Adaptation to stress in football athletes: The importance of cognitive appraisal.

This study analysed the adaptation of football athletes to competitive stressors regarding the upcoming match. For that, the study adopted a cross-sectional methodology using a critical incident approach. The participants were 352 young male football athletes, aged between 15 and 19 years (M = 16.91, SD = 0.99), who were competing in the national football championship. The results indicated that cognitive appraisal partially mediated the relationship between competitive stressors and emotions: athletes who perceived stressors as a challenge, tended to feel more control over the situation and more resourceful (coping perception), leading to a more positive emotional experience, while those perceiving the stressors as a threat were more prone to experience less control and more negative emotions. This mediation model was moderated by athletes' competitive level (U17 or U19), as the role of challenge perception was more pronounced in the U19 team, while the relationship between threat perception and less control was only observed for the U17 team. In sum, the data reveals the importance of cognitive appraisal in young football athletes' adaptation to competitive stressors, bolstering the theoretical models in this area and the importance of psychologists to consider these variables during intervention, particularly cognitive appraisal.

Parental Behavior, Cognitive Appraisal, and Motivation in Young Athletes.

PURPOSE: This study tested two hypotheses relating young athletes' sports motivations to parental behaviors and cognitive appraisal: (1) young athletes' motivation in sports is related to their parents' behavior; and (2) this relationship is mediated by cognitive appraisal, even after controlling for competitive level and sports records. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 673 young athletes and it measured the athletes' perceptions of parental behaviors, cognitive appraisal, and sports motivation. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling confirmed Hypothesis 1-the mother's behaviors accounted for 15 to 16% of the variance in sports motivation, and the father's behaviors accounted for 12 to 21% of the variance. The correlation patterns differed according to whether the athletes were evaluating the mother's or father's behaviors. Hypothesis 2 also was confirmed, for cognitive appraisal partially mediated the relationship between the perception of parental behaviors and sports motivation (34% of the variance was accounted for by the perception of the mother's behavior; 30% by the father's). The mediating model did not vary with competitive level or sports records. CONCLUSION: Parental behaviors and cognitive appraisal need to be taken into account to understand young athletes' sports motivations.

Drive for Muscularity and Disordered Eating Behavior in Males: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Appraisal.

There is mixed evidence for the relationship between increased levels of the drive for muscularity (DFM) and disordered eating behavior in males, therefore this study analysed the relationship between DFM and disordered eating behavior, giving particular relevance to the patterns of cognitive appraisal. A convenience sample was recruited from fitness centres and sport clubs with 308 participants, all males. Losing muscular mass represented a negative experience for participants, promoting a higher perception of threat appraisal. In addition, losing muscular mass was related to more muscularity-oriented behaviors and disordered eating behavior. Cognitive appraisal mediates the relation between DFM and disordered eating behavior. The results highlight the role of cognitive appraisal in DFM and disordered eating behavior in males in sport contexts.

Stress and Psychological Health: Testing the Mediating Role of Cognitive Appraisal.

This study tested the mediating role of primary (e.g., threat and challenge perceptions) and secondary (e.g., coping potential and control perception) cognitive appraisal in the relationship between occupational stress and psychological health. This mediation was tested using a cross-sectional study based on self-reported measures. The total sample consisted of 2,302 nurses, 1,895 females (82.3%) and 407 males (17.7%), who completed an evaluation protocol with measures of occupational stress, cognitive appraisal, and psychological health. To test the mediating role of cognitive appraisal in the relationship between cognitive appraisal and psychological health, we used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results confirmed that primary and secondary cognitive appraisals partially mediated the relationship between occupational stress and psychological health; however, the direct effects of stress on psychological health cannot be ignored. The findings indicated that cognitive appraisal is an important underlying mechanism in explaining adaptation at work.

Stress, Cognitive Appraisal and Psychological Health: Testing Instruments for Health Professionals.

