Multiple biomarkers response of Astyanax lacustris (Teleostei: Characidae) exposed to manganese and temperature increase.

The present study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of Mn (6.65 mg/L) at different exposure times (96 h, 7, 14, and 21 days) and evaluate its possible toxic effects on the fish Astyanax lacustris through multi-biomarkers and the maximum critical temperature (CT Max). The results show an increase in the Mn accumulation (liver and gills) with increasing exposure time. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity showed differences in the group exposed to Mn for 96 h compared to the group exposed for 21 days. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity increased in the fish exposed for 7 days compared to the control group. On the other hand, no genotoxic changes were observed. The CT Max showed that the loss of equilibrium of 50% of the fish occurs at a temperature of 39ºC, with and without the Mn presence. Furthermore, the catalase gene expression (oxidative stress) did not show alterations.

Gene expression changes in Epinephelus marginatus (Teleostei, Serranidae) liver reveals candidate molecular biomarker of iron ore contamination.

Wastes from iron ore mining activities are potentially damaging to adjacent aquatic ecosystems. We aimed to determine biomarkers of environmental exposure to this xenobiotic in the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus by differential gene expression analysis. For this, fish were exposed to iron ore (15.2 mg/L) and gene expression in liver was assessed by RNA-Seq and compared to the control group. A total of 124 differentially expressed genes were identified, from which 52 were upregulated and 72 were downregulated in response to iron ore. From these, ferritin (medium subunit), cytochrome b reductase and epoxide hydrolase genes were selected for validation by RT-qPCR that confirmed the upregulation of epoxide hydrolase in fish exposed to iron ore.

Gene Expression Changes in Epinephelus marginatus (Teleostei, Serranidae) Liver as Molecular Biomarker of Iron Ore Contamination.

The aim of this study was to determine selected molecular biomarkers of iron ore contamination in Epinephelus marginatus. Molecular biomarkers were tested by checking the relative expression of genes involved in oxidative stress, trace element regulation, and cellular damage, by RT-qPCR. Iron ore exposure caused the downregulation of ferroportin (FP) gene expression and a significant upregulation in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) genes. Iron ore affects gene expression in E. marginatus liver, indicating that it can potentially induce toxic effects in fish. Moreover, this altered gene expression pattern may be applied in monitoring iron ore contamination in marine environments.

Why does your pain never get better? Stigma and coping mechanism in people with sickle cell disease.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the characteristics of stigma in the interactions of people with pain and sickle cell disease and the coping strategies adopted. METHODS: qualitative study, conducted in Bahia's reference units between January and July 2018. In-depth interviews were applied to 25 adults, followed by content analysis and interpretation in light of the Sociological Theory of Stigma. RESULTS: four categories emerged from the data: Stigma in interactions with family members; Stigma in interactions with people in the general public; Stigma in interactions with health workers; and Strategies for coping with stigma. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: in the participants' interactions, stigma produced discrediting pain reports, labeling and stereotyping, blaming patients for not improving their health, discrimination, racism, inadequate pain assessment, and delay in care. Coping included silencing, covering up, aggressive behavior, exposure to risk, reading religious texts and praises, and church attendance.

Construction and validation of a family guidance manual on complications of intravenous therapy in children.

OBJECTIVES: to build and validate the content of an educational manual for the inclusion of family members of hospitalized children in the prevention and early identification of complications associated with IVT through the peripheral route. METHODS: it was a methodological study of construction and validation of the content of an instructional material. The validation process took place using the Delphi Technique, adopting a content validation index equal to or greater than 0.80 as a desirable consensus. RESULTS: the handbook was validated in the second assessment round in all categories: content, language, illustration, layout, motivation, culture, and applicability. The Global Content Validation Index was 0.98. CONCLUSIONS: because of the high values obtained (> 0.8), after the second evaluation, the handbook is considered validated in terms of content, by expert judges.

