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1.
Acta Psychol (Amst) ; 210: 103174, 2020 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32919092

RESUMO

Given the importance of attention and executive functions in children's behavior, programs directed to improve these processes are of interest. Nexxo-training combines the use of the Nexxo touchscreen application (go/no-go and stop signal tasks) with procedural metacognitive strategies. The present paper reports a test of Nexxo's impact on children aged 6-7 and 8-9 years. We conducted a randomized active-controlled trial involving 108 typically-developing children: 1st grade (N = 61, M = 6.46 years, SD = 0.35) and 3rd grade (N = 47, M = 8.5 years, SD = 0.27), randomly assigned to: (1) experimental, (2) active-control, or (3) passive-control groups. A 2-month follow-up was carried out after the intervention. The 3rd grade experimental group displayed a significant reduction in attentional problems at follow-up compared to both control groups. Executive Function problems were also reduced at follow-up in the experimental group. Participants in this group improved in Supervision (self-monitoring) at post-intervention and follow-up compared to passive-controls. Although group effect was not significant at t1, it was significant at post measures in experimental group compared to passive-controls. Nexxo-training revealed a trend-level improvement in attention and executive functions for children in the 3rd grade.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Atenção , Criança , Educação , Função Executiva , Humanos , Instituições Acadêmicas , Estudantes
2.
Rev Neurol ; 70(2): 37-44, 2020 Jan 16.
Artigo em Espanhol, Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31930469

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The importance of knowing the pattern of evolution of cognitive deficits in the first months after a traumatic brain injury (TBI) has encouraged the development of numerous longitudinal studies. However, the results of most of them should be taken with caution due to the lack of adequate control of practice effects that can lead to overestimating the genuine recovery of cognitive processes. AIM: To describe the cognitive changes between the acute and subacute phases of the TBI controlling the effect of the practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients were assessed in two different time points after TBI (immediately and after six months) using the following tests: Trail Making Test (A, B, B/A, B-A), Stroop Test (W, C, CW, interference), Digit Symbol-Coding, Symbol Search, Digits Forward and Backward, Verbal Fluency and Short-term Memory. To control for the practice effects, a transformation of the scores was performed applying the procedure proposed by Calamia et al. RESULTS. Before controlling the practice effects, the scores of all tests improved (p > 0.001). However, afterward, the improvement remained only in the Trail Making Test-B, B/A and B-A, Digit Symbol-Coding, Symbol Search, Stroop CW and Digits Backward. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of control of practice effects in longitudinal studies can generate misleading interpretations about the evolution of cognitive deficits. The pattern of recovery after a TBI varies depending on the cognitive process.


TITLE: Evolución de las alteraciones cognitivas tras un traumatismo craneoencefálico: ¿hay mejoría tras controlar el efecto de la práctica?Introducción. La importancia de conocer el patrón de evolución de los déficits cognitivos en los primeros meses tras un traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) ha fomentado el desarrollo de numerosos estudios longitudinales. Sin embargo, los resultados de la mayoría de ellos deberían tomarse con cautela debido a la falta de un control adecuado del efecto de la práctica, que puede llevar a sobreestimar la recuperación genuina de los procesos cognitivos. Objetivo. Describir los cambios cognitivos entre las fases aguda y subaguda del TCE controlando el efecto de la práctica. Pacientes y métodos. Veintidós pacientes realizaron dos evaluaciones neuropsicológicas tras el TCE (inmediata y tras seis meses) mediante los siguientes tests: Trail Making Test (A, B, B/A y B-A), test de Stroop (P, C, PC e interferencia), clave de números, búsqueda de símbolos, dígitos directos e inversos, fluidez verbal y memoria inmediata. Para controlar el efecto de la práctica se realizó una transformación de las puntuaciones aplicando el procedimiento propuesto por Calamia et al. Resultados. Antes de controlar el efecto de la práctica, se evidenció una mejoría en las puntuaciones de todos los tests (p > 0,001). Sin embargo, tras él, la mejoría permaneció sólo en el Trail Making Test-B, B/A y B-A, la clave de números, la búsqueda de símbolos, el test de Stroop PC y los dígitos inversos. Conclusiones. La falta de control del efecto de la práctica en estudios longitudinales puede generar interpretaciones erróneas sobre el perfil de evolución de los déficits cognitivos. El patrón de recuperación tras un TCE varía en función del proceso cognitivo.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/complicações , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem
5.
Rev Neurol ; 42(5): 265-71, 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16538588