The job of health professionals, including nurses, is considered inherently stressful, and thus, it is important to improve and develop specific measures that are sensitive to the demands that health professionals face. This study analysed the psychometric properties of three instruments that focus on the professional experiences of nurses in aspects related to occupational stress, cognitive appraisal and mental health issues. The evaluation protocol included the Stress Questionnaire for Health Professionals (SQHP), the Cognitive Appraisal Scale (CAS) and the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). Validity and reliability issues were considered with statistical analysis (i.e., confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity and composite reliability) that revealed adequate values for all of the instruments, namely a six-factor structure for the SQHP, a five-factor structure for the CAS and a two-factor structure for the GHQ-12. In conclusion, this study proposes three consistent instruments that may be useful for analysing nurses' adaptation to work contexts.

The influence of BMI and predictors of disordered eating and life satisfaction on postmenopausal women.

This study aims to compare eating behaviors, body satisfaction, exercise, and life satisfaction between normal-weight and overweight postmenopausal women and to examine the predictors of disordered eating and life satisfaction among postmenopausal women (n = 294). The overweight group had more eating disordered behavior, more body dissatisfaction, and lower physical quality of life. The increase of age predicted less disordered eating. Higher BMI, the perception of an ideal weight lower than the current one, lower body satisfaction, and physical quality of life predicted disordered eating. Higher body satisfaction, less psychosocial discomfort, and a greater degree of sexual symptom discomfort predicted life satisfaction.

Stress ocupacional e avaliação cognitiva: um estudo com forças de segurança / Occupational stress and cognitive appraisal: a study with security forces

Este estudo analisa a experiência de stress laboral numa amostra de profissionais de segurança pública, observando igualmente a importância dos processos de avaliação cognitiva do modelo transacional (Lazarus, 1991, 2000) no ajustamento aos contextos de trabalho. Foram incluídos 196 profissionais de segurança pública, que responderam a um protocolo de avaliação sobre stress ocupacional, avaliação cognitiva primária e secundária, burnout e sintomatologia depressiva. Os resultados apontaram experiências laborais mais negativas nos profissionais casados, nos que não praticavam exercício físico, nos que exerciam maioritariamente funções no exterior das instalações de trabalho, nos que trabalhavam mais horas por semana e nos que possuíam categorias profissionais mais baixas. Os processos de avaliação cognitiva foram determinantes na explicação da experiência de stress ocupacional, burnout e sintomatologia depressiva. O stress ocupacional e a avaliação cognitiva foram variáveis importantes na predição do burnout. Em conclusão, os resultados evidenciaram a importância das variáveis pessoais e profissionais na experiência de stress laboral, bem como a adaptabilidade do modelo transacional no estudo do stress laboral nesta classe de profissionais.

This study analyzes the occupational stress in a sample of security forces, also observing the importance of cognitive appraisals of the transactional model (Lazarus, 1991, 2000) in adjustment to work contexts. The study included 196 police officers who responded to the following measures: sources of professional stress, primary and secondary cognitive appraisals, burnout, and depressive symptomatology. The results indicated more negative professional experiences in participants who were married, who did not engage in physical activities, performed their jobs mainly outside the workplace, worked higher numbers of hours per week, and had the lowest professional categories. The processes of cognitive appraisal were determinant in the explanation of occupational stress, burnout, and depressive symptomatology. The occupational stress and cognitive appraisal dimensions were predictors of burnout. The results highlighted the importance of personal and professional variables in the explanation of the participants' professional experiences and the usefulness of the transactional model in studying occupational stress.

Disordered eating among preadolescent boys and girls: the relationship with child and maternal variables.

OBJECTIVE: (i) To analyze the eating behaviors and body satisfaction of boys and girls and to examine their mothers' perceptions of these two domains; and (ii) to evaluate eating problem predictors using child body mass index (BMI), self-esteem, and body satisfaction as well as maternal BMI, eating problems, and satisfaction with their child's body. The participants included 111 children (54.1% girls aged between 9 and 12 years old) and their mothers. Assessment measures included the Child Eating Attitude Test, the Self-Perception Profile for Children, the Eating Disorders Questionnaire, and the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Child and maternal measures also included BMI and Collins Figure Drawings. RESULTS: (i) No association between child and maternal BMI for either sex was found; (ii) no difference was found between boys and girls with regard to eating behavior; (iii) most children revealed a preference for an ideal body image over their actual body image; (iv) most mothers preferred thinner bodies for their children; (v) greater BMI was related to higher body dissatisfaction; and (vi) child BMI and dissatisfaction with body image predicted eating disturbances in boys, whereas self-esteem, maternal BMI, and eating behavior predicted them in girls. DISCUSSION: Maternal eating problems and BMI were related to female eating problems only.

