Synthesis of Altissimacoumarin D and Other Prenylated Coumarins and Their Ability to Reverse the Multidrug Resistance Phenotype in Candida albicans.

Azoles are the main antifungal agents employed in clinical practice to treat invasive candidiasis. Nonetheless, their efficacy is limited by fungal resistance mechanisms, mainly the overexpression of efflux pumps. Consequently, candidiasis has a worrisome death rate of 75%. One potential strategy to overcome efflux-mediated resistance is to inhibit this process. Ailanthus altissima is a Chinese tree that produces several active substances, including altissimacoumarin D. Due to the low yield of its extraction and the need to search for new drugs to treat candidiasis, this study aimed to synthesize altissimacoumarin D and its analogues, as well as evaluating their ability to reverse the resistance phenotype of Candida albicans. Coumarin isofraxidin was prepared via total synthesis through a solvent-free Knoevenagel condensation as the key step. Isofraxidin and other commercially available coumarins were alkylated with prenyl or geranyl groups to yield the natural product altissimacoumarin D and seven analogues. The antifungal activity of the coumarins and their ability to reverse the fungal resistance phenotype were assessed using microbroth methodologies. Toxicity was evaluated using erythrocytes and an in silico prediction. All compounds improved the antifungal activity of fluconazole by inhibiting efflux pumps, and ACS47 and ACS50 were the most active. None of the coumarins were toxic to erythrocytes. In silico predictions indicate that ACS47 and ACS50 may be safe for human use. ACS47 and ACS50 are promising candidates when used as adjuvants in the antifungal therapy against C. albicans-resistant strains.

Interferences in the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay for evaluation of estrogenicity in environmental samples, chemical mixtures, and individual substances.

The Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) has a specific mechanism of action that allows for the analysis of estrogenic EDC at low concentrations, and it has been broadly used to estimate the estrogenic potential of environmental samples. However, the experimental parameters of this assay still demand an investigation, such as cell density, incubation time, wavelength on the experimental outcome, cytotoxicity, and estrogenic activity adsorbed on suspended solids. We studied these interferences and applied the assay to single substances, mixtures, and environmental matrices from different sources. The increase in cell density amplifies the assay sensitivity only to a limited extent, while the reduction in incubation time decreased assay sensitivity - although it was not significant for surface water, no differences were observed between estradiol-equivalents derived of 48 h and 72 h measurements. The particulate phase was of utmost importance for the total estrogenic activity of the landfill leachate and surface water. Surface waters, landfill leachates and sediments also showed antiestrogenic activity and the integration of both estrogenic and antiestrogenic endpoints provided deeper insights into the potential risk associated with EDC. This study elucidated experimental interferences that may arise during the implementation and use of this assay, bringing more understanding to experimental parameters during the application of the assay for estrogenicity screening.

(Anti)estrogenic activity impacted by complex environmental matrices: A DOM and multiphase distribution approach.

The presence of estrogenic endocrine disruptors in aquatic environments has been a concern and bioassays are recommended tools for their monitoring. However, the physicochemical properties of contaminants and the environmental matrix features may influence the resultant response. This study aimed to assess this influence on the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) assay. Mixtures of 17ß-estradiol (E2) and humic acid (HA) were evaluated through the Schild approach aiming to investigate the interactions between estrogens and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Moreover, environmental samples from municipal landfill leachate and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influents and effluents were screened for (anti)estrogenic activity at both dissolved and particulate phases. Finally, results were statistically confronted with physicochemical parameters through principal component analysis (PCA). The HA test concentrations strongly reduced the E2 response, even at low levels. Humic substances may not only reduce estrogen bioavailability, but also interfere with the assay mechanism through enzymatic inhibition thus masking the sample estrogenic potential. Landfill leachate had total E2-Eq in the range 1282-2591 ng L-1, while WWTP influent and effluent were in the range 12.1-41.4 and

Combined reverse osmosis and UV/H2O2 treatment of aqueous solutions of bisphenol A and 17α-ethinylestradiol: assessment of estrogenic activity.

