Efficacy and safety of nanoparticles of glibenclamide and organomodified layered double hydroxides in diabetics rats.

Glibenclamide (GB) is an important drug in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (DM II); however, its low solubility causes variability in its oral bioavailability, negatively affecting the pharmacological treatment. Nanoparticles (NP) of GB and organophilized Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) were developed to improve oral bioavailability and tested in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats to evaluate therapeutic efficacy and safety. Blood glucose was measured for 12 h or after 28 days of treatment. In addition, body weight, water and feed consumption, hematological, biochemistry and morphological parameters and markers of oxidative stress were determined. After the treatment, GB with LDH normalized the blood glucose level, indicating a better release profile. Water and feed intake and body weight of animals treated with GB and GB with LDH were closer to the normoglycemic group and did not indicate signs of toxicity of the nanoparticles. The biochemical, hematological and histological results also showed no significant changes related to nanotoxicity. The combination of GB with LDH proved to be critical in the oxidative balance, as it reduced the oxidative stress of vascular tissue. In conclusion, NPs are a potential controlled release system for the treatment of DM II.

Anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil obtained from Ocimum basilicum complexed with ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) in mice.

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides can enhance the bioavailability of drugs. Ocimum basilicum is an aromatic plant found in Brazil used in culinary. The essential oil of this plant presents anti-edematogenic and anti-inflammatory activities in acute and chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil obtained from O. basilicum complexed with ß - cyclodextrin (OBEO/ß-CD) in mice. The complexation with ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) was performed by different methods and analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using mice models of paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran, histamine and arachidonic acid (AA); vascular permeability and peritonitis induced by carrageenan and granuloma induced by cotton block introduction. The DSC, TG and SEM analysis indicated that the OBEO was successfully complexed with ß-CD. The oral administration of OEOB/ß-CD prevented paw edema formation by decreasing vascular permeability in vivo, inhibited leukocyte recruitment to the peritoneal cavity, and inhibited granuloma formation in mice. Our results indicate that conjugation with ß-CD improves the anti-inflammatory effects of OBEO in mice models of acute and chronic inflammation, indicating that this complex can be used in anti-inflammatory drug development.

Indicadores do uso de medicamentos na atenção primária de saúde: uma revisão sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the rational use of medicines in the context of primary health care (PHC) according to the indicators recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). METHOD: A systematic review of the literature was performed following PRISMA guidelines to synthesize the evidence produced by the application of drug use indicators in PHC in the period from 2011 to 2016. The following databases were searched: PudMed, SciELO and Google Scholar, Virtual Health Library/BIREME, and Portal de Periódicos CAPES, using the keywords "World Health Organization," "indicators," "drug utilization," and "rational use of drugs" in Portuguese and English. Original articles describing studies performed at the PHC level, using at least one of the three sets of indicators (prescription, service-related, or health care) were included. RESULTS: Of the 16 studies included, 56.2% were prospective, 37.5% were developed at a local level, 62.5% employed convenience sampling, 56.2% lasted up to 6 months, and 43.8% were performed in Brazil. Prescription indicators were used most (87.5%), followed by service-related indicators (37.5%) and health care indicators (31.3%). None of the scenarios described in the articles fully met the WHO recommendations. The most frequent interventions suggested to resolve the problems related to the rational use of medications included continuing education for rational prescription (56.3%), use of updated lists of essential medicines, including generic drug names and reflecting the needs of the population (31.3%), and implementation of clinical protocols to standardize therapeutic management (31.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Application of the WHO indicators revealed irrational practices of drug use in PHC in several countries.