Exercising for weight and shape reasons vs. health control reasons: the impact on eating disturbance and psychological functioning.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of exercise motivated by health and weight/shape reasons. In total, 301 participants (53.5% males) completed questionnaires assessing eating behaviors, affect, self-esteem and attitudes toward exercise. Almost 48% of the participants reported that their exercise is motivated by weight/shape reasons. These individuals were more likely to report eating problems and more positive affect after exercising. For both groups, gender, ideal weight, and the impact of weight gain on self-esteem significantly predict disordered eating. Body mass index, affect, and attitudes toward exercise also emerged as predictors for the health reasons group. Weight and shape control reasons for exercise participation were very common and related to eating disturbance.

Eating disordered behaviours in Portuguese athletes: the influence of personal, sport, and psychological variables.

OBJECTIVE: This study describes eating disordered behaviours in a sample of Portuguese elite athletes and analyses the impact of personal and sports factors on those eating disordered behaviours. METHOD: Two hundred and ninety athletes (51.7% males) practicing collective (64.8%) and individual sports have been included. The evaluation protocol included the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; the Sport Condition Questionnaire; the Sport Anxiety Scale; the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire; the Cognitive Evaluation of Sport-Threat Perceptions and the Self-Presentation Exercise Questionnaire. RESULTS: Females, athletes with a higher body mass index, and those with a desire to weigh less, reported more eating disordered behaviours. No relation with sports variables was found. Finally, a higher prevalence of eating disorders behaviour was predicted by lower satisfaction in terms of body shape and physical appearance, higher anxiety and impression motivation. CONCLUSION: Personal characteristics of athletes, as well as their body satisfaction, anxiety, impression motivation and threat perception and coach comments on their weight, represent dimensions that could raise the risk for eating disorders.

Psychological factors related to eating disordered behaviors: a study with Portuguese athletes.

This study analyzes eating disordered behaviors in a sample of Portuguese athletes and explores its relationship with some psychological dimensions. Two hundred and ninety nine athletes (153 male, 51.2%) practicing collective (65.2%) or individual sports (34.8%) were included. The assessment protocol included the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) (Fairburn & Beglin, 1994); the Sport Condition Questionnaire (Bruin et al., 2007; Hall et al., 2007); the Sport Anxiety Scale (Smith et al., 2006); the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (Duda, 1992; Duda & Whitehead, 1998); the Cognitive Evaluation of Sport-Threat Perceptions (Cruz, 1994; Lazarus, 1991); and the Self-Presentation Exercise Questionnaire (Gammage et al., 2004). Results revealed that: i) no case of clinical significance was detected in the four dimensions of the EDE-Q simultaneously; ii) females scored higher on the EDE-Q Global Score, and athletes with the better sport results scored higher on the Restraint subscale; iii) athletes with a higher desire to weigh less scored higher on the EDE-Q Global Score; iv) athletes with lower scores on EDE-Q displayed more positive results on the psychological measures; v) several psychological dimensions were identified as predictors of eating disordered behaviors. In conclusion, the prevalence of eating disordered behaviors was negligible in this study, yet the relationship of this problem with personal, sport and psychological factors was evident.

Stress ocupacional no ensino: um estudo com professores dos 3º ciclo e ensino secundário / Occupational stress in teaching: a study with high school teachers

Este trabalho foi realizado com 689 professores portugueses, a leccionarem nos terceiro ciclo e ensino secundário. Foram avaliados indicadores de stress, "burnout", saúde física e satisfação profissional. Observaram-se valores significativos de stress ocupacional (perto de 40 por cento), e de "burnout" (10 por cento na exaustão emocional, 3 por cento na baixa realização pessoal e 1 por cento na despersonalização), vários problemas de saúde física e valores de insatisfação profissional perto dos 20 por cento. As análises de regressão múltipla apontaram diferentes variáveis preditoras para as três dimensões do "burnout" (62 por cento de variância explicada na exaustão emocional, 16 por cento na realização pessoal e 13 por cento na despersonalização). As análises discriminantes e "t-test" para amostras independentes demonstraram maior stress ocupacional nas mulheres, nos professores mais velhos, nos profissionais com vínculos profissionais mais precários, nos professores com mais horas de trabalho e com mais alunos em sala de aula. No final, apresentam-se as limitações do estudo e as implicações para a investigação futura.(AU)

This work was done with 689 Portuguese high school teachers. We evaluated the stress, burnout, physical health and professional fulfilment. The results revealed very significant levels of occupational stress (percentages near 40 percent), a different frequency of burnout in the three appraised dimensions (10 percent in emotional exhaustion, 3 percent in reduced personal accomplishment and 1 percent in depersonalization), various physical health problems and values of professional dissatisfaction close to 20 percent. Multiple regression analysis pointed different predictors' variables for the three dimensions of burnout (more than 60 percent of explained variance for emotional exhaustion, 16 percent for personal accomplishment and 13 percent for depersonalization). The discriminant analysis and "t-test" for independent samples allowed us to verify more occupational problems (in different variables) in the following groups: women, older teachers, professionals with more precarious contracts, teachers working more hours per week and teachers with more students in the classroom. Limitations and implications of the present study are discussed.(AU)

Stress ocupacional no ensino: um estudo com professores dos 3º ciclo e ensino secundário / Occupational stress in teaching: a study with high school teachers

Este trabalho foi realizado com 689 professores portugueses, a leccionarem nos terceiro ciclo e ensino secundário. Foram avaliados indicadores de stress, "burnout", saúde física e satisfação profissional. Observaram-se valores significativos de stress ocupacional (perto de 40 por cento), e de "burnout" (10 por cento na exaustão emocional, 3 por cento na baixa realização pessoal e 1 por cento na despersonalização), vários problemas de saúde física e valores de insatisfação profissional perto dos 20 por cento. As análises de regressão múltipla apontaram diferentes variáveis preditoras para as três dimensões do "burnout" (62 por cento de variância explicada na exaustão emocional, 16 por cento na realização pessoal e 13 por cento na despersonalização). As análises discriminantes e "t-test" para amostras independentes demonstraram maior stress ocupacional nas mulheres, nos professores mais velhos, nos profissionais com vínculos profissionais mais precários, nos professores com mais horas de trabalho e com mais alunos em sala de aula. No final, apresentam-se as limitações do estudo e as implicações para a investigação futura.

This work was done with 689 Portuguese high school teachers. We evaluated the stress, burnout, physical health and professional fulfilment. The results revealed very significant levels of occupational stress (percentages near 40 percent), a different frequency of burnout in the three appraised dimensions (10 percent in emotional exhaustion, 3 percent in reduced personal accomplishment and 1 percent in depersonalization), various physical health problems and values of professional dissatisfaction close to 20 percent. Multiple regression analysis pointed different predictors' variables for the three dimensions of burnout (more than 60 percent of explained variance for emotional exhaustion, 16 percent for personal accomplishment and 13 percent for depersonalization). The discriminant analysis and "t-test" for independent samples allowed us to verify more occupational problems (in different variables) in the following groups: women, older teachers, professionals with more precarious contracts, teachers working more hours per week and teachers with more students in the classroom. Limitations and implications of the present study are discussed.

