < 0.05) of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and albumin. Animals kept in full sun showed higherOocysts gamma glutamyltransferase, direct bilirubin, transaminase aspartate and respiratory rate (P<0.05). There was a higher incidence of Eimeria spp oocysts in RFI negative animals (P<0.05). Positive RFI animals increased respiratory rate (P<0.05). The RFI did not influence the blood parameters of Dorper sheep, however, it had an effect on respiratory rate and presence of Eimeria spp. oocysts. Thermal environment promoted changes in blood parameters and the physiological parameters of Dorper sheep.

Effects of different diets on Aedes aegypti adults: improving rearing techniques for sterile insect technique.

The aim was to evaluate the effect of different energy diets available in adulthood on the longevity, dispersal capacity and sexual performance of Aedes aegypti produced under a mass-rearing system. To evaluate the effects of diets in relation to the survival of the adult male insects of Ae. aegypti, six treatments were used: sucrose at a concentration of 10%, as a positive control (sack10); starvation, as a negative control (starvation); sucrose at a concentration of 20% associated with 1 g/l of ascorbic acid (sac20vitC); wild honey in a concentration of 10% (honey10); demerara sugar in a 10% concentration (demerara10); and sucrose at a concentration of 20% associated with 1 g/l of ascorbic acid and 0.5 g/l of amino acid proline (sac20vitCPr). Each treatment had 16 cages containing 50 adult males. For the tests of flight ability and propensity to copulation, five treatments were used (saca10; sac20vitC; mel10; demerara10; and sac20vitCPr), with males each for flight ability and females copulated by a single male for copulation propensity. The diet composed of sucrose at a concentration of 20% associated with ascorbic acid, as an antioxidant, improved the survival, flight ability and propensity to copulate in Ae. aegypti males under mass-rearing conditions, and may be useful to enhance the performance of sterile males, thus improving the success of sterile insect technique programmes.

Non-invasive methods to quantify the carcass parameters of sheep: Interaction between thermal environment and residual feed intake.

The thermal environment is important in unit production because the perception of thermal stress can reduce fertility, and productive performance, therefore its management is necessary. The use of non-invasive methods, such as infrared thermography and real-time ultrasonography, are widely used to evaluate indicators in animal production, without the need to slaughter the animals. Thus, we aimed to assess the effect of the thermal environment on the physiological parameters and carcass characteristics of Dorper sheep with positive and negative residual feed intake (RFI) using infrared thermography and real-time ultrasonography techniques. Twenty uncastrated male Dorper sheep (17.8 ± 2.4 kg) were confined for 40 days for RFI classification. Sheep were separated into positive RFI (n = 10) and negative RFI (n = 10). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 2 thermal environments (full sun or shade) and two feed efficiency groups (positive RFI or negative RFI), with 5 replications. The sheep remained in confinement for 60 days. The animals were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and the carcasses dissected for tissue separation. Rectal temperature (RT) and respiratory rate (RR) were measured at two times (14:00 h and 18:00 h) for periods of 5 days. The RR was determined by indirect auscultation of heart sounds at the level of the laryngotracheal region. The RT was measured introduced a digital clinical thermometer into the animal's rectum. Surface temperature (ST) was obtained using a thermographic infrared camera, collecting the temperatures of the eyeball and skin surface in the regions of the head, ribs, rump, flank and shin. Sheep confined in full sun showed higher RR (P = 0.0001), ST ribs (P = 0.0020), ST rumb (P = 0.0055), ST flank (P = 0.0001) and heat tolerance coefficient (HTC) (P = 0.0010). For sheep confined in full sun, a strong correlation was observed between the RR and the mean ST (MST; r = 0.6826; P = 0.0236) and between the final loin eye area (LEAf) with the real LEA (LEAr) (r = 0.9263; P = 0.0001) and slaughter body weight (SBW) (r = 0.7532; P = 0.0325). For negative RFI sheep, a positive correlation was observed between the RR and the ST rump (r = 0.7343; P = 0.0025) and ST ribs (r = 0.6560; P = 0.0178) and the MST (r = 0.7435; P = 0.0001), between the MST and the LEAr (r = 0.6837; P = 0.0025) and the final LEA (r = 0.6771; P = 0.0144), and between the final LEA and LEAr (r = 0.9942; P = 0.0001), BW (r = 0.8415; P = 0.0277) and MST (r = 0.6771; P = 0.0045). Positive RFI sheep confined to shade showed a high correlation between final LEA and LEAr (r = 0.9372; P = 0.0001). The use of shading in confined Dorper sheep, regardless of the RFI classification, reduces the effects of heat stress on physiological parameters.

