Iron-rich food consumption and predictors among children aged 6-59 months old in Ethiopia: A multilevel complex sample analysis of the Ethiopian mini-demographic and health survey 2019 data.

BACKGROUND: Children with inadequate iron consumption had slower growth, weaker immunity, and poor cognitive development. Although the public health importance of iron-rich consumption in Ethiopia is known, evidence for iron-rich food consumption and predictors among children aged 6-59 months old in Ethiopia is sparse. This study aimed to assess iron-rich food consumption and predictors among children aged 6-59 months old in Ethiopia. METHODS: This study used Ethiopia mini demographic and health survey 2019 (EMDHS-2019) data with a total weighted sample size of 5,112 among children aged 6-59 months old. A multilevel mixed effect logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of good iron-rich food consumption. RESULTS: The proportion of good consumption of iron-rich foods among children aged 6-59 months was 27.99% (24.22, 32.10%). The findings revealed that children born to mothers who completed primary education [AOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.11, 3.19], a higher education [AOR = 4.45, 95% CI: 1.28, 15.48], being born to the poorer family [AOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.04, 3.43], richer [AOR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.03, 4.36], and richest [AOR = 3.57, 95% CI: 1.29, 9.93] were positively associated with good iron-rich food consumption among children aged 6-59 months old. Nevertheless, being 24-59 month-old children [AOR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.72], residents of the Afar [AOR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.67], Amhara region [AOR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.65], and Somali region [AOR = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.07] were negatively associated with good iron-rich food consumption among children aged 6-59 months old. CONCLUSION: The finding revealed that there was low consumption of iron-rich foods among children aged 6-59 months in Ethiopia compared to reports from East African countries. Improving women's literacy and economic empowerment would improve iron-rich food consumption among children aged 6-59 months old. This study's findings would have implications for policymakers in Ethiopia to enhance iron-rich food consumption.

Perceived stigma and depression among the HIV-positive adult people in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting approximately 60% of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Low and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Ethiopia, bear a disproportionate burden of depression among HIV/AIDS patients. Several factors, including perceived stigma, have been linked to increased depression among HIV/AIDS patients. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the pooled effect of perceived stigma on depression among HIV/AIDS patients in Ethiopia. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we systematically retrieved all relevant studies starting from January 1, 2000 to June 1, 2022 from PubMed, HINARI, and Google Scholar. This review included observational studies that reported the effect of perceived stigma on the prevalence of depression among HIV-positive adults in Ethiopia. The effect estimate of the pooled effect of perceived stigma on depression was conducted using DerSimonian-Laird's random effect model using STATA/MP version 16. An adjusted odds ratio (AOR), along with a 95% confidence interval (CI), was conducted to estimate the strength of the association between perceived stigma and depression. RESULTS: Eleven studies with a total of 4,153 HIV-positive adults were included for meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that the odds of depression were higher among patients with perceived stigma (AOR: 3.78, 95% CI: 2.73, 5.24). The pooled prevalence of depression among HIV/AIDS patients in Ethiopia was 39% (95% CI: 32%, 46%) (I2 = 98%, p ≤ 0.0001). The subgroup analysis revealed that the primary studies conducted in the Oromia region had the highest pooled prevalence of depression at 48% (95% CI: 32%, 63%). CONCLUSION: The pooled estimates of the meta-analysis revealed that perceived stigma and depression were strongly associated. Stigma and depression screenings should be carried out for additional treatments and prevention, and programs supporting Ethiopia's PLWHA population should be strengthened.