Why does your pain never get better? Stigma and coping mechanism in people with sickle cell disease / ¿Por qué tu dolor nunca mejora? Estigma y enfrentamiento de personas con enfermedad falciforme / Por que sua dor nunca melhora? Estigma e enfrentamento de pessoas com doença falciforme

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the characteristics of stigma in the interactions of people with pain and sickle cell disease and the coping strategies adopted. Methods: qualitative study, conducted in Bahia's reference units between January and July 2018. In-depth interviews were applied to 25 adults, followed by content analysis and interpretation in light of the Sociological Theory of Stigma. Results: four categories emerged from the data: Stigma in interactions with family members; Stigma in interactions with people in the general public; Stigma in interactions with health workers; and Strategies for coping with stigma. Final Considerations: in the participants' interactions, stigma produced discrediting pain reports, labeling and stereotyping, blaming patients for not improving their health, discrimination, racism, inadequate pain assessment, and delay in care. Coping included silencing, covering up, aggressive behavior, exposure to risk, reading religious texts and praises, and church attendance.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar características del estigma en interacciones de personas con dolor y enfermedad falciforme y estrategias de enfrentamiento adoptadas. Métodos: estudio cualitativo, realizado en Bahia, entre enero y julio de 2018. Entrevistas en profundidad fueron aplicadas a 25 adultos, seguidas de análisis de contenido e interpretación a la luz de la Teoría Sociológica del Estigma. Resultados: cuatro categorías emergieron de los datos: Estigma en interacciones con familiares; Estigma en interacciones con personas del público general; Estigma en interacciones con los trabajadores de salud; y Estrategias de enfrentamiento del estigma. Consideraciones Finales: en las interacciones de los participantes, el estigma provocaba descrédito de los relatos de dolor, atribución de rótulos y estereotipos, culpabilización por no mejoraren la salud, discriminación, racismo, evaluación inadecuada del dolor y retraso en la atención. El enfrentamiento incluyó silenciamiento, encubrimiento, comportamiento agresivo, exposición al riesgo, lectura de textos y de himnos religiosos y frecuentación a iglesias.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as características do estigma nas interações de pessoas com dor e doença falciforme e as estratégias de enfrentamento adotadas. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, realizado em unidades de referência na Bahia, entre janeiro e julho de 2018. Entrevistas em profundidade foram aplicadas a 25 adultos, seguidas de análise de conteúdo e interpretação à luz da Teoria Sociológica do Estigma. Resultados: quatro categorias emergiram dos dados: Estigma nas interações com familiares; Estigma nas interações com pessoas do público geral; Estigma nas interações com os trabalhadores de saúde; e Estratégias de enfrentamento do estigma. Considerações Finais: nas interações dos participantes, o estigma provocava descrédito dos relatos de dor, atribuição de rótulos e estereótipos, culpabilização por não melhorarem a saúde, discriminação, racismo, avaliação inadequada da dor e demora no atendimento. O enfrentamento incluiu silenciamento, encobrimento, comportamento agressivo, exposição ao risco, leitura de textos e de louvores religiosos e frequentação a igrejas.

Why does your pain never get better? Stigma and coping mechanism in people with sickle cell disease / ¿Por qué tu dolor nunca mejora? Estigma y enfrentamiento de personas con enfermedad falciforme / Por que sua dor nunca melhora? Estigma e enfrentamento de pessoas com doença falciforme

