Analyzing the FHIT Gene by RT-PCR, Western Blotting, and Immunohistochemistry.

FHIT (fragile histidine triad) is a tumor-suppressor gene located at chromosome band 3p14.2. The genomic locus, which is greater than 1 Mb, contains 10 small exons that make up the 1.1-kb FHIT cDNA. The coding region starts in exon 5 and stops in exon 9, producing a 16.8-kDa cytoplasmic protein. The FHIT locus contains the hereditary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) t(3;8) translocation, and also encompasses the FRA3B common fragile region (for review, 1). Numerous studies have proven that the FHIT gene is inactivated by deletions in both primary tumors and cell lines derived from head and neck, stomach, lung, and kidney cancers (2-6). Since FHIT is inactivated in so many cancers, it is essential to learn its normal function and analyze how the loss of its function contributes to the progression and development of cancer. For example, an early event in the lungs of a smoker is breakage at the FHIT locus, causing a reduced or absent FHIT protein expression in the preneoplastic lesions. Compensation for the functional loss of FHIT via a recombinant, nonfragile FHITgene may prove therapeutically useful (7,8). Our studies have also shown that the FHIT gene is altered or absent in the majority of transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) cases of the bladder examined (9). Through the utilization of molecular techniques such as those described here, FHIT alterations may be detected in an early stage of cancer, and thus prove to be a useful diagnostic tool to prevent cancer progression.

Laparoscopic interstitial contact laser ablation of renal lesions: an experimental model.

Tissue ablation with the interstitial Nd:YAG contact laser is a rapidly evolving technique. The urologic applications of interstitial lasers have not been fully investigated. We developed a model to test the feasibility of using interstitial laser energy, administered under laparoscopic guidance, to ablate porcine renal tissue. Utilizing a synthetic sapphire interstitial Nd:YAG contact probe, minimal tissue effects were observed using total energies between 120 and 240 J. At energies of 480 J (8 W/60 seconds), there was predominantly coagulation necrosis of the renal parenchyma. At 720 J (12 W/60 seconds), there was pronounced tissue vaporization surrounded by a zone of coagulation necrosis approximately 1.5 cm across. This preliminary investigation demonstrates that the interstitial Nd:YAG contact laser probe can be used for both controlled coagulation necrosis and vaporization of renal parenchymal tissue. This approach may be applicable to the laparoscopic ablation of small renal lesions in selected patients.

Clinical and US findings in prostate cancer: patients with normal prostate-specific antigen levels.

PURPOSE: To determine guidelines for biopsy in men with normal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and suspected prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical-sonographic features of 91 lesions of reduced echogenicity in 83 men with normal PSA levels who underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy were analyzed. RESULTS: Sixteen men (19%) had cancer, two with bilateral foci, and four had prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Fourteen of 47 discrete hypoechoic lesions yielded cancer or PIN versus only five of 44 ill-defined vaguely hypoechoic lesions (P = .03). Fifteen of 18 malignant lesions exceeded 1 cm in longest dimension. In 47 men, sonographic and digital rectal examination (DRE) findings corresponded; 17 (36%) had cancer or PIN. By contrast, of 36 patients with differing sonographic and DRE findings, only three (8%) had malignancy at biopsy (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Predictors of malignancy at sonography of the peripheral prostate gland in men with normal PSA levels include (a) lesion size, (b) degree and focality of hypoechogenicity, and (c) correspondence with the site of DRE abnormality.