Health related quality of life and its predictors among postpartum mother in Southeast Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Post-childbirth, woman's health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is significantly impacted, leading to decreased daily activity, reduced self-care, challenges with breastfeeding and baby weaning, and increased medical costs for both mother and newborn.This study aimed to assess the HRQOL and its predictors among postpartum women in Southeast Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Southeast Ethiopia between March and May 2022, involving randomly selected sample of 794 postpartum women attending immunization services in public health facilities. Data was collected using a validated questionnaire, and descriptive statistics were computed. A bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to predict HRQOL, with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals used to estimate associations. Results: The study revealed that the overall HRQOL, physical component summary, and mental component summary of quality of life had mean scores of 43.80 ± 27.88, 45.39 ± 28.58, and 42.20 ± 28.15(mean ± SD) respectively. Walking to the health facility (AOR = 2.09; 95% CI: (1.31,3.31); using public transport (AOR = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.69-3.93); having the fear of COVID-19 (AOR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.08-1.99); having health facility admission history during the recent pregnancy (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.08-2.44); having postpartum depression (PPD) (AOR = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.57-2.89) were predictors of a lower level of overall HRQOL among postpartum women. Conclusion: The study found that nearly half of postpartum women in Ethiopia have lower HRQOL, with factors such as transport use, recent baby's pregnancy admission history, and postpartum depression (PPD) significantly affecting their overall, physical, and mental HRQOL. Fear of COVID-19 was found to be significantly associated with lower overall and physical HRQO. The implementation of appropriate strategies addressing identified factors is crucial for enhancing the HRQOL among postpartum women in Ethiopia.

Maternal delay for institutional delivery and associated factors among postnatal mothers at Southeastern Ethiopia: a cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal delay in timely seeking health care, inadequate health care and the inability to access health facilities are the main causes of maternal mortality in low and middle income countries. The three-delay approach was used to pinpoint responsible factors for maternal death. There was little data on the delay in decision making to seek institutional delivery service in the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the extent of the first maternal delay for institutional delivery and its associated factors among postpartum mothers in the Bale and east Bale zones. METHODS: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 407 postpartum mothers from April 6 to May 6, 2022. A systematic sampling technique was used to select study participants. The data were collected electronically using an Open Data Kit and exported to SPSS window version 25 for cleaning and analysis. Both bivariate and multivariable analysis was done by using binary logistic regression model to identify factors associated with maternal delay for institutional delivery services. Statistical significance was declared at P-value < 0.05. RESULTS: In this study, the magnitude of the first maternal delay in making the decision to seek institutional delivery service was 29.2% (95% CI: 24.9, 33.9). Previous pregnancy problems (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.06, 3.08), knowing the danger signs of labor and childbirth (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.85) and decision-making (AOR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.85) were significantly associated with the first maternal delay. CONCLUSION: This study identified a significant number of postnatal mothers experienced delay in making decisions to seek institutional delivery service in the study area. Promoting women's empowerment and building on key danger signs should be emphasized.

Delay in reaching health facilities for emergency obstetric care and associated factors among postpartum mothers at Bale zones, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study.

Maternal mortality occurs in developing nations as a result of inadequate health care, delayed medical attention and the inability to access medical facilities. The three-delay model was employed to determine the causes of maternal death. There was limited data on maternal delay in reaching health facilities for emergency obstetric care services in the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of delay in reaching health facilities for emergency obstetric care and associated factors among postpartum mothers at Bale and east Bale zones. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 407 postnatal women from April 6 to May 6, 2022. A systematic sampling technique was used to select study participants. The data were collected electronically using an Open Data Kit and exported to SPSS window version 25 for cleaning and analysis. Both bivariable and multivariable analysis was done by using a binary logistic regression model to identify factors associated with delay in traveling for emergency obstetric care services. Statistical significance was declared at P-value < 0.05. In this study, the prevalence of delay in reaching health facilities during emergency obstetric care was 38.1% (95%CI: 33.3, 43). The following factors showed significant association with delay in reaching health facilities during emergency obstetric care: Average monthly income (AOR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.12, 3.14), distance (AOR = 4.35; 95% CI: 2.65, 7.14), a referral from other health facilities (AOR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.01, 3.11) and delay one (AOR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.7, 4.93). This study showed that the prevalence of delay in reaching health facilities for emergency obstetric care services in the study area was high. Promoting road accessibility and transport mechanisms and strengthening referral mechanisms shall be emphasized.

