Enhancing Sensitivity and Selectivity in Pesticide Detection: A Review of Cutting-Edge Techniques.

The primary goal of our review was to systematically explore and compare the state-of-the-art methodologies employed in the detection of pesticides, a critical component of global food safety initiatives. New approach methods in the fields of luminescent nanosensors, chromatography, terahertz spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy are discussed as precise, rapid, and versatile strategies for pesticide detection in food items and agroecological samples. Luminescent nanosensors emerge as powerful tools, noted for their portability and unparalleled sensitivity and real-time monitoring capabilities. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled to spectroscopic detectors, stalwarts in the analytical chemistry field, are lauded for their precision, wide applicability, and validation in diverse regulatory environments. Terahertz spectroscopy offers unique advantages such as noninvasive testing, profound penetration depth, and bulk sample handling. Meanwhile, Raman spectroscopy stands out with its nondestructive nature, its ability to detect even trace amounts of pesticides, and its minimal requirement for sample preparation. While acknowledging the maturity and robustness of these techniques, our review underscores the importance of persistent innovation. These methodologies' significance extends beyond their present functions, highlighting their adaptability to meet ever-evolving challenges. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-17. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Emergent Molecular Techniques Applied to the Detection of Porcine Viruses.

Molecular diagnostic tests have evolved very rapidly in the field of human health, especially with the arrival of the recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the animal sector is constantly neglected, even though accurate detection by molecular tools could represent economic advantages by preventing the spread of viruses. In this regard, the swine industry is of great interest. The main viruses that affect the swine industry are described in this review, including African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine circovirus (PCV), which have been effectively detected by different molecular tools in recent times. Here, we describe the rationale of molecular techniques such as multiplex PCR, isothermal methods (LAMP, NASBA, RPA, and PSR) and novel methods such as CRISPR-Cas and microfluidics platforms. Successful molecular diagnostic developments are presented by highlighting their most important findings. Finally, we describe the barriers that hinder the large-scale development of affordable, accessible, rapid, and easy-to-use molecular diagnostic tests. The evolution of diagnostic techniques is critical to prevent the spread of viruses and the development of viral reservoirs in the swine industry that impact the possible development of future pandemics and the world economy.

Bioinformatics-based Characterization of the Sequence Variability of Zika Virus Polyprotein and Envelope Protein (E).

Background: Zika virus, which is widely spread and infects humans through the bites of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes, represents a serious global health issue. Objective: The objective of the present study is to computationally characterize Zika virus polyproteins (UniProt Name: PRO_0000443018 [residues 1-3423], PRO_0000445659 [residues 1-3423] and PRO_0000435828 [residues 1-3419]) and their envelope proteins using their physico-chemical properties. Methods: To achieve this, the Polarity Index Method (PIM) profile and the Protein Intrinsic Disorder Predisposition (PIDP) profile of 3 main groups of proteins were evaluated: structural proteins extracted from specific Databases, Zika virus polyproteins, and their envelope proteins (E) extracted from UniProt Database. Once the PIM profile of the Zika virus envelope proteins (E) was obtained and since the Zika virus polyproteins were also identified with this profile, the proteins defined as "reviewed proteins" extracted from the UniProt Database were searched for the similar PIM profile. Finally, the difference between the PIM profiles of the Zika virus polyproteins and their envelope proteins (E) was tested using 2 non-parametric statistical tests. Results: It was found and tested that the PIM profile is an efficient discriminant that allows obtaining a "computational fingerprint" of each Zika virus polyprotein from its envelope protein (E). Conclusion: PIM profile represents a computational tool, which can be used to effectively discover Zika virus polyproteins from Databases, from their envelope proteins (E) sequences.

Feruloyl Esterases Protein Engineering to Enhance Their Performance as Biocatalysts: A Review.