Bisphenol-A (BPA) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) are considered endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) and they may be harmful to the normal functioning of endocrine systems of humans and animals. Moreover, the presence of these compounds in superficial and groundwater may represent serious risks, even in low concentrations like ng·L-1. The objectives of this study were to remove BPA and EE2 from solutions containing a mixture of these compounds in ultrapure water at low concentrations through reverse osmosis (RO) membrane combined with a UV/H2O2 process. Furthermore, to assess the estrogenic activity reduction after such treatments, in vitro recombinant yeast-estrogen screen (YES) assay was used. The removal efficiencies of target micropollutants increased with the increase of H2O2 dosage. For RO permeate stream, they enhanced from 91% to 96% for EE2 and from 76% to 90% for BPA while, for the concentrate stream, from 70% to 81% for EE2 and 41% to 84% for BPA as the H2O2 concentration were increased from 100 to 1000 µg·L-1. The OH radicals' generation was the dominant factor in the degradation of EDC during the UV/H2O2 treatment since the photolysis itself was not enough to degrade BPA or EE2. The estrogenic activity reduction after UV/H2O2 treatment was high, ranging from 92% to 98% for the permeate stream and from 50% to 93% for the concentrate stream. The EE2 was responsible for the whole observed estrogenic activity since BPA does not present estrogenicity, by in vitro YES assay, in the concentrations observed.

Insights into total estrogenic activity in a sewage-impacted urban stream assessed via ER transcriptional activation assay: Distribution between particulate and dissolved phases.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are exogenous substances that can potentially mimic hormonal substances and cause adverse effects on the endocrine system of living beings. The behavior and fate of these compounds in the environment is directly related to their physical-chemical properties, which indicate great affinity for solid and organic particles and suggest an inherent mechanism of fractionation between dissolved and particulate phases of aqueous matrices. However, few studies have been considering this fact when quantifying these pollutants and their effects through bioassays. In this study, the fractionation of estrogenic substances between dissolved and particulate phases in an urban stream was investigated via estrogenic activity evaluation by the YES assay. Two fractions of suspended solids (< 0.7 µm and between 0.45 and 0.7 µm) and the dissolved phase were considered and two approaches of SPE percolations were applied. Total estradiol equivalent (E2-Eq) values were observed in the 29-65 ng L-1 range, of which 35-62% were associated with the particulate phase. Most of the estrogenicity was associated with particles between 0.45 and 0.7 µm, whereas cytotoxicity was induced by extracts of particles greater than 0.7 µm. Results demonstrated the importance of solid fractions analysis towards the quantification of total estrogenic activity from aqueous environmental matrices and highlights the relevance of controlling fine suspended solids in sewage treatment plant effluents, regarding the control of endocrine disrupters in the environment.

Comparative endocrine disrupting compound removal from real wastewater by UV/Cl and UV/H2O2: Effect of pH, estrogenic activity, transformation products and toxicity.

Extensive use of endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) and their release through various pathways into the environment are emerging environmental concerns. In this context, H2O2 and chlorine UV-based treatments were carried out to evaluate their efficiency in the removal of the bisphenol A (BPA), 17ß-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) at 100 µg L-1 from ultrapure water and from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Photolysis was performed under different irradiation sources, i.e. UVC and UVA. The effect of H2O2 (3 and 30 mg·L-1), free chlorine concentrations (1 and 2 mg·L-1) and pH (5, 7 and 9) were also investigated. Toxicity (Raphidocelis subcapitata) and estrogenic activity (yeast estrogen screen - YES assay) were assessed during the processes. Compound removal at optimal operating parameters reached 100% after 15 and 2 min for UVC/H2O2 (pH 9 and 3 mg L-1 of H2O2), and UVC/Cl (pH 9 and 2 mg L-1 of chlorine), respectively. Total organic carbon (TOC) removal achieved 37% and 45% for the H2O2 and Cl-UV based process, respectively. The in vitro YES assay indicated that the formed by-products were non-estrogenic compounds, while the toxicity evaluation revealed high cell growth inhibition due to UVC/Cl byproducts. During the UV-based processes, 30 transformation products (TPs) were identified, in which three new chlorinated TPs from E2 and EE2 may be responsible for toxicity effects. EDC degradation by UV/Cl is faster than by UV/H2O2, although chlorinated toxic byproducts were also formed during the UV/Cl process.

Profile of Enterobacteria Resistant to Beta-Lactams.

A serious emerging problem worldwide is increased antimicrobial resistance. Acquisition of coding genes for evasion methods of antimicrobial drug mechanisms characterizes acquired resistance. This phenomenon has been observed in Enterobacteriaceae family. Treatment for bacterial infections is performed with antibiotics, of which the most used are beta-lactams. The aim of this study was to correlate antimicrobial resistance profiles in Enterobacteriaceae by phenotypic methods and molecular identification of 14 beta-lactamase coding genes. In this study, 70 exclusive isolates from Brazil were used, half of which were collected in veterinary clinics or hospitals Phenotypic methodologies were used and real-time PCR was the molecular methodology used, through the Sybr Green system. Regargding the results found in the tests it was observed that 74.28% were resistant to ampicillin, 62.85% were resistant to amoxicillin associated with clavalunate. The mechanism of resistance that presented the highest expression was ESBL (17.14%). The genes studied that were detected in a greater number of species were blaGIM and blaSIM (66.66% of the samples) and the one that was amplified in a smaller number of samples was blaVIM (16.66%). Therefore, high and worrying levels of antimicrobial resistance have been found in enterobacteria, and a way to minimize the accelerated emergence of their resistance includes developing or improving techniques that generate diagnoses with high efficiency and speed.

Synthesis of natural 1-O-alkylglycerols: a study on the chemoselective opening of the epoxide ring by onium quaternary salts (N and P) and ionic liquids.

A chemoselective route for the synthesis of 1-O-alkylglycerols chimyl (1), batyl (2), and selachyl (3) is reported. These compounds can be naturally isolated from shark liver oil and the skin of animals such as stingrays and chimeras and exhibit potential anti-fouling activity. The synthetic approach developed in this work included two distinct methods of preparation. The first was based on solvent-free reactions catalyzed by onium quaternary salts (N and P) and ionic liquids; the second methodology was based on a series of one-pot reactions.

Evaluation of reduction estrogenic activity in the combined treatment of landfill leachate and sanitary sewage.

Combined treatment of urban solid waste leachate and domestic sewage has emerged in Brazil and worldwide as an alternative to minimize the difficulties of treating landfill leachate. Landfill leachate is a complex matrix of organic and inorganic substances, recalcitrant material and xenobiotic organic compounds that are considered to be highly toxic, as well as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) that contribute to increased estrogenic activity. Although combined treatment is feasible for removal of organic matter, ammonia and toxicity, the efficiency of the removal of estrogenic substance is poorly investigated. In this study, the activated sludge process in batch and continuous modes was used for the combined treatment of 2% and 5% leachate/sewage mixtures. Estrogenic activity was reduced in reactors in both batch and continuous modes. The activated sludge process achieved average reductions of the estradiol equivalent (EQ-E2) values in the combined treatment of 94.5, 60.8 and 66.4% for the sanitary sewage, 2% mixture leachate in sewage and 5% mixture leachate in sewage reactors, respectively, in batch mode. For continuous reactors, 86%, 72%, and 65% of reduction of EQ-E2were achieved for sanitary sewage, 2 and 5% mixture with sanitary sewage. As for EQ-E2, the increase in the concentration of leachate in the sewage mixture was detrimental to the removal of estrogenic compounds during the biological process. Therefore, a limit on the % leachate/sewage mixtures should be established to achieve efficiency in the combined treatment of leachate in a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP).

Determination of water quality, toxicity and estrogenic activity in a nearshore marine environment in Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil.

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) can be found in domestic sewage, wastewater treatment plant effluents, natural water, rivers, lakes and in the marine environment. Jurujuba Sound, located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, receives untreated sewage into its waters, one the main sources of aquatic contamination in this area. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the estrogenic potential of water sampled from different depths and from areas with differential contamination levels throughout Jurujuba Sound. Water quality was evaluated and acute toxicity assays using Allviibrio fischeri were conducted, while estrogenic activity of the water samples was determined by a Yeast Estrogen Screening assay (YES). Water quality was mostly within the limits established for marine waters by the Brazilian legislation, with only DOC and ammoniacal nitrogen levels above the maximum permissible limits. No acute toxicity effects were observed in the Allivibrio fisheri assay. The YES assay detected moderate estrogenic activity in bottom water samples from 3 sampling stations, ranging from 0.5 to 3.2ngL-1, as well as in one surface water sample. Estrogenic activity was most frequently observed in samples from the bottom of the water column, indicating adsorption of estrogenic compounds to the sediment.

A visão do enfermeiro/gestor sobre a necessidade de implementar apoio psicológico aos profissionais do serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência / La visión del enfermero / director sobre lanecesidad de implementar elapoyo psicológico a losprofesionales de la atención de emergencia móvil / The overview of the nurse / manager about the need to implement psychological support to professionals of the mobile emergency care

Analisar a visão do gestor/enfermeiro sobre necessidade de implementar o apoio psicológico aos profissionais doSAMU.Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida comgestores/enfermeiros do SAMU do Estado do Tocantins, onde há três núcleos de gestão e cada um conta com umenfermeiro gestor. Percebe-se que, apesar de não terem realizado qualquer estratégia para identificarestresseocupacional, os gestores/enfermeiros consideram importante implementar o apoio psicológico aos profissionais doSAMU.

To analyze the vision of the manager / nurse aboutthe need to implement psychological support to SAMUprofessional. This was a descriptive and exploratory, with qualitative approach, developed with SAMU managers /nurses of Tocantins State, where there are three management cores and each one has a nurse manager.It wasobserved that, despite of not having done any strategy to identify occupational stress, managers / nurses considerimportant to implement psychological support to SAMU professionals.

nalizar la visión del director / enfermero acercade la necesidad de implementar el apoyo psicológicoalprofesionalde SAMU. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo, desarrollado con directores /enfermeros de SAMU del Estado de Tocantins, donde hay tres núcleos de gestión y cada uno cuenta con unenfermerogestor.Se observó que, a pesar de no haber hecho ninguna estrategia para identificar el estrés profesional, gestores /enfermeros consideran importante la implementacióndel apoyo psicológico a los profesionalesde SAMU.

Genetic polymorphism of MUC7 in individuals with aggressive or chronic periodontitis.

Individuals with periodontitis exhibit differential expression of mucin-glycoprotein-2 (MG2), a protein encoded by the MUC7 gene. It is well known that MG2 exerts bactericidal activity as well as exhibiting genetic polymorphism involving a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR). In the present study, we assessed the distribution of allelic variants of the MUC7 gene in 22 individuals with aggressive periodonitis, 68 with chronic periodonitis, and 87 without periodonitis. Oral mucosal cells were collected, the DNA was extracted, and specific primers were used to amplify the region encoding the MUC7 tandem repeats (TRs). Polymerase chain reaction products were subjected to electrophoresis and analyzed on polyacrylamide gels stained with silver nitrate. Although the percentage distribution of homozygosity (6-6TR) and heterozygosity (5-6TR) showed variation among the groups, the observed differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05; Fisher's Exact Test). The present results indicate that the expression of different numbers of TRs in this salivary mucin in the oral environment does not interfere with the etiopathogenesis of aggressive or chronic periodontitis.

Prevalência de fatores de riscos cardiovasculares em policiais militares hipertensos / Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among hypertensive military police officers / Prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en policías militares hipertensos

Objetivo: verificar a prevalência dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares em policiais militares hipertensos. Método: trata-se de pesquisa transversal, descritiva e exploratória, aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Centro Universitário Unirg sob o Protocolo n. 0142/2010, na qual os 22 policiais militares identificados como hipertensos foram submetidos à aferição dos sinais vitais e das medidas antropométricas. Após isso, responderam aos questionários sobre nível de atividade física, hábito tabagístico, padrão do uso do álcool, inventário de sintomas de stress e inquérito dietético. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística utilizando o teste de Qui-quadrado com correção de Yates. Resultados: em se tratando do índice de massa corpórea (IMC), apenas 5% encontrava-se dentro da normalidade. Na relação cintura quadril(RCQ), constatou-se que 36,36% apresentavam fatores de risco cardíaco. No nível de atividade física, 22,73% eram sedentários e 36,36% insuficientemente ativos. Sobre hábito tabagístico, apenas 9,09% eram fumantes. No padrão do uso de álcool, 4,55% encontravam-se na zona III e 9,09% na zona IV. Por meio do questionário de estresse constatou-se 54,55%não estavam em nenhuma fase. Na avaliação do hábito alimentar, 40,91% faziam o número adequado de refeições diárias e apenas 18,18% alimentavam-se com quantidades adequadas de macronutrientes. Conclusão: os fatores de riscos cardiovasculares avaliados, como RCQ, hábito tabagístico, estresse e ingestão de álcool, apresentaram baixa prevalência nos policiais militares, porém, em relação ao IMC, os avaliados foram classificados, em sua maioria, com sobrepeso ou obesidade, insuficientemente ativos ou sedentários e com número reduzido de refeições diárias.(AU)

Objective: to verify the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive military police officers. Method: this is a transversal, descriptive, and exploratory research, approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Centro Universitario Unirg under the Protocol 0142/2010, in which the 22 military police officers identified as hypertensive subjects underwent the assessment of vital signs and anthropometric measurements. After this, they answered to the questionnaires on physical activity level, smoking habit, pattern of alcohol intake, inventory of stress symptoms, and dietary interview. The data underwent a statistical analysis using the chi-square test with Yates' correction. Results: with regard to the body mass index (BMI), only 5% were normal. In the waist/hip ratio (WHR), it was found that 36.36% presented cardiac risk factors. In the physical activity level, 22.73% were sedentary, and 36.36% were insufficiently active. Considering the smoking habit, only 9.09% were smokers. In the pattern of alcohol intake, 4.55% fit into the zone III and 9.09% fit into the zone IV. Through the stress questionnaire it was found that 54.55% did not fit into any phase. In the feeding pattern assessment, 40.91% had the adequate number of daily meals and only 18.18% consumed adequate amounts of macronutrients. Conclusion: the cardiovascular risk factors evaluated, such as WHR, smoking habit, stress, and alcohol intake, presented a low prevalence among military police officers, however, with regard to BMI, those evaluated were mostly classified as subjects with overweight or obesity, insufficiently active or sedentary, and with a reduced number of daily meals. (AU)

Objetivo: verificar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en policías militares hipertensos. Método: esta investigación fue transversal, descriptiva y exploratoria y aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación del Centro Universitario Unirg bajo Protocolo nº 0142/2010, en el que 22 policías militares identificados como hipertensos se sometieron al contraste de signos vitales y a medidas antropométricas. Tras ello, respondieron a los cuestionarios sobre nivel de actividad física, hábitos tabaquistas, estándar de empleo de alcohol, inventario de síntomas de estrés y hábitos dietéticos. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis estadístico empleando el test de qui-cuadrado con corrección de Yates. Resultados: tratándose del índice de masa corporal (IMC), apenas el 5% se encontraba dentro de la normalidad. En la relación cintura-caderas (RCC), se constató que el 36,36% presentaban riesgo cardíaco. En el nivel de actividad física, el 22,73% eran sedentarios y el 36,36% insuficientemente activos. Sobre hábitos tabaquistas, apenas el 9,09% eran fumadores. En el estándar de consumo de alcohol, el 4,55% se encontraba en la zona III y el 9,09% en la zona IV. Por medio de cuestionario de estrés se constató que un 54,4% no estaba en ninguna fase. En la evaluación de hábitos alimenticios, el 40,91% efectuaba el número adecuado de comidas diarias y apenas el 18,18% se alimentaba con cantidades adecuadas de macro-nutrientes. Conclusión: los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares evaluados, como RCC, hábitos tabaquistas, estrés e consumo de alcohol, estos presentaron baja prevalencia en los policías militares, aunque en relación al IMC, los evaluados se clasificaron, en su mayoría, con sobrepeso y obesidad, insuficientemente activos o sedentarios y con número reducido de comidas diarias.(AU)