Diabetes-related distress and its associated factors among people with type 2 diabetes in Southeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes-related distress lowers the motivation for self-care, often leading to lowered physical and emotional well-being, poor diabetes control, poor medication adherence and increased mortality among individuals with diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with diabetes-related distress among people living with type 2 diabetes in Southeast Ethiopia. DESIGN: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. SETTING: Six diabetic follow-up care units at public hospitals in Southeast Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS: All adult people living with type 2 diabetes from the diabetic follow-up clinic. THE MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diabetes Distress Scale-17 questionnaire was used to assess diabetes-related distress. RESULTS: Out of the total 871 study participants intended, 856 participated in the study with a response rate of 98.3%. The findings showed that about 53.9% (95% CI 50.4% to 57.2%) of the patients have diabetes-related distress. Physical activity (adjusted OR, AOR 2.22; 95% CI 1.36 to 3.63), social support (AOR 4.41; 95% CI 1.62 to 12.03), glycaemic control (AOR 2.36; 95% CI 1.35 to 4.12) and other comorbidities (AOR 3.94; 95% CI 2.01 to 7.73) were factors that significantly associated with diabetes-related distress at p<0.05. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that more than half of the participants had diabetes-related distress. Therefore, the identified factors of diabetes-related distress need to be a concern for health institutions and clinicians in the management of people living with type 2 diabetes.

An infant with lamellar ichthyosis presenting with meningitis.

Lamellar ichthyosis is a rare congenital disorder characterized by widespread epidermal hyperkeratinization. It is a rare clinical disorder throughout the entire planet, and newborns with this disease frequently have collodion membranes (adhering, supple, parchment-like membrane). We present a 45-day-old infant who came to our facility complaining of a high-grade persistent fever, high-pitched crying, decreased feeding, odd body movements, rapid breathing, and grunting that lasted for 2 days. He was diagnosed with lamellar ichthyosis.

Prevesical hydatid cyst: A case report.

Hydatid cyst is a zoonotic disease caused by a tapeworm of the genus Echinococcus granulosus either in its adult or larval forms. Original pelvic cysts are rare; however, the majority of abdominal and pelvic hydatid cysts are believed to result from inadvertent surgical inoculation or spontaneous rupture from a primary hepatic focus. We present a 35-year-old female patient who visited our facility complaining of lower abdominal pain that had persisted for the last 5 months.

Isolated breast hydatid cyst: A case report.

A hydatid cyst is a parasitic infestation most frequently caused by the larval tapeworm known as Echinococcus granulosus. Breast hydatidosis is a very uncommon condition that may be the main site or one of its components in cases of extensive hydatidosis. We discussed a 28-year-old female patient who had been experiencing left breast pain for a year prior to her presentation.

Magnitude of erectile dysfunction and associated factors among adult diabetic men on follow-up at Goba and Robe hospitals, Bale Zone, South East Ethiopia: hospital-based cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Erectile dysfunction is defined as the inability to achieve and/or maintain an erection of sufficient rigidity and duration to permit satisfactory sexual performance. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and associated factors among adult diabetic men on follow-up at Goba and Robe hospitals, Bale Zone, South East Ethiopia,2022. METHODS: Hospital-based cross-sectional study design was used among 420 adult diabetic men from March 1 to April 30 using a systematic random sampling technique. An international index of erectile function questionnaire containing five questions was used to assess the outcome variable. The data were entered, edited, and coded using Epidata version 4.6 and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis were performed to identify factors associated with erectile dysfunction. Adjusted odds ratios with their corresponding 95% confidence interval were computed to estimate the strength of association. Statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of erectile dysfunction was found to be 354 (84.3%). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that erectile dysfunction is significantly associated with old age (AOR = 12.39, 95% CI:5.10-30.08), inadequate physical activity (AOR = 4.15, 95% CI:1.33-12.97), and being rich (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.21-5.66). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of erectile dysfunction in this study population is nearly nine out of ten. Age, inadequate physical activity, and wealth index were independent predictors of erectile dysfunction. Assessment and management of erectile dysfunction in diabetic clinics should be routine medical care.