Feruloyl esterases (FAEs) are versatile enzymes able to release hydroxycinnamic acids or synthesize their ester derivatives, both molecules with interesting biological activities such as: antioxidants, antifungals, antivirals, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, among others. The importance of these molecules in medicine, food or cosmetic industries provides FAEs with several biotechnological applications as key industrial biocatalysts. However, FAEs have some operational limitations that must be overcome, which can be addressed through different protein engineering approaches to enhance their thermal stability, catalytic efficiencies, and selectivity. This review aims to present a brief historical tour through the mutagenesis strategies employed to improve enzymes performance and analyze the current protein engineering strategies applied to FAEs as interesting biocatalysts. Finally, an outlook of the future of FAEs protein engineering approaches to achieve successful industrial biocatalysts is given.

Optimization of Lipopeptide Biosurfactant Production by Salibacterium sp. 4CTb in Batch Stirred-Tank Bioreactors.

Halophilic microorganisms are potentially capable as platforms to produce low-cost biosurfactants. However, the robustness of bioprocesses is still a challenge and, therefore, it is essential to understand the effects of microbiological culture conditions through bioreactor engineering. Based on a design of experiments (DOE) and a response surface methodology (RSM) tailored and taken from the literature, the present work focuses on the evaluation of a composite central design (CCD) under batch cultures in stirred-tank bioreactors with the halophilic bacteria Salibacterium sp. 4CTb in order to determine the operative conditions that favor mass transfer and optimize the production of a lipopeptide. The results obtained showed profiles highlighting the most favorable culture conditions, which lead to an emulsification index (E24%) higher than 70%. Moreover, through the behavior of dissolved oxygen (DO), it was possible to experimentally evaluate the higher volumetric coefficient of mass transfer in the presence of lipopeptide (kLa = 31 1/h) as a key criterion for the synthesis of the biosurfactant on further cell expansion.

[The incidence of COVID-19 in the worker population by economic activity in Navarre, May-December 2020]. / Incidencia casos COVID-19 en población laboral según actividad económica en Navarra, mayo­diciembre 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To identify a possible association between economic work activity of work and risk of illness in order to enable policies for more vulnerable groups of workers. METHODS: We present the incidence rates for COVID-19, confirmed through active infection diagnostic testing, by National Economic Activity Code for all workers in Navarra, registered in the social security system, for those divisions with an incidence and number of exposed persons above their respective 75th percentiles. RESULTS: Women and activities in services, food industry and construction, characterised by precarious employment, high presence of immigrants and probably worse living conditions, present a higher risk of becoming ill. CONCLUSIONS: The socio-occupational inequalities associated with COVID-19 require an integrated public health and occupational health approach.

OBJETIVO: Identificar una eventual relación entre la actividad económica del trabajo y el riesgo de enfermar para así poder habilitar políticas para colectivos laborales más vulnerables.  Métodos: Presentamos los índices de incidencia de COVID-19, confirmada por Prueba Diagnóstica de Infección Activa, por división del Código Nacional de Actividad Económica de todos los trabajadores y trabajadoras de Navarra afiliados a la Seguridad Social para las divisiones con incidencia y número de expuestos superiores a sus Percentiles75.  Resultados: Las mujeres y actividades de servicios, industria alimentaria y construcción, caracterizadas por la precariedad de contratación, gran presencia de personas inmigrantes y probablemente peores condiciones de vida, presentan mayor riesgo de enfermar.  Conclusiones: La desigualdad socio laboral de la Covid-19 requiere una aproximación integrada desde salud pública y salud laboral.

Incidencia casos COVID-19 en población laboral según actividad económica en Navarra, mayo–diciembre 2020 / The incidence of COVID-19 in the worker population by economic activity in Navarre, May-December 2020

Objetivo: La temprana aparición de brotes COVID-19 en colectivos de trabajadores despertó preocupación por la posible existencia de factores de riesgo laborales en la transmisión de la enfermedad. Identificar una eventual relación entre la actividad económica del trabajo y el riesgo de enfermar para así poder habilitar políticas para colectivos laborales más vulnerables. Métodos: Presentamos los índices de incidencia de COVID-19, confirmada por Prueba Diagnóstica de Infección Activa, por división del Código Nacional de Actividad Económica de todos los trabajadores y trabajadoras de Navarra afiliados a la Seguridad Social para las divisiones con incidencia y número de expuestos superiores a sus Percentiles75.(AU)

