Young Women's Needs Regarding Sexual Preventive Behaviours and Unwanted Pregnancies.

Unwanted pregnancies are considered a public health problem that affects women's mental health and quality of life. The aim of this paper was to access university students' understanding and behaviours regarding unwanted pregnancies and identify their needs to prevent them. Qualitative descriptive design was used, and 13 semi-structured interviews were carried out. Women between 18 and 20 years old participated. They discussed a lack of training for themselves, their partners, and their families, their desire to have access to non-in-person health care resources, and their belief that contraception was expensive. Emotional aspects were relevant, affecting the way communication is established with those close to them and with health professionals. Despite the existence of access to sexual health resources, the findings show the existence of needs related to the prevention of unwanted pregnancies. The findings are presented grouping the main identified needs as "related to capability", "related to opportunity", and "related to motivation". Among the aspects to consider when designing interventions to prevent unwanted pregnancies are the feelings shown by these women, the inclusion of couples and family members in educational programs, and access to non-face-to-face health resources and less expensive contraceptive methods. Interventions for social support and understanding of women are necessary both to prevent unwanted pregnancies and to support adolescents with unwanted pregnancies by avoiding criminalization or blame.

Assessment of content, behavior change techniques, and quality of unintended pregnancy apps in Spain: Systematic search on app stores.

Objective: Unintended pregnancies are a public health problem that represents 48% of global pregnancies. Despite the proliferation of smartphones there is limited data on the app's features on unintended pregnancy. The purpose of this research was to identify free apps available in Spanish, in the iOS Store and Google Play, which can be recommended to prevent unintended pregnancies in adolescents. Methods: A systematic search to identify apps was performed in the iOS App Store and in Google Play aiming to replicate the way a patient might access an "unintended pregnancy prevention" app. Additionally, the quality, using the Mobile Application Rating Scale, and content were assessed. Results: A total of 4614 apps were identified, of which 8 were retrieved for assessment (0.17%). The mean for objective and subject quality was 3.39 (standard deviation (SD) = 0.694) and 1.84 (SD = 0.626), respectively. A total of 16 thematic categories were identified. The mean of topics covered in the apps was 5.38 (SD = 2.925) being those related to contraception the more frequent. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that only a small percentage of free pregnancy prevention apps in Spanish should be recommended. The contents of the apps retrieved meet the potential necessities of adolescents.

Content, Behavior Change Techniques, and Quality of Pregnancy Apps in Spain: Systematic Search on App Stores.

BACKGROUND: Women consult information in mobile apps (apps) during pregnancy, and even obstetrics specialists highlight that pregnancy is the ideal moment for the use of apps as consultation sources. However, the high number of apps designed for pregnancy requires a careful assessment to determine their suitability before recommendation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to identify the apps available in Spanish that can be recommended based on their content, behavior change techniques (BCTs), and quality as a complementary tool during pregnancy. METHODS: A systematic search on app stores to identify apps was performed in the Apple App Store and Google Play with the subject term "pregnancy." The apps meeting the following criteria were chosen: pregnancy-related content, free, and available in Spanish. An app was excluded if it was classified as a game or entertainment and thus lacking an educational or health aim and if it did not target the population under study. The selected apps were downloaded, and their quality was assessed using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS), with the BCTs included evaluated using the BCT taxonomy version 1 and its content. RESULTS: A total of 457 apps were identified, 25 of which were downloaded for assessment (5.6%). The median for objective and subjective quality was 2.94 (IQR 2.71-3.46) and 1.75 (IQR 1.25-2.25), respectively. Regarding content, the median of topics included in the apps was 23 (IQR 16-23), with weight gain, nutrition, fetal development, and physical activity being the most common. The median number of BCTs was 12 (IQR 0.5-3.5). The most frequently identified BCTs in the apps were "Self-Monitoring of Outcomes," followed by "Goal Behavior" and "Instructions." Statistically significant correlations were observed between objective quality and content (ρ=0.624; P=.001), subjective quality and content (ρ=0.638; P=.001), objective quality and BCTs (ρ=0.672; P<.001), subjective quality and BCTs (ρ=0.623; P<.001), and BCTs and content (ρ=0.580; P=.002). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that only a small percentage of free pregnancy apps available in Spanish should be recommended. The apps with the best MARS scores were those that addressed a higher number of topics and included a higher number of BCTs. Those with the best content and quality, and a higher number of BCTs included could be recommended by health professionals.

Spanish adaptation and validation of the User Version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale (uMARS).

