Protective Effect of l-Theanine on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Mice.

l-Theanine is the most abundant free amino acid present in tea. Several tea components have been studied for their impact on male fertility, but little is known about the effects of l-theanine. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that reduces fertility in males. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of l-theanine on CP-induced testicular toxicity in male mice. A single dosage of 50 mg/kg saline or CP was administered intraperitoneally over the course of 5 days. Mice were administered l-theanine (80 mg/kg) or saline by gavage for 30 days. Animals were euthanized 24 h after the last l-theanine administration, and the testes were removed for histopathological and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Histological evaluation and transmission electron microscopy showed that administration of l-theanine alleviated CP-induced damage to the testicles, including spermatogonial cells, epithelial cells, seminiferous tubules, and basement membrane. An integrated proteomics and metabolomics investigation of testes revealed that l-theanine therapy substantially affected the quantity of 719 proteins (395 upregulated and 324 downregulated) and 196 metabolites (75 upregulated and 111 downregulated). The top three enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways for these proteins and metabolites were purine metabolism, choline metabolism in cancer, and arachidonic acid metabolism. This is the first study to reveal the protective effect of l-theanine on CP-induced testicular toxicity. l-Theanine could be a potential natural active substance for resistance to the testis toxicity induced by CP.

[Effects of organic manure on soil nutrient content: A review]. / æœ‰æœºç±»è‚¥æ–™å¯¹åœŸå£¤å »åˆ†å«é‡çš„å½±å“.

To be green and sustainable are essential requirements for modern agriculture in China, with fertilizer input being one of the keys. Developing and extending organic fertilizer has become a basic national policy for agricultural production in China for its eco-friendly and advantages in fertile farmland nurture. Organic fertilizer has wide source and variety. The conditions for agricultural production are also largely different. We analyzed the status of organic fertilizer products and stan-dards, physical and chemical properties differences, differences of carbon and nitrogen mineralization characteristics and their influencing factors. Meanwhile, we reviewed the effects of application of organic fertilizer on basic soil fertility of cultivated land. Due to the differences in source and production process, different organic fertilizers differ in the four main internal factors (the content of organic carbon fractions, total N, active nitrogen and C/N) affecting carbon and nitrogen mineralization characteristics, including mineralization rates and the amount of available nitrogen release. With the influence of external conditions such as edatope, different organic fertilizers vary in nutrient supply characteristics. Overall, organic fertilizer significantly increases soil organic matter content, especially for labile organic matter content and carbon management index (CMI). Moreover, soil contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are expanded. As a result, nutrient loss caused by crop growth is reduced, with positive consequences on soil quality. The application of organic fertilizer on fertile farmland nurture, the theoretical study of organic fertilizer, and the development of safe and efficient organic fertilizer products should be strengthened in the future, promoting the efficient recycling of organic fertilizer resources which could be an important agricultural resource.

[Effects of different fertilization ways on the contents of N, P, K in new shoots and photo- biological characters of tea tree].

The variety of the contents of N, P, K and photo-biological characters in a bud and two leaves tea tree new shoots were determined to investigate the effects of different fertilization ways, i.e., single or combined N, P, K fertilizer. The regression equations of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of tea tree in spring, summer and autumn were set up by stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that fertilization ways significantly affected the contents of N, P, K in new shoot. In the same fertilization ways, the contents of N, P in the new shoot was less in summer and autumn than in spring, but the content of K was in contrast. Combined application of N, P and K fertilizer improved Pn of the tea trees in spring. Single application of P fertilizer inhibited the Pn of the tea trees in summer and autumn, while single application of N fertilizer significantly improved it. In the same fertilization ways, the Pn of the tea trees in summer and autumn was higher than in spring. The stomatal conductance (g(s)) and transpiration rate (T(r)) had positive correlations to P, in summer and autumn. Regression and correlation analysis showed that the physiological factors affecting Pn of the tea trees varied with seasons, and the common factors were the Ci and the content of P. Ci had some subduction to Pn, and it was improved by the content of phosphorus.