Objective: The early appearance of COVID-19 outbreaks in groups of workers raised concerns about the possible existence of occupational risk factors in the transmission of the disease. To identify a possible association between economic work activity of work and risk of illness in order to enable policies for more vulnerable groups of workers. Methods: We present the incidence rates for COVID-19, confirmed through active infection diagnostic testing, by National Economic Activity Code for all workers in Navarra, registered in the social security system, for those divisions with an incidence and number of exposed persons above their respective 75th percentiles.(AU)

Impact of obesity and diabetes mellitus in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2.

PURPOSE: Evaluate the associations of obesity and diabetes with the risk of mortality in critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cohort study included 115 adult patients admitted to the ICU with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Anthropometric variables and biochemical (C-reactive protein, ferritin, leukocyte, neutrophils, and fibrinogen) were measured. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the associations. RESULTS: Mean age was 50.6±11.2 years, 68.7% were male. Median BMI was 30.9kg/m2. All patients had invasive mechanical ventilation. Patients with diabetes had increased risk of mortality with OR of 2.86 (CI 95% 1.1-7.4, p=0.026); among those patients who, in addition to diabetes had obesity, the risk was de 3.17 (CI 95% 1.9-10.2, p=0.038). Patients with obesity had 1.25 times greater risk of developing a severe SARS-CoV-2 infection (95% CI 1.09-1.46, p=0.025). Negative correlation was observed between BMI and the PaO2/FiO2 ratio (r=-0.023, p<0.05). Obese patients required more days of mechanical ventilation and longer hospital stay compared to non-obese patients. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes and obesity are risk factors for increasing severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and they are both associated with an increase in mortality.

Tricobezoar: reporte de caso / Case report: Trichobezoar

Reportamos el caso de una adolescente femenina que ingresa al Hospital Mario Catarino Rivas en San Pe- dro Sula con antecedente de tricofagia desde hace 5 años. Ingresa con historia de dolor abdominal epigás- trico de 3 meses de evolución con náuseas y vómitos de alimentos ocasionales junto a pérdida de aproxima- damente 6 kilogramos de peso en los últimos 3 meses. Paciente fue ingresada y se completaron estudios diagnosticándose tricobezoar gástrico con poste- rior intervención quirúrgica: laparotomía media supraumbilical accediendo al estómago sobre el cual se le realizó una gastrostomía antral de 6 cm de longitud por donde se extrae el bezoar en su to- talidad. Se cierra posteriormente la gastrotomía.

Síndrome de nicolau en paciente pediátrico: reporte de caso / Case report: Nicolau síndrome in a pediatric patient

El síndrome de Nicolau o Embolia cutis medicamentosa o Dermatitis livedoide, es un síndrome raro en pediatría que se presenta como complicación de una inyección intramuscular con múltiples grados de daño tisular, in- cluyendo la necrosis de la piel y de los tejidos profundos. Reportamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 2 años de edad, sin antecedentes patológicos que acudió a la emergencia de pediatría del Hospital "Mario Catarino Rivas" (HMCR) en San Pedro Sula, Cortes, con historia de presentar lesión necrótica en la extremidad inferior y glúteo izquierdo, dolorosa a la palpación, que apa- reció posterior a la administración de un medicamen- to compuesto por vía intramuscular. Al examen físico se encontró una extensa placa necrótica dolorosa a la palpación y a la movilización del miembro, con pulsos periféricos conservados y sin frialdad distal. A través de abordaje multidisciplinario se brindó limpieza qui- rúrgica, cobertura antibiótica, manejo antitrombótico e injerto, con evolución favorable, por lo que resalta- mos que la identificación y manejo multidisciplinario oportuno es fundamental, como lo fue en este caso...(AU)

Adaptación transcultural y validación del cuestionario de cultura preventiva Organizational Performance Metric / Transcultural adaptation and validation of the Organizational Performance Metric safety culture questionnaire