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the characteristics of stigma in the interactions of people with pain and sickle cell disease and the coping strategies adopted. Methods: qualitative study, conducted in Bahia's reference units between January and July 2018. In-depth interviews were applied to 25 adults, followed by content analysis and interpretation in light of the Sociological Theory of Stigma. Results: four categories emerged from the data: Stigma in interactions with family members; Stigma in interactions with people in the general public; Stigma in interactions with health workers; and Strategies for coping with stigma. Final Considerations: in the participants' interactions, stigma produced discrediting pain reports, labeling and stereotyping, blaming patients for not improving their health, discrimination, racism, inadequate pain assessment, and delay in care. Coping included silencing, covering up, aggressive behavior, exposure to risk, reading religious texts and praises, and church attendance.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar características del estigma en interacciones de personas con dolor y enfermedad falciforme y estrategias de enfrentamiento adoptadas. Métodos: estudio cualitativo, realizado en Bahia, entre enero y julio de 2018. Entrevistas en profundidad fueron aplicadas a 25 adultos, seguidas de análisis de contenido e interpretación a la luz de la Teoría Sociológica del Estigma. Resultados: cuatro categorías emergieron de los datos: Estigma en interacciones con familiares; Estigma en interacciones con personas del público general; Estigma en interacciones con los trabajadores de salud; y Estrategias de enfrentamiento del estigma. Consideraciones Finales: en las interacciones de los participantes, el estigma provocaba descrédito de los relatos de dolor, atribución de rótulos y estereotipos, culpabilización por no mejoraren la salud, discriminación, racismo, evaluación inadecuada del dolor y retraso en la atención. El enfrentamiento incluyó silenciamiento, encubrimiento, comportamiento agresivo, exposición al riesgo, lectura de textos y de himnos religiosos y frecuentación a iglesias.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as características do estigma nas interações de pessoas com dor e doença falciforme e as estratégias de enfrentamento adotadas. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, realizado em unidades de referência na Bahia, entre janeiro e julho de 2018. Entrevistas em profundidade foram aplicadas a 25 adultos, seguidas de análise de conteúdo e interpretação à luz da Teoria Sociológica do Estigma. Resultados: quatro categorias emergiram dos dados: Estigma nas interações com familiares; Estigma nas interações com pessoas do público geral; Estigma nas interações com os trabalhadores de saúde; e Estratégias de enfrentamento do estigma. Considerações Finais: nas interações dos participantes, o estigma provocava descrédito dos relatos de dor, atribuição de rótulos e estereótipos, culpabilização por não melhorarem a saúde, discriminação, racismo, avaliação inadequada da dor e demora no atendimento. O enfrentamento incluiu silenciamento, encobrimento, comportamento agressivo, exposição ao risco, leitura de textos e de louvores religiosos e frequentação a igrejas.

Construction and validation of a family guidance manual on complications of intravenous therapy in children / Construcción y validación de un manual de orientación familiar sobre complicaciones de la terapia intravenosa en niños / Construção e validação de manual de orientação para família sobre complicações da Terapia Intravenosa em crianças

ABSTRACT Objectives: to build and validate the content of an educational manual for the inclusion of family members of hospitalized children in the prevention and early identification of complications associated with IVT through the peripheral route. Methods: it was a methodological study of construction and validation of the content of an instructional material. The validation process took place using the Delphi Technique, adopting a content validation index equal to or greater than 0.80 as a desirable consensus. Results: the handbook was validated in the second assessment round in all categories: content, language, illustration, layout, motivation, culture, and applicability. The Global Content Validation Index was 0.98. Conclusions: because of the high values obtained (> 0.8), after the second evaluation, the handbook is considered validated in terms of content, by expert judges.

RESUMEN Objetivos: elaborar y validar el contenido de un manual educativo para la inclusión de familiares de niños hospitalizados en la prevención e identificación temprana de complicaciones asociadas a la TIV por vía periférica. Métodos: estudio metodológico de construcción y validación del contenido de un material didáctico. El proceso de validación se realizó utilizando la Técnica Delphi, adoptando como consenso deseable un índice de validación de contenido igual o superior a 0,80. Resultados: el manual fue validado en la segunda ronda de evaluación en todas las categorías: contenido, lenguaje, ilustración, diseño, motivación, cultura y aplicabilidad. El índice de validación de contenido global fue 0,98. Conclusiones: debido a los altos valores obtenidos (> 0,8) luego de la segunda evaluación, el manual fue considerado validado en términos de contenido por los jueces expertos.

RESUMO Objetivos: construir e validar o conteúdo de um manual educacional para a inclusão de familiares de crianças hospitalizadas na prevenção e identificação precoce de complicações associadas à TIV por via periférica. Métodos: estudo metodológico de construção e validação do conteúdo de um material instrucional. O processo de validação ocorreu por meio da Técnica Delphi, adotando como consenso desejável o índice de validação de conteúdo igual ou superior a 0,80. Resultados: o manual foi validado na segunda rodada de avaliação em todas as categorias: conteúdo, linguagem, ilustração, layout, motivação, cultura e aplicabilidade. O Índice de Validação de Conteúdo Global foi de 0,98. Conclusões: em virtude dos elevados valores obtidos (> 0,8) após a segunda avaliação, o manual foi considerado validado quanto ao conteúdo pelos juízes especialistas.

Systematic monitoring of glanders-infected horses by complement fixation test, bacterial isolation, and PCR.

Glanders is an equine zoonosis caused by Burkholderia mallei that is responsible for considerable economic loss. Complement fixation testing (CFT) using warm or cold incubation are recommended by the OIE, but many routinely used detection tests may present misleading results. To increase accuracy of glanders diagnosis and establish an appropriate protocol in collaboration with the National Equine Health Program, seven horses positive for glanders kept in isolation in Brazil were examined fortnightly by CFT, microbiological screening, and molecular testing. Warm and cold serologies with USDA and c.c.Pro antigens, respectively, were performed on 132 samples using the US Department of Agriculture protocol. The warm and cold serologies showed, respectively,12.9% and 17.3% seroreactive, 85.7% and 65.2% non-reactive, 0.8% and 3% inconclusive, and 0% and 2.3% anticomplementary. The agreement of CFT protocols was moderate. Of 213 clinical samples submitted to selective culture (167 nasal swabs, 5 ocular swabs, 3 lymph node punctures, and 38 tissue samples from four horses that died), 1.9% tested positive for B. mallei. Fourteen samples and one nasal swab (7%) tested positive with PCR. Cold CFT with the USDA and c.c.Pro antigens, in combination with PCR to increase sensitivity, may be useful for diagnosis of chronic glanders.

Geophagus brasiliensis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) as an indicator of toxicity of ornamental stone processing wastes.

Massive exploitation of geological resources may lead to environmental issues due to the inadequate disposal of the processing wastes, which are potentially hazard to terrestrial and aquatic environments. To evaluate the toxic effects ornamental stones processing wastes (OSPW), Geophagus brasiliensis fish were contaminated with different concentrations of OSPW (250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/L). The contaminated aquarium water showed increased total hardness and Ca, Na, K, Mg and Mn content, which lead to bioconcentration of Na+, K+ and Mg2+ in G. brasiliensis gills. The highest concentration of OSPW induced slight to moderate histopathological lesions in gills of exposed fish, such as structural detachment, hyperplasia of the lamellar epithelium and incomplete fusion of several lamellae. Micronucleus and comet assays revealed a dose-dependent genotoxic damage in fish exposed to the contaminant. The biochemical analysis revealed a slight increase in catalase and reduction in superoxide dismutase activities in exposed fish, indicating that OSPW affects the oxidative stress of G. brasiliensis. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) parameters indicate that low concentrations of OSPW (even under 250 mg/L) may be detrimental to exposed organisms by causing oxidative damage. This study demonstrates the toxic potential of OSPW in G. brasiliensis, even in short-term exposure, revealing some morphologic and molecular parameters that may be used as biomarkers in monitoring aquatic ecosystems contaminated with this effluent.

Toxic effects of ornamental stone processing waste effluents on Geophagus brasiliensis (Teleostei: Cichlidae).

The ornamental stone industry generates considerable amounts of waste (OSPW), which may eventually reach natural environments and impact the local ecosystem. The aim of this study was to compare the toxic effects of two OSPW effluents in Geophagus brasiliensis: i) leachate effluent from a lagoon in an OSPW landfill (LE) and ii) decanted effluent from an ornamental stone processing industry (DE). G. brasiliensis were submitted to acute contamination with both OSPW effluents. After contamination, the gills were extracted for evaluation of histopathological alterations and ion concentration, while the liver underwent catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione s-transferase (GST) enzyme activity analysis. An induced biomarker response (IBRv2) index was determined to correlate the multi-biomarker response in G. brasiliensis. Fish gills exposed to DE showed increased concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ when compared to those treated with LE. Histopathological lesions were observed in gills of animals exposed to both effluents. Micronucleus and comet assay were significantly greater in fish exposed to DE, when compared to those contaminated with LE. The evaluation of the enzymatic activity of CAT, GPx and SOD indicate greater oxidative stress in DE and LE-exposed fish, while GST activity was not altered. DE showed an IBRv2 value almost two-times higher in relation to LE, indicating that this waste may present higher toxic potential. The results demonstrate that both contaminants led to substantial toxic effects in G. brasiliensis, although the decanted waste induced the most remarkable responses in G. brasiliensis.