Estresse ocupacional em profissionais de saúde: um estudo com enfermeiros portugueses / Occupational stress in health professionals: a study with portuguese nurses

Este trabalho analisa o estresse ocupacional em 286 enfermeiros de hospitais e centros de saúde portugueses. Avaliaram-se as fontes de estresse, o burnout, os problemas de saúde física, a satisfação e a realização profissional. Os resultados apontaram 30 por cento de enfermeiros com experiências significativas de estresse e 15 por cento com problemas de exaustão emocional. As análises de regressão múltipla apontaram maior capacidade preditiva das dimensões de estresse na exaustão emocional, na saúde física, na satisfação e na realização profissional. As análises comparativas evidenciaram maiores problemas de estresse e reações mais negativas ao trabalho nas mulheres, nos enfermeiros mais novos e com menor experiência, nos trabalhadores com contratos a prazo, nos profissionais que realizam trabalho por turnos e nos que trabalham mais horas.(AU)

This work analyses occupational stress in 286 nurses from hospitals and health care centres in Portugal. The following dimensions were evaluated: stress, burnout, physical health problems, satisfaction and professional fulfilment. Results revealed significant stress experiences in 30 percent of the professionals, and emotional exhaustion problems in 15 percent. Multiple regression analysis pointed out stress as an important predictor of emotional exhaustion, physical health, satisfaction and professional fulfilment. Comparative analysis suggested more occupational stress and professional negative experiences in the following groups: female nurses, younger and less experienced nurses, those with short-term working contracts, nurses working on a shift-basis system, and nurses working during long hours.(AU)

Estresse ocupacional em profissionais de saúde: um estudo com enfermeiros portugueses / Occupational stress in health professionals: a study with portuguese nurses

Este trabalho analisa o estresse ocupacional em 286 enfermeiros de hospitais e centros de saúde portugueses. Avaliaram-se as fontes de estresse, o burnout, os problemas de saúde física, a satisfação e a realização profissional. Os resultados apontaram 30 por cento de enfermeiros com experiências significativas de estresse e 15 por cento com problemas de exaustão emocional. As análises de regressão múltipla apontaram maior capacidade preditiva das dimensões de estresse na exaustão emocional, na saúde física, na satisfação e na realização profissional. As análises comparativas evidenciaram maiores problemas de estresse e reações mais negativas ao trabalho nas mulheres, nos enfermeiros mais novos e com menor experiência, nos trabalhadores com contratos a prazo, nos profissionais que realizam trabalho por turnos e nos que trabalham mais horas.

This work analyses occupational stress in 286 nurses from hospitals and health care centres in Portugal. The following dimensions were evaluated: stress, burnout, physical health problems, satisfaction and professional fulfilment. Results revealed significant stress experiences in 30 percent of the professionals, and emotional exhaustion problems in 15 percent. Multiple regression analysis pointed out stress as an important predictor of emotional exhaustion, physical health, satisfaction and professional fulfilment. Comparative analysis suggested more occupational stress and professional negative experiences in the following groups: female nurses, younger and less experienced nurses, those with short-term working contracts, nurses working on a shift-basis system, and nurses working during long hours.

Stress ocupacional em profissionais de segurança pública: um estudo com militares da Guarda Nacional Republicana

Este trabalho analisa o "stress" ocupacional em 95 militares da Guarda Nacional Republicana Portuguesa. Para tal, utilizámos um protocolo de avaliação com medidas do "stress" global, "burnout", "coping" proactivo, comprometimento organizacional, satisfação com a vida e satisfação/realização profissional. Os indicadores de fidelidade e validade dos instrumentos foram muito aceitáveis. Os resultados de "burnout" por dimensão apontaram níveis apreciáveis de exaustão emocional (12 por cento), seguidos do cinismo (10 por cento) e da baixa eficácia profissional (8 por cento) (mas nenhum participante registou valores de "burnout" nas três dimensões, em simultâneo), observando-se também variáveis distintas na predição destas três áreas. A análise discriminante entre subgrupos da amostra permitiu verificar dois aspectos principais: (a) menores níveis de comprometimento organizacional e maior utilização de "coping" proactivo nos militares mais novos e/ou inexperientes e (b) maior desejo de abandonar o emprego/trabalho bem como maior cinismo parecem identificar os profissionais mais velhos e/ou mais experientes. No final, os autores discutem a importância de a investigação futura analisar os efeitos da maior tendência para o cinismo com o aumento da idade dos participantes e os efeitos do menor comprometimento organizacional por parte dos mais novos em termos da sua eficácia profissional.(AU)