OBJECTIVE: While the professional version of the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) has already been translated, and validated into the Spanish language, its user-centered counterpart has not yet been adapted. Furthermore, no other similar tools exist in the Spanish language. The aim of this paper is to adapt and validate User Version of the MARS (uMARS) into the Spanish language. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-cultural adaptation, translation, and metric evaluation. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Spanish version of the uMARS were evaluated using the RadarCovid app. Two hundred and sixteen participants rated the app using the translated scale. The app was then rated again 2 weeks later by 21 of these participants to measure test-retest reliability. RESULTS: No major differences were observed between the uMARS original and the Spanish version. Discrimination indices (item-scale correlation) obtained appropriate results for both raters. The Spanish uMARS presented with excellent internal consistency, α = .89 and .67 for objective and subjective quality, respectively, and temporal stability (r > 0.82 for all items and subscales). DISCUSSION: The Spanish uMARS is a useful tool for health professionals to recommend high-quality mobile apps to their patients based on the user's perspective and for researchers and app developers to use end-user feedback and evaluation, to help them identify highly appraised and valued components, as well as areas for further development, to continue ensuring the increasing quality and prominence of the area of mHealth. CONCLUSION: uMARS Spanish version is an instrument with adequate metric properties to assess the quality of health apps from the user perspective.

Evaluación de la calidad de la dieta y de la actividad física en jugadores de fútbol, de 13 a 16 años, del Principado de Asturias / Assessment of diet quality and physical activity of soccer players aged 13 to 16, from the Principality of Asturias, Spain

Introducción: La dieta y la actividad física son 2conductas que juegan un papel clave en la aparición de sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil. Es una tarea esencial en salud pública el análisis de su prevalencia en diferentes contextos.Objetivo: Describir la composición corporal, el nivel de actividad física y la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea de jugadores de fútbol de 13 a 16 años de Asturias. Secundariamente, determinar la relación entre dieta, actividad física, composición corporal y variables personales.Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Participaron 303 niños, con una edad media de 14,15 años (DE=1,06). Se analizaron la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el nivel de actividad física con los cuestionarios KIDMED y PAQ-A, respectivamente, y se estableció su composición corporal de acuerdo con su índice de masa corporal.Resultados: Un 23,1% de los participantes presentó exceso de peso. El 54,8% y el 8,9% tenían una adherencia media o baja, respectivamente, a la dieta mediterránea. La puntuación media del PAQ-A fue de 2,69 (DE=0,47). El exceso de peso se asoció con jugar de portero (p=0,001), mayor puntuación de PAQ-A (p=0,011) y menor de KIDMED (p=0,032). El análisis de correlación presentó una asociación inversa entre edad y puntuación de PAQ-A (r=−0,122) y directa entre las puntuaciones de KIDMED e PAQ-A (r=0,152).Conclusiones: Los participantes en el estudio mostraron un adecuado nivel de actividad física. Sin embargo, presentaron un perfil obesogénico similar al de la población de su edad y una potencial necesidad de mejora sobre la adherencia a las recomendaciones de la dieta saludable. (AU)

Introduction: Diet and physical activity are factors that have key roles in childhood overweight and obesity prevention. Appropriate assessment of these factors is an essential task in public health.Objective: The main aims of the study are to assess body composition, physical activity, and adherence to Mediterranean diet of soccer players, aged 13 to 16 years old in Asturias, Spain. It also aims to evaluate the relationships between diet, physical activity, body composition, and personal characteristics.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey approach was used involving children (n=303) with a mean age of 14.15 years (SD=1.06), and using the KIDMED and PAQ-A questionnaires to assess adherence to Mediterranean diet and level of physical activity, respectively. Body composition was represented using the participants’ body mass index.Results: Approximately 23.1% of the participants were overweight or obese. With regards to adherence to Mediterranean diet, 54.8% of the participants had medium adherence, while 8.9% had low adherence. PAQ-A mean score was 2.69 (SD=0.47). Excess weight was associated with being a goalkeeper (P=.001), higher PAQ-A (P=.011), and lower KIDMED scores (P=.032). Correlation analysis showed an inverse association between age and PAQ-A score (r=−0.122), and a direct association between KIDMED and PAQ-A scores (r=0.152).Conclusion: Participants had an adequate level of physical activity. However, they had an obesogenic profile similar to that of their age population, who were not soccer players. Actions to improve adherence to healthy diet practices are highly recommended. (AU)