Effect of different levels of sodium in water on performance, carcass yield, and meat quality of slow-growing chickens.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium (Na) levels in the drinking water on the performance, carcass yield, and meat quality of slow-growing chickens. A completely randomized design with 4 treatments (4.90; 32.30; 60.53; and 101.0 mg/L of Na in water) and 6 replications, with 20 birds per experimental unit, was adopted. The treatments are evaluated in the following: 10 to 25, 10 to 39, and 10 to 54 days. For slow-growing chickens from 10 to 25 days, the Na levels in the drinking water promoted a quadratic effect for water and feed intake (p<0.05). The inclusion of Na in the drinking water offered to slow-growing chickens from 10 to 39 days resulted in a reduction in voluntary water intake (p<0.05). For slow-growing chickens from 10 to 54 days, the Na levels in the drinking water promoted a quadratic effect for water intake and feed conversion (p<0.05). After 54 days, the slow-growing chickens were slaughtered and it was observed that the Na inclusion in the drinking water offered to slow-growing chickens provided a quadratic effect for cold carcass, breast, and kidney weights and for kidney and liver yields (p<0.05). Liver weight was reduced with increasing Na levels in the drinking water (p<0.05). For the breast cut, the Na levels in the drinking water promoted a quadratic effect for pH24h, drip loss, cooking loss, protein, and fat and an increase in shear force (p<0.05). For the thigh cut, the Na levels in the drinking water increased the pH24h and reduced drip loss and shear force (p<0.05), and a quadratic effect was observed for moisture and fat (p<0.05). Levels of up to 60.53 mg/L of Na promote an increase in feed intake, which provided a higher breast weight and protein content with reduced fat and drip loss.

Grape skin flour obtained from wine processing as an antioxidant in beef burgers.

The objective of this study was to determine the best level of wine making by-product meal (WBM) as a natural antioxidant to replace butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) in beef burger stored at -20 °C for up to 120 days. The treatments consisted of control (basic formulation - BF, without antioxidant); BF with BHT; and BF with WBM0.5, WBM1.0, WBM1.5, and WBM2.0, with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g WBM/100 g BF, respectively. Up to 60 days of storage, the lipid oxidation value between BHT and WBM0.5 treatments did not differ and were lower than the values presented by the other treatments. On day 90 and 120, the lipid oxidation values of treatments BHT, WBM0.5, and WBM1.0 did not differ and were lower than the values presented by WBM1.5 and WBM2.0 treatments. Burgers from all treatments with WBM inclusion had crude fiber values above 3 g/100 g. WBM1.5 and WBM2.0 treatments had the worst scores for appearance, aroma, juiciness and tenderness, in addition to the highest cooking losses. WBM can be used at up to 1 g/100 g to replace BHT in frozen beef burgers. Higher levels of WBM inclusion increased lipid oxidation and negatively affected the sensory quality of burgers.

Histological and physical-mechanical characteristics of the skin of Dorper sheep related to residual feed intake and the confinement environment.

The aim was to evaluate the effect of residual feed intake (RFI) on the histological, physical and mechanical characteristics of the sheep skin confined in full sun or shade. Dorper sheep (n = 64), male, with an initial bodyweight of 17.8 ± 2.43 kg was confined for 40 days to determine the RFI. After classification, 30 animals with positive RFI and 30 animals with negative RFI were selected, which were distributed in 2 confinement environments. This was a factorial arrangement of 2 (groups of animals-positive RFI and negative RFI) × 2 (environments-full sun and shade), with 15 animals for each combination of factors. The sheep remained in confinement for 60 days. After slaughter, skins were divided in half, and fragments were collected from the right portion for histological sections. The left part of each skin was subjected to tanning. Interaction effect RFI × environment was found in the evaluation of leather fragments in the horizontal direction on elongation at break, leather thickness and tear strength (p < 0.05). An isolated effect of the environment was found on elongation at break of leather fragments in the evaluation on the vertical direction (p = 0.01) and on the number of secondary follicles during the histological evaluation of the dorsal and lateral regions of the skin (p < 0.05). An effect of the interaction RFI × environment was observed for the thermostatic layer of the hip region (p = 0.03). Sheep with positive RFI and kept in confinement in full sun have a leather with greater elongation at break and tear strength, important aspects in determining the quality of the product by the leather industry.