Determinants of neonatal sepsis among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units in ethiopian hospitals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Several studies have identified risk factors for neonatal sepsis, but they are limited to specific geographical areas with results that may not be generalizable to other populations. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the contributing factors, representative at a national level, that influence the occurrence of neonatal sepsis in neonates receiving hospital care in Ethiopia. Methods and materials: A thorough search was conducted across PubMed/Medline, Hinari, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies. The pooled odds ratio was estimated using the random effect model. The heterogeneity among the included studies was evaluated using the I2 and Cochrane Q-statistics tests. Egger's tests used to assess publication bias. Results: A total of 19 studies comprising 6190 study participants were included. Neonatal sepsis was positively associated with several factors, namely: prolonged premature rupture of membrane (OR: 3.85, 95% CI: 2.31-6.42), low first minute APGAR score (OR: 3.74, 95% CI: 1.29-10.81), low fifth minute APGAR score (OR: 4.17, 95% CI: 1.76-9.91), delayed initiation of breastfeeding (OR: 3.41, 95% CI: 2.18-5.36), and infection of the maternal urinary tract (OR: 3.17, 95% CI: 1.87-5.35). Conclusion: Duration of rupture of membrane, APGAR score, time of initiation of breastfeeding, and urinary tract infection have a role in the development of neonatal sepsis.

Delay in receiving emergency obstetric care and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in public hospitals of Bale and East Bale zones, Oromia region, South East Ethiopia: Facility based cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Delays in timely seeking care, failure to reach health institutions and receiving ineffective health care cause maternal mortality in developing countries. The three maternal delay was used to identify contributing factors to maternal death. There was limited data on the maternal delay in receiving emergency obstetric care services in the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of delay in receiving emergency obstetric care and associated factors among postnatal mothers in the Bale and east Bale zones. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 407 postnatal women from April 6 to May 6, 2022. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. The data were collected electronically using an Open Data Kit and exported to SPSS window version 25 for cleaning and analysis. Both bivariate and multivariable analyses were done by using a binary logistic regression model to identify factors associated with delay in receiving emergency obstetric care services. Statistical significance was declared at P-value < 0.05. Results: In this study, the magnitude of delay in receiving institutional delivery service utilization was 34.6% with [95% CI (30.0_39.5)]. Delay one was found to be statistically associated with maternal delay in receiving institutional delivery services (AOR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.21, 3.53). Mothers with low monthly income had shown higher odds of delay (AOR = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.10). Moreover, the delay in receiving emergency obstetric care was 89% less likely among mothers who had not been referred multiple times than among those who had been referred many times (AOR = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.18). Conclusion: This study showed that the magnitude of the delay in receiving the utilization of emergency obstetric care services in the study area was high. Factors such as delay one, average monthly income and multiple referrals of mothers were found significant factors for delay in receiving care. Therefore, it is important to reduce delay in receiving institutional delivery by working on promoting road accessibility, transport mechanisms and building health education on key danger signs.

Prevalence and associated risk factors for failed obstetric fistula repair in East African countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Obstetric fistula repair failure is a combination of unsuccessful fistula closure and/or incontinence following a successful closure. There is an inconsistent finding on the failure of obstetric fistula repair in East Africa. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of failed obstetric fistula repair and its associated factors among women who have undergone fistula repair in East Africa. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis were written following the PRISMA guideline protocol. A web-based electronic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and HINARI was performed to find primary studies. Additional articles were searched by cross-referencing references. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of failed obstetric fistula repair. The heterogeneity of studies was weighed using I2 test statistics. Publication bias was assessed by Eggers and funnel plot test. Results: The 16 studies that met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review and meta-analysis of failed obstetric fistula repair were included. Nonetheless, one study was used for factor analysis but not in pooled prevalence analysis. The pooled prevalence of obstetric fistula repair failure in East Africa was 26.89% (95% confidence interval: 21.71, 32.07). Labor duration > 48 h (Pooled odds ratio = 2.46; 95% confidence interval 1.58, 3.82), fistula size >3 cm (Pooled odds ratio = 3.92; 95% confidence interval 2.19, 7.05), previous fistula repair (Pooled odds ratio = 3.20; 95% confidence interval 1.94, 5.29), Goh Type 4 fistulas (Pooled odds ratio = 6.07; 95% confidence interval 2.50, 14.75), completely destructed urethra (Pooled odds ratio = 3.35; 95% confidence interval 1.69, 6.65), and severe vaginal scaring (Pooled odds ratio = 3.89; 95% confidence interval 1.99, 7.62) were significantly associated with obstetric fistula repair failure. Conclusions: One in four women with obstetric fistula repair experienced repair failure. To fight the problem The Ministry of Health in every part of the country, in collaboration with obstetric care providers, shall intervene on factors affecting obstetric fistula repair failure to reduce or prevent the failure of obstetric fistula repair.