OBJETIVO: Los Indicadores Positivos de Esfuerzo Preventivo (IPEP) reflejan aspectos centrales de la cultura preventiva; existen evidencias respecto a la validez predictiva de algunos de estos respecto a los accidentes de trabajo. Éste es el caso del Organizational Performance Metric (OPM) desarrollado por el Institute for Work and Health (IWH) de Canadá, cuestionario en inglés, corto y ampliamente validado internacionalmente. El objetivo es obtener una versión adaptada transculturalmente de la herramienta OPM, traducida al castellano y analizar su fiabilidad estadística, validez y consistencia interna. MÉTODO: Tras un proceso de traducción y retro traducción con un panel de expertos, se cumplimentaron en Navarra, España, 478 cuestionarios. Se calculó el estadístico alfa de Cronbach, las correlaciones bivariadas, el índice de correlación intraclase (ICC) y un análisis factorial exploratorio a los ocho ítems que lo forman. RESULTADOS: el análisis muestra una alta fiabilidad (alfa de Cronbach=0,863) y validez interna (ICC = 0,842) de la herramienta. El análisis factorial confirma un único factor latente entre los ocho ítems del cuestionario. CONCLUSIONES: El cuestionario obtenido (OPM-Esp) constituye un instrumento válido como indicador positivo de esfuerzo preventivo para las empresas españolas. Su reducido tamaño y fácil aplicación lo hacen especialmente útil en el ámbito laboral. Su predictibilidad respecto a los accidentes de trabajo deberá valorarse para el entorno español

OBJECTIVE: Safety positive performance indicators (PPI) reflect key aspects of safety culture; some of them also have predictive validity for occupational injuries. This is the case of the Organizational Performance Metric (OPM), developed by the Canadian Institute for Work & Health (IWH), a short, widely validated international English language questionnaire. The objective of this study was to obtain a transculturally adapted Spanish language version of the OPM, and to analyze its statistical reliability, validity and internal consistency. METHOD: After a translation and back translation process was performed by an expert panel, 478 questionnaires were completed in Navarra, Spain. We calculated the Cronbach alpha coefficient, bivariate correlations and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and performed exploratory factorial analysis of all eight items. RESULTS: Data show the new tool has high reliability (Cronbach alpha = 0.863) and internal validity (ICC = 0.842). The factorial analysis confirmed a single latent factor among the eight items of the questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: the adapted questionnaire (OPM-Esp) constitutes a valid instrument for use as an indicator of safety performance in Spanish companies. Its brevity and simplicity make it especially useful in the work environment. Its ability to predict occupational injuries should be tested in the Spanish context

[Transcultural adaptation and validation of the Organizational Performance Metric safety culture questionnaire]. / Adaptación transcultural y validación del cuestionario de cultura preventiva Organizational Performance Metric.

OBJECTIVE: Safety positive performance indicators (PPI) reflect key aspects of safety culture; some of them also have predictive validity for occupational injuries. This is the case of the Organizational Performance Metric (OPM), developed by the Canadian Institute for Work & Health (IWH), a short, widely validated international English language questionnaire. The objective of this study was to obtain a transculturally adapted Spanish language version ofthe OPM, and to analyze its statistical reliability, validity and internal consistency. METHOD: After a translation and back translation process was performed by an expert panel, 478 questionnaires were completed in Navarra, Spain. We calculated the Cronbach alpha coefficient, bivariate correlations and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and performed exploratory factorial analysis of all eight items. RESULTS: Data show the new tool has high reliability (Cronbach alpha==0.863) and internal validity (ICC=0.842). The factorial analysis confirmed a single latent factor among the eight items of the questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: the adapted questionnaire (OPM-Esp) constitutes a valid instrument for use as an indicator of safety performance in Spanish companies. Its brevity and simplicity make it especially useful in the work environment. Its ability to predict occupational injuries should be tested in the Spanish context.