Assessment of diet quality and physical activity of soccer players aged 13 to 16, from the Principality of Asturias, Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Diet and physical activity are factors that have key roles in childhood overweight and obesity prevention. Appropriate assessment of these factors is an essential task in public health. OBJECTIVE: The main aims of the study are to assess body composition, physical activity, and adherence to Mediterranean diet of soccer players, aged 13 to 16 years old in Asturias, Spain. It also aims to evaluate the relationships between diet, physical activity, body composition, and personal characteristics. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive survey approach was used involving children (n = 303) with a mean age of 14.15 years (SD = 1.06), and using the KIDMED and PAQ-A questionnaires to assess adherence to Mediterranean diet and level of physical activity, respectively. Body composition was represented using the participants' body mass index. RESULTS: Approximately 23.1% of the participants were overweight or obese. With regards to adherence to Mediterranean diet, 54.8% of the participants had medium adherence, while 8.9% had low adherence. PAQ-A mean score was 2.69 (SD = 0.47). Excess weight was associated with being a goalkeeper (P = .001), higher PAQ-A (P = .011), and lower KIDMED scores (P = .032). Correlation analysis showed an inverse association between age and PAQ-A score (r = -0.122), and a direct association between KIDMED and PAQ-A scores (r = 0.152). CONCLUSION: Participants had an adequate level of physical activity. However, they had an obesogenic profile similar to that of their age population, who were not soccer players. Actions to improve adherence to healthy diet practices are highly recommended.

Apps for individuals diagnosed with breast cancer: a preliminary assessment of the content and quality of commercially available apps in Spanish.

BACKGROUND: many apps are directly related to health issues. Recent studies show that apps are widely accepted by the population and contribute to the modernization of the healthcare system. However, before recommendation, their contents and quality should be assessed, as well as the behavioral change techniques they include. In Spain, no study has been found to determine which apps are aimed at addressing any aspect of breast cancer. The objective of this study was to identify and describe the contents and analyze the quality and behavior change strategies of the free applications available in the online stores of Android and Apple whose main purpose is related to some aspect of breast cancer. METHODS: Searches were conducted in the Apple App and Google Play stores in Spain, between October 2018 and February 2019, using an Apple iPad Pro and a Samsung Galaxy Tab A6. The Spanish search terms used were: "cáncer de mama" [breast cancer], "cáncer de pecho" [breast cancer], "cáncer de seno" [breast cancer], "tumor de mama" [breast tumor], "tumor de pecho" [breast tumor], "tumor de seno" [breast tumor], "neoplasia de mama" [breast neoplasm], "neoplasia de pecho" [breast neoplasm], and "neoplasia de seno" [breast neoplasm]. After screening, contents related to breast cancer, quality, and behavioral change were assessed. RESULTS: The contents of the 6 selected apps were related to breast self-examination and to the signs and symptoms that may warn the woman of the presence of a breast tumor. The MARS objective and subjective quality scores were 4.11 (SD =0.59) and 3.07 (SD =0.91), respectively. The mean number of BCTs included in the apps was 2.83 (SD =3.040). The app with the highest number of BCTs was APP1, with a total of 9 techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Few free apps are specifically designed for breast cancer in Spanish. Their content and quality, as well as the number of BCTs they include, should be improved.

Concordance Between the Weight of Spanish Adolescent Soccer Players, Their Self-Perceived Weight, and Their Weight as Perceived by Their Parents.

PURPOSE: In the context of soccer clubs, to analyze the concordance between players' actual weight, their self-perceived weight, and their weight as perceived by their parents; to determine which variables might explain the presence of concordance between parents' perception of adolescents' weight and their actual weight. Design and study: A cross-sectional study involving 330 soccer players aged between 13 and 16. Data on personal characteristics of adolescents and parents were analyzed, as well as parents' perceptions of adolescents' weight status and their self-perception. A descriptive analysis of the personal characteristics of the sample (adolescents and parents) and an analysis of the variables explaining the presence of concordance between the parents' perception of adolescents' weight and their actual weight were performed. RESULTS: 19% of the adolescents were overweight and 3.4% were obese. The concordance between parents' perceptions of players' weight and players' actual weight was weak. The concordance between adolescents' self-perceived weight and their actual weight was moderate. The difference in BMI scores according to presence or absence of concordance was statistically significant: these scores were higher in the absence of concordance. Discordance between adolescents' weight and their parents' perception of their weight was associated with parents having lower levels of education. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of parents and players misperceived their actual weight. This discrepancy was associated with higher BMI scores for adolescents. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Nurses should include promotion of accurate weight perception in educational interventions on excess weight.

Feasibility Study of an Educational Intervention to Improve Water Intake in Adolescent Soccer Players: A Two-Arm, Non-Randomized Controlled Cluster Trial.