The coexistence of stunting and overweight or obesity in Ethiopian children: prevalence, trends and associated factors.

BACKGROUND: Double burden of childhood malnutrition is a condition where undernutrition (stunting) along with overweight and obesity coexist within individuals, households, and populations. It reflects a new layer of malnutrition and an understudied phenomenon in many low-income settings. To date, the prevalence and factors that are associated with concurrent stunting and overweight or obesity (overweight/obesity) (CSO) in the same children have not been well researched in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence, trends, and factors associated with the coexistence of stunting and overweight or obesity among children aged 0-59 months in Ethiopia. METHODS: Pooled data from 2005, 2011 and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) were used. A total of 23,756 (weighted sample) children aged 0-59 months were included in the study. Height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) less than - 2 SD and weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ) above 2 SD were calculated, and children were classified as stunted and overweight/obese, respectively. A child who is simultaneously stunted and overweight/obese was considered as having HAZ below - 2 SD and WHZ above 2 SD computed into a variable named CSO, and reported as a binary outcome (yes or no). Multilevel logistic regression analysis that adjusts for sampling weights and clustering was used to identify factors associated with CSO. RESULTS: The prevalence of stunting, overweight or obesity, and CSO among under-five children was 43.12% [95% CI: (42.50, 43.75%)], 2.62% [95% CI: (2.42, 2.83%)], and 1.33% [95% CI: (1.18, 1.48%)], respectively. The percentage of CSO children was reported to have declined from 2.36% [95% CI: (1.94-2.85)] in 2005 to 0.87% [95%CI: (0.07-1.07)] in 2011, and the same appeared to have increased slightly to 1.34% [95%CI: (1.13-1.59)] in 2016. Children who were currently breastfeeding [AOR: 1.64, 95%CI: (1.01-2.72)], born to an overweight mother [AOR: 2.65, 95%CI: (1.19-5.88)], and lived in families with 1-4 household members [AOR: 1.52, 95%CI: (1.02-2.26)] were significantly associated with CSO. At the community level the odds of having CSO were higher among children included from EDHS-2005 [AOR: 4.38, 95%CI: (2.42-7.95)]. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that less than 2% of children had CSO in Ethiopia. CSO was linked to factors at both the individual (i.e. breastfeeding status, maternal overweight, and household size) and community-levels. Overall, the study findings indicated the necessity of focused interventions to simultaneously address double burden of childhood malnutrition in Ethiopia. To further combat the double burden of malnutrition, early identification of at-risk children, including those born to overweight women and children living with multiple household members, is indispensable.

Determinants of undernutrition among young children in Ethiopia.

Ethiopia is one of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa with the highest burden of childhood undernutrition. Despite the high burden of this scourge, little is known about the magnitude and contributing determinants to anthropometric failure among children aged 0-23 months, a period regarded as the best window of opportunity for interventions against undernutrition. This study examined factors associated with undernutrition (stunting, wasting, and underweight) among Ethiopian children aged 0-23 months. This study used a total weighted sample of 2146 children aged 0-23 months from the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey. The data were cleaned and weighted using STATA version 14.0. Height-for-age (HFA), weight-for-height (WFH), and weight-for-age (WFA) z-scores < - 2 SD were calculated and classified as stunted, wasting, and underweight, respectively. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models adjusted for cluster and survey weights were used. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated. Statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05. The overall weighted prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight respectively were 27.21% [95% CI (25.32-29.18)], 7.80% [95% CI (6.71-9.03)], and 16.44% [95% CI (14.90-18.09)] among children aged 0-23 months in Ethiopia. Female children were less likely to be associated with stunting [AOR: 0.68, 95% CI (0.54-0.86)], wasting [AOR: 0.70, 95% CI (0.51, 0.98)], and underweight [AOR: 0.64, 95% CI (0.49, 0.83)] than their male counterparts. Conversely, older children aged 12-17 months [AOR: 2.22, 95% CI (1.52, 3.23)] and 18-23 months [AOR: 4.16, 95% CI (2.75, 6.27)] were significantly at an increased odds of becoming stunted. Similarly, the likelihood of being underweight was higher in older age groups: 6-11 months [AOR: 1.74, 95% CI (1.15, 2.63)], 12-17 months [AOR: 2.13, 95% CI (1.40, 3.24)], and 18-23 months [AOR: 4.08, 95% CI (2.58, 6.44)] compared with the children younger than 6 months. Lower wealth quintile was one of the other significant determinants of stunting and underweight. The study's findings indicated that the most consistent significant risk factors for undernutrition among children aged 0-23 months are: male sex, older age groups and lower wealth quintile. These findings emphasize the importance of strengthening nutrition-specific and sensitive interventions that address the immediate and underlying drivers of childhood undernutrition in early life, as well as targeting low-income households with male children, in order for Ethiopia to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1,2 and 3 by 2030.