This work analyzes occupational stress in 95 Portuguese military agents of the Republican National Guard. We applied an evaluation protocol with measures of global stress, burnout, proactive coping, organizational commitment, satisfaction with life, and professional satisfaction/accomplishment. The fidelity and validity results of the instruments were very acceptable. The results of burnout pointed out a remarkable level of emotional exhaustion (12 percent) followed by cynicism (10 percent) and low professional effectiveness (8 percent) (but we have not found any participant with burnout values in the three dimensions simultaneously), and different variables were observed in the prediction of those three areas. The discriminant analysis among subgroups allowed us to verify two main aspects: (a) lower levels of organizational commitment and more use of proactive coping in younger and/or inexperienced military agents and (b) higher desire to leave the job/profession and cynicism in older and/or more experienced professionals. At the end, the authors discuss the importance of future research to analyze the effects of a higher tendency to use cynicism as their age increase and the consequences of a lower organizational commitment in terms of professional efficacy of the younger agents.(AU)

Stress ocupacional em profissionais de segurança pública: um estudo com militares da Guarda Nacional Republicana / Occupational stress in professionals of public security: a study with military agents of the Republican National Guard

Este trabalho analisa o "stress" ocupacional em 95 militares da Guarda Nacional Republicana Portuguesa. Para tal, utilizámos um protocolo de avaliação com medidas do "stress" global, "burnout", "coping" proactivo, comprometimento organizacional, satisfação com a vida e satisfação/realização profissional. Os indicadores de fidelidade e validade dos instrumentos foram muito aceitáveis. Os resultados de "burnout" por dimensão apontaram níveis apreciáveis de exaustão emocional (12 por cento), seguidos do cinismo (10 por cento) e da baixa eficácia profissional (8 por cento) (mas nenhum participante registou valores de "burnout" nas três dimensões, em simultâneo), observando-se também variáveis distintas na predição destas três áreas. A análise discriminante entre subgrupos da amostra permitiu verificar dois aspectos principais: (a) menores níveis de comprometimento organizacional e maior utilização de "coping" proactivo nos militares mais novos e/ou inexperientes e (b) maior desejo de abandonar o emprego/trabalho bem como maior cinismo parecem identificar os profissionais mais velhos e/ou mais experientes. No final, os autores discutem a importância de a investigação futura analisar os efeitos da maior tendência para o cinismo com o aumento da idade dos participantes e os efeitos do menor comprometimento organizacional por parte dos mais novos em termos da sua eficácia profissional. (AU)

This work analyzes occupational stress in 95 Portuguese military agents of the Republican National Guard. We applied an evaluation protocol with measures of global stress, burnout, proactive coping, organizational commitment, satisfaction with life, and professional satisfaction/accomplishment. The fidelity and validity results of the instruments were very acceptable. The results of burnout pointed out a remarkable level of emotional exhaustion (12 percent) followed by cynicism (10 percent) and low professional effectiveness (8 percent) (but we have not found any participant with burnout values in the three dimensions simultaneously), and different variables were observed in the prediction of those three areas. The discriminant analysis among subgroups allowed us to verify two main aspects: (a) lower levels of organizational commitment and more use of proactive coping in younger and/or inexperienced military agents and (b) higher desire to leave the job/profession and cynicism in older and/or more experienced professionals. At the end, the authors discuss the importance of future research to analyze the effects of a higher tendency to use cynicism as their age increase and the consequences of a lower organizational commitment in terms of professional efficacy of the younger agents. (AU)

Liderança, coesão e satisfação em equipas desportivas: um estudo com atletas Portugueses de futebol e futsal / Leadership, cohesion and satisfaction in sporting teams: a study with Portuguese football and futsal athletes