Water intake and ingestive behavior of sheep fed diets based on silages of cactus pear and tropical forages.

The objective was to evaluate the water intake and ingestive behavior of sheep fed diets containing silages of cactus pear combined with tropical forages. Forty sheep without defined breed, intact, with initial average weight of 22.65 ± 1.01 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 8 replications. The experimental diets consisted of cactus pear silage (CPS), cactus pear + buffel grass silage (CPBS), cactus pear + gliricidia silage (CPGS), cactus pear + pornunça silage (CPPS), and corn silage (CS). CPGS provided higher water intake via food, total water intake, metabolic water, and excretion via feces and urine (P < 0.05). Animals that received diets containing CS showed higher water intake via drinking fountain, less efficient feeding and rumination of dry matter, less efficient rumination of neutral detergent fiber, grams of dry matter per cud, grams of neutral detergent fiber per cud, and the shortest average time spent in chewing per cud (P < 0.05). CPGS, CPPS, and CS provided longer times for rumination and numbers of cuds per day (P < 0.05). CPS showed animals spending more time in idleness, lower quantity of cuds per minute, higher concentration of crystals in urine, with a higher frequency of ammonia-magnesium phosphate and calcium oxalate. Silages based on cactus pear are an alternative to the supply of water via food for sheep in semi-arid.

Effect of sex on carcass yield and meat quality of guinea pig.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sex on carcass yield and meat quality of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Twenty animals (10 males and 10 females) Criollos, with initial body weight of 286 ± 4.26 g and 2 months of age were distributed in a completely randomized design. The guinea pigs fed a diet based on vegetables and concentrate in a roughage:concentrate ratio of 80:20. After 60 days, animals were slaughtered and their carcasses and meat were evaluated. Males had higher slaughter weight, total weight gain, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, cold carcass yield, meat weight, meat yield, leg weight, loin + flank weight and front weight (P < 0.05). Females showed higher carcass chilling loss, liver yield, cooking loss and protein and ash content in meat (P < 0.05). The use of male guinea pigs for meat production provides higher yields of carcasses, meat and commercial cuts, and lower losses during carcass chilling and meat cooking.

Use of bean meal (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in goat rations for meat production.

Bean meal (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) may be a viable alternative in ruminant feeding, mainly as a source of protein due to its high crude protein content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of substitution of cottonseed cake (Gossypium hirsutum) with different levels of bean meal in goat feedlot rations on dry matter intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, performance, carcass characteristics, and hematological parameters. Twenty castrated male Repartida goats with an average initial weight of 14.7 ± 2.0 kg were allocated in a randomized block design with four treatments. The initial body weight was used to define the blocks. The treatments were different substitution levels of cottonseed cake by bean meal (0, 27.75, 64.63, and 100%) in the concentrate on a dry matter basis. The diets had a roughage:concentrate ratio of 50:50. Chopped elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) was used as roughage, while the concentrate was composed of ground corn, mineral mix, and different levels of bean meal and cottonseed cake. There were no treatment effects on dry matter intake, feed conversion, slaughter weight, carcass weight and yield, non-carcass component yield, and hematological parameters (P > 0.05). However, for both dry matter digestibility (P = 0.001) and daily weight gain (P < 0.001), there was a negative quadratic relationship between cottonseed cake and bean meal content in the diet. Bean meal can be used in goat diets to replace cottonseed cake as the only source of protein concentrate, since it did not affect the main performance characteristics.

