SEOM-GEMCAD-TTD clinical guidelines for the management of hepatocarcinoma patients (2023).

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy in the liver and is the third cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Surveillance with abdominal ultrasound should be offered to individuals at high risk for developing HCC. Accurate diagnosis, staging, and liver function are crucial when determining the optimal therapeutic approach. The BCLC staging system is widely endorsed in Western countries. Managing this pathology requires a multidisciplinary, personalized approach, generally with a multimodal strategy. Surgery remains the only curative option, albeit local and systemic therapy may also increase survival when surgery is not suitable. In advanced disease, systemic treatment should be offered to patients with ECOG/PS 0-1 and Child-Pugh class A.

Incidencia y causas de hospitalización en pacientes con amiloidosis cardiaca por transtiretina (AC-ATTR) y por cadenas ligeras (AC-AL) / Incidence and causes of hospitalization in patients with transthyretin (ATTR-CA) and light chain (AL-CA) cardiac amyloidosis

Introducción y objetivos: La amiloidosis cardiaca (AC) es una patología asociada a un elevado número de ingresos hospitalarios. Dada la escasa información disponible al respecto, planteamos un análisis de la incidencia y las causas de hospitalización en esta enfermedad.Material y métodosSe evaluaron 143 pacientes (128 por transtiretina [AC-ATTR] y 15 por cadenas ligeras [AC-AL]) incluidos en el Registro de Amiloidosis Cardiaca de Galicia (AMIGAL), recogiendo todas sus hospitalizaciones.ResultadosDurante un seguimiento mediano de 959 días se produjeron 179 hospitalizaciones no programadas (tasa de incidencia [TI] 512,6 ingresos hospitalarios por 1.000 pacientes-año), siendo las más habituales las de causa cardiovascular (n=109, TI 312,2). El motivo individual de ingreso hospitalario más frecuente fue la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) (n=87, TI 249,2).La AC-AL se asoció con una TI de hospitalizaciones no programadas más elevada que la AC-ATTR (TI 781 vs. 483,2; HR 1,62; p=0,029) a expensas de las de causa no cardiovascular (TI 376 vs. 181,2; HR 2,07; p=0,027). La supervivencia libre de hospitalización no programada al año y a los tres años en la AC-AL fue menor que en la AC-ATTR (46,7 y 20,0% vs. 73,4 y 35,2%, respectivamente; p=0,021). (AU)

Introduction and objetives: Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a disorder associated with high number of hospital admissions. Given the scarce information available, we propose an analysis of the incidence and causes of hospitalization in this disease.Material and methodsOne hundred and forty-three patients [128 by transthyretin (ATTR-CA) and 15 by light chains (AL-CA)] included in Registro de Amiloidosis Cardiaca de Galicia (AMIGAL) were evaluated, including all hospitalizations.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 959 days there were 179 unscheduled hospitalizations [incidence rate (IR) 512.6 admissions per 1000 patients-year], most common due to cardiovascular reasons (n=109, IR 312.2). Most frequent individual cause of hospitalization was heart failure (n=87, TI 249.2).AL-CA was associated with a higher IR of unscheduled hospitalizations than ATTR-CA (IR 781 vs. 483.2; HR 1.62; p=0,029) due to non-cardiovascular admissions (IR 376 vs. 181.2; HR 2.07; p=0.027). Unscheduled admission-free survival at 1 and 3 years in AL-CA was inferior than in ATTR-CA (46.7% and 20.0% vs. 73.4% and 35.2%, respectively; p=0.021). (AU)