OBJETIVO: Los Indicadores Positivos de Esfuerzo Preventivo (IPEP) reflejan aspectos centrales de la cultura preventiva; existen evidencias respecto a la validez predictiva de algunos de estos respecto a los accidentes de trabajo. Éste es el caso del Organizational Performance Metric (OPM) desarrollado por el Institute for Work & Health (IWH) de Canadá, cuestionario en inglés, corto y ampliamente validado internacionalmente. El objetivo es obtener una versión adaptada transculturalmente de la herramienta OPM, traducida al castellano y analizar su fiabilidad estadística, validez y consistencia interna. MÉTODO: Tras un proceso de traducción y retro traducción con un panel de expertos, se cumplimentaron en Navarra, España, 478 cuestionarios. Se calculó el estadístico alfa de Cronbach, las correlaciones bivariadas, el índice de correlación intraclase (ICC) y un análisis factorial exploratorio a los ocho ítems que lo forman. RESULTADOS: el análisis muestra una alta fiabilidad (alfa de Cronbach=0,863) y validez interna(ICC=0,842) de la herramienta. El análisis factorial confirma un único factor latente entre los ocho ítems del cuestionario. CONCLUSIONES: El cuestionario obtenido (OPM-Esp) constituye un instrumento válido como indicador positivo de esfuerzo preventivo para las empresas españolas. Su reducido tamaño y fácil aplicación lo hacen especialmente útil en el ámbito laboral. Su predictibilidad respecto a los accidentes de trabajo deberá valorarse para el entorno español.

[Return to work in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in the industrial and construction sectors in Navarre (Spain)]. / Reincorporación al trabajo en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en sectores de industria y construcción en Navarra (España).

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the compliance of the preventive instructions formulated by the Health Authority against COVID-19 for the de-escalation phase among the industrial and construction sectors in Navarre. METHODS: On the basis of those preventive instructions, questionnaires were drawn up to verify their implementation on site. The occupational risk prevention technicians of the Occupational Health Service (OHS) of the Institute of Public and Work Health of Navarre and those of the External Prevention Services (EPS), under the executive coordination of the OHS, visited the enterprises to advise, verify and require, if necessary, compliance with the instructions dictated. RESULTS: The compliance of the preventive instructions is higher in the industrial sector than in the construction sector. Cleaning practices, hygienic resources and the provision of respiratory protection equipment are widespread. The application of necessary measures in common places (restrooms, dining rooms) are less frequent. There is a lack of informative posters and written corroboration of the preventive instructions. The difference of several results between the OHS and the EPS technicians is remarkable. CONCLUSIONS: Weaknesses have been identified in achieving safe workplaces in the construction and industrial sectors during the de-escalation phase in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. The role of Public Health in the enterprises and the integration of the prevention services in public policies against occupational risks must be reconsidered.

OBJETIVO: Analizar el grado de cumplimiento de las medidas preventivas dictadas por la Autoridad Sanitaria frente a la Covid-19 durante las fases de desescalada en empresas del sector industrial y de construcción en Navarra. MÉTODOS: Se elaboraron cuestionarios a partir de las medidas establecidas para verificar in situ el grado de aplicación. El personal técnico de prevención del Servicio de Salud Laboral (SSL) del Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra y de los servicios de prevención ajenos (SPA) visitaron las empresas para asesorar, comprobar y requerir, en su caso, el cumplimiento de las medidas dictadas. RESULTADOS: El grado de cumplimiento de las medidas es mayor en industria que en construcción. Se han generalizado las prácticas de limpieza, los recursos higiénicos y la disposición de elementos de protección respiratoria. La aplicación de medidas necesarias en loslugares comunes (baños, comedores) es menos frecuente. Hay carencia de cartelería informativa y de constancia escrita de las instrucciones preventivas. Se observan diferencias devarios resultados entre la labor desarrollada por los SPA y por el SSL. CONCLUSIONES: Se han detectado debilidades en la consecución de espacios seguros en eltrabajo en los sectores de la construcción e industria durante la fase de desescalada en el contexto de la pandemia de la Covid-19. Debe ser reconsiderado el papel de la salud públicaen las empresas y la integración de los servicios de prevención en las políticas públicas frente a los riesgos laborales.

Simultaneous mechanical ventilation of several patients with a single ventilator.

