RESUMO
This study aims to analyze the beliefs that future Language and Literature teachers hold regarding reading. This work is part of a broader research endeavor focused on the reading habits and practices of teachers in training and their role as prospective mediators since the way in which they perceive reading significantly impacts the mediation processes they undertake in their teaching practices to cultivate readers. To achieve these objectives, a multiple case study is conducted, involving interviews with 1st-year students (n = 15), 3rd-year students (n = 15), and 5th-year students (n = 15) enrolled in Language Pedagogy programs across three universities affiliated with the Chilean Council of Rectors. For data analysis, a content analysis approach is employed, supported by NVivo 12. The findings reveal that beliefs about reading primarily fall into two dimensions: academic and personal, with the former exhibiting clearer definition and characterization. This can be attributed to the influence of the disciplines integrated into their education, namely literature and linguistics. In conclusion, it is imperative to address the social dimension of reading during the initial teacher education program, as this aspect is not emphasized by preservice teachers, despite its pivotal role in shaping their identity as reading mediators within the context of their teaching practice.
RESUMO
Lymnaeidae play a crucial role in the transmission of fasciolosis, a disease of medical and veterinary importance. In the Neotropic, a region where fasciolosis is emergent, eight Lymnaeidae species are currently considered valid. However, our knowledge of the diversity of this taxon is hindered by the fact that lymnaeids exhibit extremely homogeneous anatomical traits. Because most species are difficult to identify using classic taxonomy, it is difficult to establish an epidemiological risk map of fasciolosis in the Neotropic. In this paper, we contribute to our understanding of the diversity of lymnaeids in this region of the world. We perform conchological, anatomical and DNA-based analyses (phylogeny and barcoding) of almost all species of Lymnaeidae inhabiting the Neotropic to compare the reliability of classic taxonomy and DNA-based approaches, and to delimitate species boundaries. Our results demonstrate that while morphological traits are unable to separate phenotypically similar species, DNA-based approaches unambiguously ascribe individuals to one species or another. We demonstrate that a taxon found in Colombia and Venezuela (Galba sp.) is closely related yet sufficiently divergent from Galba truncatula, G. humilis, G. cousini, G. cubensis, G. neotropica and G. viatrix to be considered as a different species. In addition, barcode results suggest that G. cubensis, G. neotropica and G. viatrix might be conspecifics. We conclude that conchological and anatomical characters are uninformative to identify closely related species of Lymnaeidae and that DNA-based approaches should be preferred.