[Incidence and causes of hospitalization in patients with transthyretin (ATTR-CA) and light chain (AL-CA) cardiac amyloidosis]. / Incidencia y causas de hospitalización en pacientes con amiloidosis cardiaca por transtiretina (AC-ATTR) y por cadenas ligeras (AC-AL).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJETIVES: Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a disorder associated with high number of hospital admissions. Given the scarce information available, we propose an analysis of the incidence and causes of hospitalization in this disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and forty-three patients [128 by transthyretin (ATTR-CA) and 15 by light chains (AL-CA)] included in Registro de Amiloidosis Cardiaca de Galicia (AMIGAL) were evaluated, including all hospitalizations. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 959 days there were 179 unscheduled hospitalizations [incidence rate (IR) 512.6 admissions per 1000 patients-year], most common due to cardiovascular reasons (n=109, IR 312.2). Most frequent individual cause of hospitalization was heart failure (n=87, TI 249.2). AL-CA was associated with a higher IR of unscheduled hospitalizations than ATTR-CA (IR 781 vs. 483.2; HR 1.62; p=0,029) due to non-cardiovascular admissions (IR 376 vs. 181.2; HR 2.07; p=0.027). Unscheduled admission-free survival at 1 and 3 years in AL-CA was inferior than in ATTR-CA (46.7% and 20.0% vs. 73.4% and 35.2%, respectively; p=0.021). CONCLUSIONS: CA was associated with high incidence of hospitalizations, being heart failure the most frequent individual cause; unscheduled admission-free survival in AL-CA was lower than in ATTR-CA due mostly to non-cardiovascular admissions.

SEOM-GEMCAD-TTD Clinical Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer (2021)

Esophageal cancer is an aggressive tumor, and is the sixth-leading cause of death from cancer. Incidence is rising in Spain, particularly among men. Two main pathological different subtypes have been described: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Growing evidence of their epidemiology and molecular differences explains their different response to novel treatments, and they are therefore likely to be treated as two separate entities in the near future. The best results are obtained with a multidisciplinary therapeutic strategy, and the introduction of immunotherapy is a promising new approach that will improve prognosis. In these guidelines, we review the evidence for the different methods of diagnosis and therapeutic strategies that form the basis of our standard of care.

Manejo terapéutico de un diente anterior calcificado, y el abordaje de múltiples perforaciones realizadas durante su tratamiento de conductos / Therapeutic management of a calcified anterior teeth, and the approach of multiple perforations performed during root canal treatment

Se trata de un retratamiento de conductos en el diente 1.1. El diente presenta percusión y palpación positiva y movilidad grado II. Ante la falta de información en la radiografía convencional se realiza una TCHC donde se observa tres perforaciones y perdida de la cortical vestibular y apical en el diente 1.1. Se llevó a cabo un tratamiento combinado, primero se realizó el retratamiento ortógrado del conducto con gutapercha termoplástica, segundo una apicectomía y sellado de las perforaciones con MTA de manera quirúrgica. A los 12 meses se comprueba mediante TCHC que se ha producido curación ósea y el diente esta asintomático, pero observamos una discoloracion a nivel de la perforación coronal. A los 5 años esta zona presenta una cavitación y se decide realizar un sellado de la perforación con resina compuesta debido a su localización supracrestal. Un año después la paciente no presenta signos clínicos ni radiológicos de patología

This is a root canals retreatment in tooth 1.1. The tooth presents positive percussion and palpation and grade II mobility. Due to the lack of information from the conventional radiography, we performed a CBCT, three root perforations and loss of the vestibular cortical bone and apical bone were observed in tooth 1.1. A combined treatment was carried out, first the orthograde retreatment of the root canal with thermoplastic obturation technique, second and apicoectomy and sealing of the perforations with MTA by surgery. At 12 months, it is observed in a new TCHC that bone healing has occurred and the tooth is asymptomatic, but we observed a discoloration at the level of the coronal perforation. At 5 years this area presents cavitation and it was decided to seal the perforation with composite resin due to its supracrestal location. A year later, the patient had no clinical or radiological signs of pathology

Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal concurrente con tumor del estroma gastrointestinal / Concurrent inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal stromal tumor

No disponible

La importancia del biofilm y su eliminación en endodoncia / Importance of biofilm eradication in endodontics