Este trabalho foi realizado com 200 atletas de duas modalidades (futebol e futsal) incluídos em vários escalões desportivos e analisa a liderança dos treinadores e a coesão e satisfação dos praticantes. Para tal, utilizámos um protocolo de avaliação, com instrumentos de avaliação da liderança (Escala Multidimensional de Liderança, que avalia seis dimensões), da coesão (Questionário de Coesão em Equipas Desportivas, que avalia quatro dimensões) e da satisfação (Escala de Satisfação, que avalia três dimensões). Os dados de fidelidade e validade dos instrumentos foram muito aceitáveis. Os resultados demonstraram que os homens e as mulheres avaliam e preferem comportamentos distintos nos seus treinadores, observando-se níveis superiores de coesão social nas atletas do sexo feminino. Do mesmo modo, existem variações de acordo com a idade dos atletas na percepção da liderança dos treinadores, sendo também de destacar o facto dos mais novos representarem um grupo com menor coesão. Duas conclusões fundamentais devem ser referidas. Por um lado, o facto das acções dos treinadores produzirem um impacto significativo na experiência desportiva dos atletas e, por outro lado, a necessidade dos técnicos adaptarem os seus comportamentos em função da idade e tipo de atletas que orientam para assim aumentarem a sua eficácia junto das equipas.(AU)

This work was done with 200 athletes from 2 types of sports (soccer and futsal) in several competitive levels and it analyzed coaches' leadership styles and athletes' cohesion and satisfaction levels. Evaluation instruments on leadership (Multidimensional Leadership Scale in Sports which assesses six different dimensions), cohesion (Group Environment Questionnaire which assesses four different dimensions) and satisfaction (Satisfaction Scale which assesses three different dimensions) were applied and received good validity and reliability levels. The results showed that men and women evaluated and preferred different coaches' behaviors, and female athletes assumed higher levels of social cohesion. Likewise, variations were found concerning athletes' age on the perceptions of coach leadership; the youngest group presented lower cohesion levels. Two main conclusions must be stated. On one hand, the significant impact of coaches' behaviors in athletes' sport experience and, on the other hand, the need of coaches' leadership adaptation concerning athletes' gender and age in order to enhance their efficacy while working with the teams.(AU)

Liderança, coesão e satisfação em equipas desportivas: um estudo com atletas Portugueses de futebol e futsal / Leadership, cohesion and satisfaction in sporting teams: a study with Portuguese football and futsal athletes

Este trabalho foi realizado com 200 atletas de duas modalidades (futebol e futsal) incluídos em vários escalões desportivos e analisa a liderança dos treinadores e a coesão e satisfação dos praticantes. Para tal, utilizámos um protocolo de avaliação, com instrumentos de avaliação da liderança (Escala Multidimensional de Liderança, que avalia seis dimensões), da coesão (Questionário de Coesão em Equipas Desportivas, que avalia quatro dimensões) e da satisfação (Escala de Satisfação, que avalia três dimensões). Os dados de fidelidade e validade dos instrumentos foram muito aceitáveis. Os resultados demonstraram que os homens e as mulheres avaliam e preferem comportamentos distintos nos seus treinadores, observando-se níveis superiores de coesão social nas atletas do sexo feminino. Do mesmo modo, existem variações de acordo com a idade dos atletas na percepção da liderança dos treinadores, sendo também de destacar o facto dos mais novos representarem um grupo com menor coesão. Duas conclusões fundamentais devem ser referidas. Por um lado, o facto das acções dos treinadores produzirem um impacto significativo na experiência desportiva dos atletas e, por outro lado, a necessidade dos técnicos adaptarem os seus comportamentos em função da idade e tipo de atletas que orientam para assim aumentarem a sua eficácia junto das equipas.

This work was done with 200 athletes from 2 types of sports (soccer and futsal) in several competitive levels and it analyzed coaches' leadership styles and athletes' cohesion and satisfaction levels. Evaluation instruments on leadership (Multidimensional Leadership Scale in Sports which assesses six different dimensions), cohesion (Group Environment Questionnaire which assesses four different dimensions) and satisfaction (Satisfaction Scale which assesses three different dimensions) were applied and received good validity and reliability levels. The results showed that men and women evaluated and preferred different coaches' behaviors, and female athletes assumed higher levels of social cohesion. Likewise, variations were found concerning athletes' age on the perceptions of coach leadership; the youngest group presented lower cohesion levels. Two main conclusions must be stated. On one hand, the significant impact of coaches' behaviors in athletes' sport experience and, on the other hand, the need of coaches' leadership adaptation concerning athletes' gender and age in order to enhance their efficacy while working with the teams.