Level of women-friendly care provision among mothers in immediate post-partum period at public hospitals of Southeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The women-friendly care approach focuses on women's rights to have access to quality care for themselves as individuals, as mothers, and for their infants. However, access to quality health services is not guaranteed for many women, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Hence, this study aimed to assess the level of women-friendly care provision and associated factors among mothers in the immediate post-partum period at public hospitals of Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia 2021. METHODS: An institutional-based cross-sectional survey was employed among mothers in the immediate post-partum period in public hospitals of Bale Zone from March 1-30, 2021. A total of 363 mothers were recruited by systematic random sampling technique in this study. Data was collected through pre-tested structured questionnaires. A 21-verified questionnaire was used to measure the outcome variable. The data were entered into Epi Data version 4.6.2.0 and exported to the statistical package of social science version 26.0 for analysis. A variable with a P value of less than 0.25 in the bi-variable binary logistic regression model was transferred to a multivariable binary logistics regression model. Hosmer and Lemeshow's goodness of fit model was checked. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals were used to estimate the strength of association between the outcome variable and independent variables. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significantly associated. RESULTS: The level of women-friendly care provision among mothers in immediate post-partum at public hospitals of Bale Zone was found to be 61% [95% confidence interval (55.73-66.04)]. Being prim para mother [Adjusted odds ratio = 1.88(1.07-3.33)], having planned pregnancy [Adjusted odds ratio = 1.94(1.04-3.63)] and staying at a health facility after delivery [Adjusted odds ratio = 4.8(1.71-13.39)] were found to be statistically significant predictors of level of women-friendly care provision. CONCLUSION: The women-friendly care provision among mothers in the immediate post-partum period in this study area was found to be low against most of the pre-existing findings. Strong counseling on planned pregnancy and staying at a health facility after delivery is recommended.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy among Adult Diabetes Patients in Southeast Ethiopia: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most prevalent microvascular consequence of diabetes mellitus, and it can result in blindness that is irreversible. Due to delayed diagnosis and limited access to diabetic care, the situation is even worse in developing countries. Scientific evidence on the prevalence of DR and its associated factors among diabetes patients in low-income countries, such as Ethiopia, is limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of DR and associated factors among adult diabetes patients in southeast Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among diabetes patients who visited Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital. Fundus and slit-lamp examination were performed for screening of DR. Multivariate binary logistic regression was computed to identify factors associated with DR. Results: A total of 256 patients (144 men, 56.2%) aged 50.15±15.71 years were included in the study. The prevalence of any DR was 19.9% (95% CI 15.4%-25.3%), mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) 10.9% (95% CI 7.6%-15.4%), moderate NPDR 5.9% (95% CI 3.5%-9.5%), severe NPDR 0.9% (95% CI 0.2%-3.9%), and proliferative DR 2.3% (95% CI 1.0%-5.1%). Duration of diabetes ≥10 years (AOR 10.22, 95% CI 1.70-61.44), central obesity (AOR 5.42, 95% CI 1.38-21.19), overweight/obese (AOR 2.65, 95% CI 1.02-6.92), lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (AOR 5.82, 95% CI 1.86-18.24), moderate triglyceride:HDL cholesterol ratio (AOR 4.13, 95% CI 1.13-15.15), and urban dwelling (AOR 2.84, 95% CI 1.04-7.78) were significantly associated with DR. Conclusion: One in every five DM patients had DR. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and blood lipids were independently associated with DR. To reduce the burden of diabetes, strategies that focus on lifestyle modifications targeted at identified modifiable risk factors are essential.