Los biofilms bacterianos son sistemas complejos en los que las bacterias son capaces de organizarse, logrando así una mayor resistencia a los ataques antimicrobianos siendo mucho más difícil su erradicación. Las bacterias se encuentran en un 99% de las ocasiones formando biopelículas o biofilms, por tanto el conocimiento de cómo poder eliminarlos será la clave, no sólo en endodoncia, sino en cualquier disciplina. Se ha investigado cómo es la mejor manera y cuáles son los mejores irrigantes en endodoncia para conseguir eliminar los biofilms intrarradiculares. El hipoclorito sódico, debido a su capacidad inherente de disolución del tejido, es capaz de desorganizar la estructura de los biofilms y los estudios revisados lo colocan como el mejor irrigante en endodoncia; la irrigación ultrasónica pasiva, el uso del láser y la terapia fotodinámica, son grandes aliados que actúan como coadyuvantes en la erradicación del biofilm. Esta revisión bibliográfica nos ayuda a comprender cómo debemos centrarnos en la eliminación de los biofilms y no de bacterias aisladas; el E. faecalis es la bacteria principalmente relacionada con el fracaso endodóntico, poseyendo muchos factores de virulencia y una resistencia mediada por la formación de biofilms. una adecuada irrigación con hipoclorito sódico (NaOCl) y el uso de quelantes del calcio como el ácido etilendiamino-tetracético (EDTA) mejorará sobremanera la erradicación bacteriana dentro de los conductos (AU)

Biofilms are complex systems where bacteria are able to organize, becoming more resistant to the attack of antimicrobials, being very difficult their elimination. Bacteria in nature are found in a 99% forming biofilms, so we have to understand that knowing how to eradicate them will be the key, not only in endodontics, otherwise in all other disciplines. The best way and what are the best endodontic irrigants have been investigated to get the biofilms eradication. The sodium hypochlorite, because of its capability of tissue dissolution, it is able to disorganize the internal structure of biofilms and all the checked studies confirms it as the best endodontic irrigant; passive ultrasonic irrigation, laser and photodynamic therapy, are big allies acting as adjuvants in biofilms eradication. This bibliographic revision helps us to understand how we must get biofilms elimination instead of isolated bacteria; E. faecalis is the most common bacteria found in endodontic failure, having a lot of virulence factors and a high resistance mediated by biofilm creation. Adequate irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and the use of calcium chelants like EDTA will improve the bacterial eradication inside the root canals (AU)

Consenso de la Sociedad Española de Anatomía Patológica (SEAP) y de la Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica (SEOM) sobre la determinación de HER2 en el carcinoma gástrico / HER2 evaluation in gastric carcinoma: A consensus study by the Spanish Society of Pathology (SEAP) and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM)

La identificación de los carcinomas gástricos avanzados con alteraciones de HER2 es esencial en la práctica clínica diaria, ya que estas neoplasias requieren un tratamiento específico con trastuzumab. Por estos motivos, patólogos y oncólogos expertos en carcinoma gástrico y en la determinación de HER2, en representación de las sociedades respectivas (SEAP y SEOM), han trabajado para debatir y consensuar las recomendaciones nacionales de determinación de HER2 en los carcinomas gástricos. Estas recomendaciones se basan no sólo en la experiencia de los participantes en el consenso, sino también en la experiencia internacional publicada. En este consenso se muestran los requisitos mínimos que un laboratorio de anatomía patológica debe cumplir para garantizar la adecuada determinación de HER2 en la práctica diaria. Los laboratorios que carezcan de los estándares mínimos expuestos en esta guía deberían trabajar en alcanzarlo(AU)

The identification of HER2 alterations in advanced gastric carcinomas is critically important in daily clinical practice as such neoplasms require specific treatment with Trastuzumab. For this reason, expert pathologists and oncologists have agreed on national guidelines for HER2 testing in gastric carcinomas. The guidelines are based on the experience of the participants and pertinent recent international publications. They outline the minimum requirements for the Pathology Laboratory in order to guarantee satisfactory routine HER2 testing. The guidelines recommend that any laboratory not fulfilling such requirements make the adjustments necessary for compliance(AU)