Cuidados de enfermagem para pacientes com tubo orotraqueal: avaliação realizada em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / Nursing care for patients with orotracheal tube: evaluation performed at Intensive Care Unit

Objetivo: avaliar os cuidados dispensados pela equipe enfermagem da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Público deGurupi aos pacientes em uso de tubo orotraqueal. Métodos: pesquisa descritiva, observacional, com análise quantitativa. Aobservação dos cuidados de acordo com o protocolo voltado ao manuseio do tubo orotraqueal, ocorreu durante sete dias domês de março de 2009, por 14 horas diárias, com um total de 105 horas. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê deÉtica da Universidade Castelo Branco (0169/2008). Resultados: a verificação da pressão do cuff a cada 12 horas e ahidratação dos lábios a cada quatro horas não foi realizada pela equipe de enfermagem; a higiene oral foi realizada apenasuma vez ao dia; porém, foi garantido pelos profissionais de enfermagem um meio alternativo de comunicação aos pacientesintubados; a troca e/ou fixação do cadarço foi realizada diariamente; a utilização de gazes nas laterais da cavidade oral foicolocada quando já era perceptível alguma agressão à pele do paciente; a aspiração do tubo orotraqueal com técnicaasséptica, foi realizada para evitar complicações. Conclusão: a equipe de enfermagem apresentou falhas no atendimentoque podem ser reduzidas pela implantação de protocolos específicos ao manuseio do tubo orotraqueal.

Manutenção em implantes dentários / Maintenance in dental implants

A manutenção em implantes é um fator decisivo para a obtenção de sucesso quando se utiliza overdenture e próteses sobre implantes. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um caso clínico de um paciente do gênero masculino, 70 anos, leucoderma, com rebordo inferior desdentado total, reabsorção óssea grave, com presença apenas de osso basal e ausência de vestíbulo. O tratamento consistiu em instalação de overdenture inferior, inicialmente sobre três implantes na região anterior interforames, sendo que o implante esquerdo transfixou no osso basal de 2 a 3 milímetros; onze anos mais tarde, foram instalados mais dois implantes e foi confeccionada uma carga imediata até os primeiros molares para a colocação de uma prótese fixa implanto-suportada. Durante todo o tratamento foi realizada uma manutenção meticulosa, com acompanhamento por 14 anos, interrompida pelo óbito do paciente. A partir do terceiro mês após a abertura dos três implantes inicialmente instalados, observou-se a presença de mucosa ceratinizada, definição do vestíbulo, maturação do rebordo e formação de osso na região mentual. Conclui-se que um bom planejamento, aliado ao domínio da técnica e uma manutenção adequada, foram pré-requisitos necessários à obtenção de resultados favoráveis, ao sucesso do caso e à obtenção de uma melhor qualidade de vida pelo paciente.

In implants, maintenance is a decisive factor for obtaining success when implant supported overdentures and dentures are used. The present stud presents, a clinical case of a patient, a 70 year-old white man, with a completely edentulous mandibular alveolar ridge, severe bone resorption with presence of basal bone only, and absence of vestibule. Initially, treatment consisted of the placement of a mandibular overdenture, supported on three implants in the anterior inter-foramen region, as the left implant was transfixed in the basal bone of 2 to 3 millimeters. Eleven years later, another two implants were placed in the anterior area and an immediate load was performed up to the first molars, for the placement of an implant supported fixed. Throughout the entire treatment, meticulous maintenance was carried out, with follow-up for fourteen years, interrupted by the patient's death. From the third month after the opening the three implants initially placed, the presence of keratinized mucosa, definition of the vestibule, maturation of the alveolar ridge and bone formation in the mento region were observed. It was concluded that good planning, allied to mastery of the technique and adequate maintenance were the prerequisites necessary for obtaining favorable results, success of the present case, and for the patient to have a better quality of life.