Características de carcaça e componentes não-carcaça de ovinos: uma revisão / And non-carcass components of sheep: a review / Características de carcasa y componentes no carcasa de ovinos: una revisión

Apesar da comercialização de ovinos se basearem na observação do peso dos animais, é necessário o conhecimento da composição percentual dos cortes e de outras partes que compõem o peso dos animais e que caracterizam a qualidade do produto. Os distintos cortes que compõem a carcaça possuem diferentes valores econômicos e sua proporção constitui importante índice para avaliação da qualidade comercial da carcaça. Dessa forma, o rendimento dos diferentes cortes comerciais da carcaça é parâmetro importante para direcionar sistemas de alimentação que venham obter cordeiros jovens em terminação. O confinamento é uma estratégia utilizada pelos pecuaristas, visando o abate de animais precoces, com produção de carcaças de melhor qualidade, permitindo obter um melhor preço pelo produto. Objetivou-se fazer um levantamento das características de carcaça e componentes não carcáceos de ovinos. É interessante avaliar os componentes não constituintes da carcaça, pois os mesmos influenciam diretamente no ganho de peso e no rendimento de carcaça, já que grande parte está relacionada com a dieta que o animal será destinado a receber. Com isso, são necessários estudos não só da carcaça, mas também dos demais componentes do animal, uma vez que, sua comercialização agregará maior valor econômico ao animal como um todo.(AU)

Although sheep marketing is based on the observation of the animal's weight, it is necessary to know the percentage composition of cuts and other parts that make up the weight of the animals and characterize the quality of the product. The different cuts that compose the carcass have different economic values and their proportion constitutes an important index for evaluation of the commercial quality of the carcass. Thus, the yield of the different commercial cuts of the carcass is an important parameter to guide feed systems that deal with young lambs in finishing. Confinement is a strategy used by farmers aiming at the slaughter of precocious animals, with the production of better-quality carcasses, resulting in a better price for the product. The purpose of this study was to survey the carcass characteristics and non-carcass components of sheep, assessing the non-carcass components and their direct influence on weight gain and carcass yield.(AU)

A pesar de que la comercialización de ovinos se basa en la observación del peso de los animales, es necesario conocer la composición porcentual de los cortes y de otras partes que componen el peso de los animales y que caracterizan la calidad del producto. Los distintos cortes que componen la carcasa poseen diferentes valores económicos y su proporción constituye un importante índice para la evaluación de la calidad comercial de la carcasa. De esa forma, el rendimiento de los diferentes cortes comerciales de la carcasa es un parámetro importante para dirigir sistemas de alimentación que vengan a obtener corderos jóvenes en terminación. El confinamiento es una estrategia utilizada por los ganaderos, buscando el sacrificio de animales precoces, con producción de carcasas de mejor calidad, permitiendo obtener un mejor precio por el producto. Se objetivó hacer un levantamiento de las características de carcasa y componentes no carcasa de ovinos. Es interesante evaluar los componentes no constituyentes de la carcasa, pues los mismos influencian directamente en el gano de peso y en el rendimiento de carcasa, ya que gran parte está relacionada con la dieta que el animal será destinado a recibir. Así, se hace necesario estudios no solo de la carcasa, sino de los demás componentes del animal, una vez que, su comercialización agregará mayor valor económico al animal como un todo.(AU)

Perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com leishmaniose tegumentar americana no município de Ilhéus ­ Bahia / Epidemiological profile of patients with cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the city of Ilheus - Bahia

Objetivou-se analisar o perfil epidemiológico de 442 pacientes com leishmaniose tegumentar americana no município de Ilhéus entre os anos de 2007 a 2012. A coleta de dados foi realizada na vigilância epidemiológica do município Ilhéus, utilizando como banco de dados os casos notificados e digitados no sistema nacional de notificação de agravos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana. Foram analisadas informações sobre, sexo, faixa etária, escolaridade, critério de confirmação, tipo da leishmaniose, medicação utilizada, conclusão do caso. No município de Ilhéus a letalidade em leishmaniose tegumentar americana foi nula durante o período de estudo e a partir do ano de maior ocorrência houve um decréscimo dos casos positivos. Os indivíduos mais propícios à doença são do sexo masculino, entre 20 a 49 anos, residente em áreas rurais, pardos, autóctone. A forma mais incidente é a cutânea e a droga mais utilizada para o tratamento é a antimonial pentavalente. Não foi confirmada a sazonalidade da doença entre os meses e anos observados e nenhum surto da doença durante o período estudado no município de Ilhéus ­ Bahia. As informações deste estudo servirão para auxiliar o planejamento de ações epidemiológicas de saúde pública, visando medidas particulares de proteção conforme caracterização local. A partir destes resultados, espera-se mostrar a importância da notificação de investigação, diagnóstico precoce e tratamento eficaz para reduzir sequelas, bem como contribuir para a prevenção e controle da doença na cidade.