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of an educational intervention on hydration behavior in adolescent soccer players. A pilot study of a two-arm, non-randomized controlled cluster trial was conducted. A total of 316 players aged 13-16 agreed to participate. The response variables were the players' participation in the intervention, their perception of the knowledge acquired, the usefulness and the overall assessment of the intervention. Hydration patterns and acquisition of knowledge on hydration behavior were also assessed. The intervention involved two elements: posters and a web app. A total of 259 adolescents completed the study (intervention group (IG) = 131; control group (CG) = 128). 80.6% of the players responded to the survey assessing the feasibility of the intervention. The mean number of correct answers regarding behavior was significantly higher in the IG (3.54; SD = 1.162) than in the CG (2.64; SD = 1.174) (p < 0.001). The water consumption pattern at all the clubs was ad libitum. Of the players, 10% did not drink any water at all during the game. In conclusion, this intervention has been shown to be feasible for implementation with adolescent soccer players. It suggests that hydration guidelines should be informed by personal factors and that ad libitum water consumption should be avoided.

Development and validation of a questionnaire for assessing the characteristics of diet and physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes / Desarrollo y validación de un cuestionario para medir las características de la dieta y la actividad física en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 diabetes

Background: The aim of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Motiva.Diaf-DM2 questionnaire, which assesses adherence to a healthy diet and physical activity in patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Method: Participants were 206 patients who attended primary care services, with a mean age of 69.63 years (SD = 11.05), with 39.3% of the participants being women. To assess the test-retest reliability of the measure, a random subsample (n = 40) of patients who had another appointment scheduled was selected to fill in the questionnaire once again two weeks after the initial administration. Results: The reliability of the scores was found to be appropriate both in terms of internal consistency (alfafirst factor = .756; alfasecond factor = .821) and temporal stability (r first factor = .604; r second factor = .638). The structure of the test is two-dimensional. The scores for the second dimension (adherence to physical activity) are in agreement with the scores for basic psychological needs (r physical activity = .281), resilience (r = .216), and glycated haemoglobin (r = -.182). Conclusions: The Motiva.Diaf-DM2 test was shown to have the appropriate relia-bility and validity to assess adherence to a healthy diet and physical activity in patients diagnosed with T2D (AU)

Antecedentes: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario Motiv.Diaf-DM2, diseñado para medir la adherencia a las recomendaciones dietéticas y de actividad física en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Método: participaron 206 pacientes que asistieron a consultas en atención primaria, cuya media de edad era de 69,63 años (DE = 11,05). El 39,3% fueron mujeres. Para evaluar la fiabilidad test-retest se seleccionaron 40 pacientes de la muestra inicial de entre los que tenían otra cita en el centro de salud, a los que se les ad-ministró nuevamente el cuestionario dos semanas tras la primera entrega. Resultados: se observó que la fiabilidad de las puntuaciones era adecuada en cuanto a consistencia interna (alfaprimer factor = .756; alfasegundo factor = .821) y estabilidad temporal (r primer factor = .604; r segundo factor = .638). La estructura del test es bidimensional. Las puntuaciones de la segunda dimensión (actividad física) convergen con las puntuaciones de las necesidades psicológicas básicas (r actividad física = .281), resiliencia (r = .216) y hemoglobina glicosilada (r = -.182). Conclusiones: Motiva.Diaf-DM2 ha demostrado tener una adecuada fiabilidad y validez para evaluar la adherencia a las recomendaciones relacionadas con la dieta y la actividad física en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 (AU)

Development and validation of a questionnaire for assessing the characteristics of diet and physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The aim ofthis study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Motiva.Diaf-DM2 questionnaire, which assesses adherence to a healthy diet and physical activity in patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). METHOD: Participants were 206 patients who attended primary care services, with a mean age of 69.63 years (SD = 11.05), with 39.3% of the participants being women. To assess the test-retest reliability of the measure, a random subsample (n = 40) of patients who had another appointment scheduled was selected to fill in the questionnaire once again two weeks after the initial administration. RESULTS: The reliability of the scores was found to be appropriate both in terms of internal consistency (α first factor = .756; α second factor = .821) and temporal stability (r first factor = .604; r second factor = .638). The structure of the test is two-dimensional. The scores for the second dimension (adherence to physical activity) are in agreement with the scores for basic psychological needs (r physical activity = .281), resilience (r = .216), and glycated haemoglobin (r = -.182). CONCLUSIONS: The Motiva.Diaf-DM2 test was shown to have the appropriate relia-bility and validity to assess adherence to a healthy diet and physical activity in patients diagnosed with T2D.