TcRRMs and Tcp28 genes are intercalated and differentially expressed in Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle.

The identification and characterization of RNA binding proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi are particularly relevant as they play key roles in the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression. In this work, we have identified coding sequences for the proteins, named TcRRM1 and TcRRM2, in the EST database generated by the T. cruzi genomic initiative. TcRRM1 and TcRRM2 contain two RNA binding domains (RRM) and are very similar to two Trypanosoma brucei RNA binding proteins previously reported, Tbp34 and Tbp37, and to a not yet annotated ORF in Leishmania major genome project. The T. cruzi RRM genes are organized in tandem, alternating with copies of Tcp28, a gene of unknown function. However, TcRRM transcript accumulation is higher in the spheromastigote stage, while Tcp28 transcripts accumulate more in the trypomastigote stage suggesting developmental regulation.

Organização e relações de trabalho na área de enfermagem: análise do conhecimento produzido entre l971 e 2002 / Organization and relations of work in the nursing area: produced knowledge analysis betweew 1971 and 2002

A (re) estruturação dos programas de pós-graduação (1970) favoreceu o empreendimento de investigações acerca do trabalho em enfermagem, suas relações, historicidade... Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar a produção científica referente à organização e relações de trabalho em enfermagem, através dos resumos publicados em duas bases de dados, empregando metodologia quantitativa e qualitativa. Foram encontrados 54 resumos, que foram avaliados segundo tipo de divulgação, autor, data de publicação, abordagem teórico-metodológica e ênfase do estudo. Os resultados mostraram 21 artigos, 8 teses, 23 dissertações e 2 monografias; 39 trabalhos foram elaborados por um único autor. Entre 1970-1980 a produção foi escassa, aumentando, consideravelmente, nos anos 1990. A abordagem mais utilizada foi a quantitativa, seguida pela histórico-social e fenomenológica. A ênfase dada nesses estudos demonstra a preocupação com as relações existentes entre trabalho, enfermagem e processo saúde-doença. A análise revelou que a produção nesta área vem apresentando crescimento numérico e maior aprofundamento científico...

The pos-graduation programs restructure (1970) favored the development of research about the nursing, job its relations and historical backgroundà This research aimed to analyze the cientific production referred to the nursing work organization and relations, through publicide resumes in two data bases using quantitive and qualitive methodology. There were found 54 resumes, that were evaluated based on the kind of spreading, author, date of publication, theoric-methodologic approach and study emphasis. The results showed 23 articles, 8 thesis, 21 disertations and 2 monographs; 39 papers were elaborated by one unique author. Between 1970-1980 the production was scarce, increasing considerably by the year 1990. The most used approach was the quantitive followed by the social historical and phenomenologic. The emphasis given in these studies shows worriness with the relations existing ones between work, nursing and health disease processes. The analysis reveals that the production in this area has been showing numeric growth and a major cientific deepness...

La (re)estructuración de los Programas de Postgrado (1970) favoreció el emprendimiento de investigaciones sobre el trabajo en enfermería, sus relaciones, historicid. Esta investigación objetivó analizar la producción cientifica referente a la organización y relaciones de trabajo en enfermería, a través de los resúmenes publicados en dos bases de datos, empleando la metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa. Fueron encontrados 54 resúmenes, siendo evaluados según el tipo de divulgación, autor, fecha de publicación, abordaje teórico-metodológico y énfasis del estudio. Los resultados mostraron 21 artículos, 8 tesis, 23 disertaciones y 2 monografias; 39 trabajos fueron elaborados por un único autor. Entre 1970 - 1980 la producción fue escasa, aumentando, notablemente, en los años 1990. El abordaje más utilizado fue el cuantitativo seguido por el histórico-social y fenomenológico. El énfasis prestados a los estudios demuestra la preocupación con las relaciones existentes entre el trabajo, la enfermería y el proceso de salud-enfermedad. El análisis reveló que la producción en ésta área presenta un crecimiento numerico y un aprofundamiento científico mayor...