The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological profile of 442 patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the municipality of Ilhéus between 2007 and 2012. Data collection was performed in the epidemiological surveillance of Ilhéus municipality, using as a database the cases reported and typed in the national system for notifying American tegumentary leishmaniasis We analyzed information on sex, age, schooling, confirmation criteria, type of leishmaniasis, medication used, conclusion of the case. In the municipality of Ilhéus, lethality in American tegumentary leishmaniasis was zero during the study period and from the year of greatest occurrence there was a decrease in positive cases. The most susceptible individuals are male, between 20 and 49 years old, living in rural, brown, autochthonous areas. The most incident form is cutaneous and the most commonly used drug for treatment is pentavalent antimonial. It was not confirmed the seasonality of the disease between the months and years observed and no outbreak of the disease during the period studied in the municipality of Ilhéus - Bahia. The information in this study will serve to assist the planning of epidemiological actions of public health, aiming at specific measures of protection according to local characterization. From these results, it is expected to show the importance of reporting research, early diagnosis and effective treatment to reduce sequelae, as well as contribute to the prevention and control of disease in the city.

Caracterização físico-química do mel de Apis mellifera L., de diferentes origens botânicas / Physico-chemical characterization of honey from Apis mellifera L. from different botanical origins

O mel é um produto muito conhecido e apreciado pela população, no entanto está facilmente sujeito à falsificação. A composição química e o valor nutritivo do mel dependem fundamentalmente da origem floral. Faz-se necessário conhecer a composição e qualidade desse produto. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, a realização das análises físico-química e sensorial do mel dos Estados da Paraíba e Pernambuco. Com os resultados obtidos verificou-se que o mel do Sertão-PB apresentou características dentro dos padrões da legislação nacional, o que não ocorreu com os demais avaliados. Com relação à análise sensorial, identificou-se variação de aroma e sabor, mesmo tendo mesma origem floral.

Germinação de pimentas cambuci submetidas à superação de dormência em água quente / Germination of pepper seeds subjected to dormancy breaking in hot water

As sementes de pimenta cambuci apresentam dormência provocada talvez por impermeabilidade ou por inibidores presentes no tegumento. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o percentual de germinação das sementes da pimenta variedade Cambuci Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Analises de Sementes no Departamento de Fitotécnia no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. As sementes extraídas destas pimentas foram submetidas à quebra de dormência em água quente a 50, 60 e 70ºC por 10 minutos em seguida semeadas em sacos plásticos. Foram utilizadas 60 sementes por tratamento com 12 repetições de 5 sementes. Foram avaliadas a percentagem de germinação e o índice de velocidade de germinação para a testemunha e os tratamentos de imersão em água quente nas três temperaturas. Na testemunha ocorreu um número menor de sementes com dormência comparando com os tratamentos imersos em água quente, mais foi visto justamente ao contrario, ou seja, dois dos tratamentos imersos em água quente (50 e 60º C) proporcionaram uma maior germinação (ou seja, menor numero de sementes dormentes) comparada a testemunha.

Cambuci pepper seeds may have dormancy caused by impermeable or inhibitors present in the seed coat. This study aimed to evaluate the percentage of germination of pepper variety Cambuci Capsicum baccatum var pendulum. The work was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis in the Department of Crop Science in Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba. The seeds from these peppers were subjected to break dormancy in hot water at 50, 60 and 70 º C for 10 minutes and then planted in plastic bags. 60 seeds were used per treatment with 12 replicates of 5 seeds. We evaluated the germination rate and speed of germination for the control and treatment of immersion in hot water at all temperatures. In witness there was a smaller number of seed dormancy compared with the treatments immersed in hot water, it has been just the opposite, ie two treatments immersed in hot water (50 and 60 degrees C) led to greater germination (ie smaller number of dormant seeds) compared to control.