INTRODUCTION: Simultaneous mechanical ventilation of several patients with a single ventilator might reduce the deficit of these devices for the care of patients with acute respiratory failure due to Covid-19. OBJECTIVE: To communicate the results of a mechanical ventilation exercise with a ventilator in a lung simulator, and simultaneously in two and four. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed between programmed, recorded and measured positive end-expiratory pressure, mean airway pressure and peak pressure, except when simultaneously ventilating four lung simulators. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous mechanical ventilation should be implemented by medical personnel with experience in the procedure, be restricted to two patients and carried out in the intensive care unit.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La ventilación mecánica simultánea a varios pacientes con un solo ventilador podría disminuir el déficit de esos dispositivos para atender a los enfermos con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda por Covid-19. OBJETIVO: Comunicar los resultados de un ejercicio de ventilación mecánica con un ventilador en un simulador de pulmón, y simultáneamente en dos y cuatro. RESULTADOS: No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la presión positiva al final de la espiración, presión media de la vía aérea y presión pico programadas, registradas y medidas, excepto al ventilar simultáneamente cuatro simuladores de pulmón. CONCLUSIONES: La ventilación mecánica simultánea debe ser instaurada por personal médico con experiencia en el procedimiento, restringirse a dos pacientes y ser realizada en la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

Ventilación mecánica simultánea con un solo ventilador a varios pacientes / Simultaneous mechanical ventilation of several patients with a single ventilator

Resumen Introducción: La ventilación mecánica simultánea a varios pacientes con un solo ventilador podría disminuir el déficit de esos dispositivos para atender a los enfermos con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda por Covid-19. Objetivo: Comunicar los resultados de un ejercicio de ventilación mecánica con un ventilador en un simulador de pulmón, y simultáneamente en dos y cuatro simuladores. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la presión positiva al final de la espiración, presión media de la vía aérea y presión pico programadas, registradas y medidas, excepto al ventilar simultáneamente cuatro simuladores de pulmón. Conclusiones: La ventilación mecánica simultánea debe ser instaurada por personal médico con experiencia en el procedimiento, restringirse a dos pacientes y ser realizada en la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

Abstract Introduction: Simultaneous mechanical ventilation of several patients with a single ventilator might reduce the deficit of these devices for the care of patients with acute respiratory failure due to Covid-19. Objective: To communicate the results of a mechanical ventilation exercise with a ventilator in a lung simulator, and simultaneously in two and four. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between positive end-expiratory pressure, mean airway pressure, and programmed, recorded and measured peak pressure, except when simultaneously ventilating four lung simulators. Conclusions: Simultaneous mechanical ventilation should be implemented by medical personnel with experience in the procedure, be restricted to two patients and carried out in the intensive care unit.

Melena after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: A warning sign of an impending subcapsular hepatic hematoma / Melena posterior a colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica: un signo de alarma de inminente hematoma hepático subcapsular

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Expression of Breast Cancer-Related Epitopes Targeting the IGF-1 Receptor in Chimeric Human Parvovirus B19 Virus-Like Particles.

Breast cancer is a worldwide health problem, and the complexity of the disease, as well as the lack of treatment specificity, generates an urgent need for developing prophylactic and therapeutic measures. Searching for novel epitope-based approaches able to induce tumour immunity, we designed virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from Human parvovirus B19 assembled of chimeric VP2 proteins displaying two epitopes from the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). Here, we present the generation of two chimeric VP2s that retain the stability, solubility and conditions of purification and assembly of the native VP2. We generated versatile chimeric multiepitope anti-cancer vaccine candidates, which prevented and delayed tumour growth when used in a prophylactic scheme of 4 weekly immunizations prior to 4T1 cell inoculation in female BALB/c mice. The presence of specific antibodies against the displayed epitopes suggests their participation in the protective effect; in contrast, no significant proliferative T-cell responses were recorded following stimulation by specific epitopes. The results comprise an approach whereby fusing desired epitopes from cancer to the N-terminus of B19 VP2 protein can generate a library of chimeric VP2-desired epitopes for further assembly in a designed and personalized epitope delivery system.