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The principal problem of ADHD is the difficulty to execute inhibitory control. The inhibition is an executive function that is develop during childhood. AIM: To know if other executive functions shower a lower performance in ADHD versus control group and these were different between ADHD-I and ADHD-C. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty three children, between 7 to 10 years old, participated and were assess with EMIC and Simon task. RESULTS: The results showed similar profile in working memory and verbal span. In contrast, ADHD-C showed lower performance in Simon task and more impulsively. On an other hand, ADHD-I showed lower performance in memory working tasks and planning. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest differences in the executive profile between ADHD-I and ADHD-C and these support the hypothesis of Barkley about the necessity to differ both clinical subtypes.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/fisiopatologia , Memória/fisiologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/classificação , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Testes Neuropsicológicos
6.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 42(5): 265-271, 1 mar., 2006. tab, graf
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-047231

RESUMO

Introducción. El principal problema del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) es la dificultad para ejercer un adecuado control inhibitorio, y la inhibición es una de las funciones ejecutivas que se desarrolla a lo largo de la infancia. Objetivo. Conocer si existen, además del déficit inhibitorio, otras funciones ejecutivas que también se viesen afectadas en este trastorno y que puedan diferenciar los dos subtipos clínicos más frecuentes: inatento (TDAH-I) y combinado (TDAH-C). Pacientes y métodos. Se evaluaron 53 niños de entre 7 y 10 años con distintas pruebas cognitivas, con la escala Magallanes de impulsividad computarizada (EMIC) y la tarea Simon, y se comparó el rendimiento entre los dos grupos clínicos y el grupo control. Resultados. Existen déficit similares en ambos grupos clínicos en la amplitud atencional y memoria de trabajo (MT). En cambio, en la tarea Simon el TDAH-C muestra un peor rendimiento, además de mostrar mayor impulsividad cognitiva. Por el contrario, el rendimiento del TDAH-I es menor en las tareas de MT y de planificación. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren un perfil ejecutivo distinto en ambos subtipos, que ofrece apoyo a la hipótesis de Barkley sobre la distinción del TDAH-I del TDAH-C (AU)


Introduction. The principal problem of ADHD is the difficulty to execute inhibitory control. The inhibition is an executive function that is develop during childhood. Aim. To know if other executive functions shower a lower performance in ADHD versus control group and these were different between ADHD-I and ADHD-C. Patients and methods. Fifty three children, between 7 to 10 years old, participated and were assess with EMIC and Simon task. Results. The results showed similar profile in working memory and verbal span. In contrast, ADHD-C showed lower performance in Simon task and more impulsively. On an other hand, ADHD-I showed lower performance in memory working tasks and planning. Conclusions. These results suggest differences in the executive profile between ADHD-I and ADHD-C and these support the hypothesis of Barkley about the necessity to differ both clinical subtypes (AU)


Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/patologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/classificação , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Escalas de Wechsler , Testes Neuropsicológicos
7.
Actas Esp Psiquiatr ; 32(6): 377-86, 2004.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15529228

RESUMO

Development of executive functions (EF) during childhood and adolescence is closely related to frontal lobe maturation and its connections with other cortical and subcortical structures. The main maturative processes are myelination and synaptic pruning, both of which work on the brain following a hierarchical model. Different studies agree with the fact that EF emerge at the age of 6 years. However, these studies have used complex neuropsychological tests, which require appropriate functioning of several cognitive functions. This is why differential development of different EF components cannot be observed. To do so, other studies have designed simpler tasks, which only need active maintenance of information and inhibition, both basic functions for the appropriate execution of more complex EF tasks. When these simple tasks are used, an early appearance of EF can already be noticed at the age of 12 months, and there are important advances between the third and fifth year. Consequently, the idea of the frontal lobe being "functionally silent" until adolescence seems definitively discarded.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cognição/fisiologia , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Inibição Psicológica , Memória/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/crescimento & desenvolvimento
8.
Actas esp. psiquiatr ; 32(6): 377-386, nov. 2004.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-36094

RESUMO

El desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas (FE) durante la infancia y la adolescencia guarda una estrecha relación con la maduración del lóbulo frontal y de sus conexiones con otras estructuras corticales y subcorticales. Los principales procesos madurativos son la mielinización y la eliminación sináptica selectiva (o poda sináptica), que actúan sobre el cerebro siguiendo un modelo jerárquico. Distintos estudios coinciden en señalar que las FE emergen evolutivamente a los 6 años de edad. Sin embargo, estos estudios han empleado tests neuropsicológicos complejos que requieren un adecuado funcionamiento de varias funciones cognitivas, por lo que no permiten apreciar el desarrollo diferencial de los distintos componentes de las FE. Para ello otros estudios han diseñado tareas más simples que únicamente necesitan un mantenimiento activo de la información e inhibición, funciones que se consideran básicas para la adecuada ejecución de tareas más complejas de FE. Utilizando estas tareas simples se pueden observar inicios de FE ya a los 12 meses de edad e importantes avances entre los 3 y los 5 años, por lo que la idea de que el lóbulo frontal es "funcionalmente silente" hasta la adolescencia parece definitivamente desechada (AU)


Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Humanos , Criança , Córtex Pré-Frontal , Memória , Inibição Psicológica , Cognição , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Telencéfalo
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