Repeat-induced abortion and associated factors among reproductive-age women seeking abortion services in South Ethiopia.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the advances in modern health care, maternal morbidity and mortality remain major problems in Ethiopia. Repeat-induced abortion is an indispensable contributor to this problem. Even though there are adverse effects on health, a significant proportion of Ethiopian women procure more than one abortion during their reproductive lifetime. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of repeat-induced abortion in South Ethiopia, in 2020. METHODS: An institution-based cross-sectional study design and a systematic random sampling technique were used to collect data from 410 samples of women. Data were collected using pre-tested and semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. The data were coded and entered into EpiData version 4.6.2.0 before being exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 for analysis. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 in binary logistic regressions were exported into multivariate logistic regression analysis. Finally, variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 in the multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to declare statistical significance. RESULT: The prevalence of repeat-induced abortion was found to be 35.4% (95% confidence interval = 30.7-40). Not facing a complication in prior abortion care, having more than two partners in the last 12 preceding months, perceiving abortion procedure as non-painful, having a sexual debut before the age of 18 years, and consuming alcohol have higher odds of repeat-induced abortion when compared with their counterparts. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of repeat-induced abortion in Hawassa city is high compared to studies conducted in other parts of Ethiopia. Not facing complications during previous abortion care, perceiving the abortion procedure as non-painful, alcohol consumption, having multiple sexual partners, and having a sexual debut before the age of 18 years are found to increase the chance of repeat-induced abortion.

Prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive error among children and adolescents in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Globally, the prevalence of refractive error was 12%, and visual impairment due to refractive error was 2.1%. In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of refractive error and visual impairment due to refractive error was 12.6% and 3.4%, respectively. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive error varies from 2.5% in the Gurage zone to 12.3% in Hawassa city. Hence, this Meta-analysis aimed to summarize the pooled prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive error in Ethiopia. METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was conducted by the authors to identify all relevant primary studies. All articles on the prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive error in Ethiopia were identified through a literature search. The databases used to search for studies were PubMed, Science Direct, POPLINE, HENARI, Google Scholar, and grey literature was searched on Google until December 15, 2021. In this meta-analysis, the presence of publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Begg's tests at a significance level of less than 0.05. The sensitivity analysis was conducted to check for a single study's effect on the overall prevalence of refractive error. RESULT: About 1664 studies were retrieved from initial electronic searches using international databases and google searches. A total number of 20,088 children and adolescents were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive error in Ethiopia using the random effects model was estimated to be 6% (95% CI, 5-7) with a significant level of heterogeneity (I2 = 94.4%; p < 0.001). The pooled prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive was analyzed by subtypes, and pooled prevalence was estimated to be 4%, 5.2%, and 1% for myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, respectively. CONCLUSION: The pooled prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive error was high in Ethiopia. About one in twenty-five Ethiopian children and adolescents are affected by visual impairment due to myopia.

Tongue Abscess: A Case Report.

Introduction: Abscess of the tongue is a very rare disease that potentially compromises the airway. Acute tongue abscess symptoms include swelling or a lump in the deep tissues of the tongue, throbbing local pain, a discomfort that radiates to the ears, fever, difficulty swallowing, deliberate fixation of the tongue due to pain, and eventually, difficulties breathing. Case: This is a 50-year-old male patient who presented with a complaint of severe tongue pain and swelling of three days duration. Associated with this, he had pain while swallowing, difficulty opening his mouth, shortness of breath, and drooling saliva. Likewise, he had a high-grade fever and a global type of headache. On physical examination, there was significant tongue swelling on the left anterolateral area, fluctuant on palpation, and had erythematous border. After informed consent was taken the patient was transferred to the operation room with the diagnosis of tongue abscess. Subsequently, incision and drainage were done under general anesthesia, and about 30mL of thick pus was drained. The pocket was washed with normal saline and 2% hydrogen peroxide. The patient was transferred to the surgical ward with stable vital signs and had been on antibiotics. He was discharged after two days of hospital stay. Conclusion: Abscesses in the tongue are quite uncommon due to its rich vascular supply, lymphatic drainage, and saliva's immunologic advantage. Thorough diagnosis and successful treatment of tongue abscess prevent potential airway compromise. Antibiotic treatment should cover gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes.