In Vitro Effect of Three-Antibiotic Combinations plus Potential Antibiofilm Agents against Biofilm-Producing Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare Clinical Isolates.

Patients with chronic pulmonary diseases infected by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) often develop complications and suffer from treatment failure due to biofilm formation. There is a lack of correlation between in vitro susceptibility tests and the treatment of clinical isolates producing biofilm. We performed susceptibility tests of 10 different three-drug combinations, including two recommended in the guidelines, in biofilm forms of eight MAC clinical isolates. Biofilm developed in the eight isolates following incubation of the inoculum for 3 weeks. Then, the biofilm was treated with three-drug combinations with and without the addition of potential antibiofilm agents (PAAs). Biofilm bactericidal concentrations (BBCs) were determined using the Vizion lector system. All selected drug combinations showed synergistic activity, reducing BBC values compared to those treated with single drugs, but BBC values remained high enough to treat patients. However, with the addition of PAAs, the BBCs steadily decreased, achieving similar values to the combinations in planktonic forms and showing synergistic activity in all the combinations and in both species. In conclusion, three-drug combinations with PAAs showed synergistic activity in biofilm forms of MAC isolates. Our results suggest the need for clinical studies introducing PAAs combined with antibiotics for the treatment of patients with pulmonary diseases infected by MAC.

Accuracy of Xpert Ultra for the diagnosis of paediatric tuberculosis in a low TB burden country: a prospective multicentre study.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a diagnostic challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Xpert Ultra for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in children in a low TB prevalence setting. METHODS: Prospective, multicentre, diagnostic accuracy study. Children with clinical or radiological suspicion of pulmonary TB were recruited at 11 paediatric units in Spain. Up to three gastric or sputum specimens were taken on 3 consecutive days, and analysed by Xpert MTB/RIF, Xpert Ultra and culture in parallel. RESULTS: 86 children were included (median age 4.9 years, IQR 2.0-10.0; 51.2% male). The final diagnosis was pulmonary TB in 75 patients (87.2%); 33 (44.0%) were microbiologically confirmed. A total of 219 specimens, comprising gastric aspirates (n=194; 88.6%) and sputum specimens (n=25; 11.4%), were analysed. Using culture as reference standard and comparing individual specimens, the sensitivity was 37.8% (14/37) for Xpert MTB/RIF and 81.1% (30/37) for Xpert Ultra (p<0.001); specificity was 98.4% (179/182) and 93.4% (170/182), respectively (p=0.02). In the per-patient analysis, considering positive results on any specimen, the sensitivity was 42.9% (9/21) for Xpert MTB/RIF and 81.0% for Xpert Ultra (17/21, p=0.01); specificity was 96.9% (63/65) and 87.7% (57/65, p=0.07), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In children with pulmonary TB in a low burden setting, Xpert Ultra has significantly higher sensitivity than the previous generation of Xpert assay and only marginally lower specificity. Therefore, in children undergoing evaluation for suspected pulmonary TB, Xpert Ultra should be used in preference to Xpert MTB/RIF whenever possible.

Device for Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Low-Resource Regions: Open-Source Description and Bench Test Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Negative (vacuum) pressure therapy promotes wound healing. However, commercially available devices are unaffordable to most potential users in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), limiting access to many patients who could benefit from this treatment. This study aimed to design and test a cheap and easy-to-build negative pressure device and provide its detailed open-source description, thereby enabling free replication. METHODS: the negative pressure device was built using off-the-shelf materials available via e-commerce and was based on a small pump, a pressure transducer, and the simplest Arduino controller with a digital display (total retail cost ≤ 75 US$). The device allows the user to set any therapeutic range of intermittent negative pressure and has two independent safety mechanisms. The performance of the low-cost device was carefully tested on the bench using a phantom wound, producing a realistic exudate flow rate. RESULTS: the device generates the pressure patterns set by the user (25-175 mmHg of vacuum pressure, 0-60 min periods) and can drain exudate flows within the clinical range (up to 1 L/h). CONCLUSIONS: a novel, low-cost, easy-to-build negative pressure device for wound healing displays excellent technical performance. The open-source hardware description provided here, which allows for free replication and use in LMICs, will facilitate the application and wider utilization of this therapy to patients.

Activity of Antibiotics and Potential Antibiofilm Agents against Biofilm-Producing Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex Causing Chronic Pulmonary Infections.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) cause lung infections in patients with underlying pulmonary diseases (PD). The Mycobacteriumavium-intracellulare complex (MAC) is the most frequently involved NTM. The MAC-PD treatment is based on the administration of several antibiotics for long periods of time. Nonetheless, treatment outcomes remain very poor. Among the factors involved is the ability of MAC isolates to form biofilm. The aim of the study was to assess the in vitro activity of different antibiotics and potential antibiofilm agents (PAAs) against MAC biofilm. Four antibiotics and six PAAs, alone and/or in combination, were tested against planktonic forms of 11 MAC clinical isolates. Biofilm was produced after 4 weeks of incubation and analyzed with the crystal violet assay. The antibiotics and PAAs were tested by measuring the absorbance (minimum biofilm inhibition concentrations, MBICs) and by performing subcultures (minimum biofilm eradication concentrations, MBECs). The clarithromycin/amikacin and clarithromycin/ethambutol combinations were synergistic, decreasing the MBECs values compared to the individual antibiotics. The amikacin/moxifloxacin combination showed indifference. The MBIC values decreased significantly when PAAs were added to the antibiotic combinations. These results suggest that antibiotic combinations should be further studied to establish their antibiofilm activity. Moreover, PAAs could act against the biofilm matrix, facilitating the activity of antibiotics.

Differences in Drug-Susceptibility Patterns between Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium chimaera Clinical Isolates: Prospective 8.5-Year Analysis by Three Laboratories.

Background: It has been suggested that Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and M. chimaera have differential drug susceptibility patterns. We prospectively analyzed and compared the drug susceptibility patterns among these species over an 8.5-year period. Methods: A microdilution method (Slomyco®) was performed for drug susceptibility testing of 402 M. avium, 273 M. intracellulare, and 139 M. chimaera clinical isolates. Results: M. avium showed significantly higher resistance to moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, ethambutol, streptomycin, linezolid, cotrimoxazole, and clarithromycin. M. avium also showed higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) than M. intracellulare and M. chimaera against all drugs except ethionamide, to which M. intracellulare and M. chimaera showed greater resistance. Conclusions: Our series demonstrated differential drug resistance patterns among the most frequent M. avium complex species. M. avium was more resistant than M. intracellulare and M. chimaera versus eight antibiotics and showed greater MIC values to most of the antibiotics studied. These data suggest that knowledge of the local distribution and susceptibility profiles of these pathogens is essential for adequate clinical management.

Mycobacterium Wolinskyi: A New Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium Associated with Cardiovascular Infections?

Mycobacterium wolinskyi is a rapid-growth non-tuberculous mycobacterium. Twenty-one cases of M. wolinskyi infection have been described so far, more than half as cardiovascular or postoperative cardiothoracic infections. We report the case of a patient with a cardiovascular implantable electronic device infected by M. wolinskyi, successfully treated with device removal and antimicrobials.

In Vitro Biofilm Formation in Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex / Formación in vitro de biopelículas en el complejo Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare

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Comparison of two-drug combinations, amikacin/tigecycline/imipenem and amikacin/tigecycline/clarithromycin against Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus using the in vitro time-kill assay.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria include 198 mycobacterial species. Among these, Mycobacteroides abscessus is a rapidly growing mycobacteria that causes lung and skin infections. M. abscessus lung infections are difficult to treat due to the high levels of resistance to several classes of antibiotics. The current treatment is based on combining at least two or three antibiotics. However, treatment outcomes remain very poor. The objective was to compare the in vitro activity of amikacin, tigecycline, imipenem, and clarithromycin, alone and in two different three-drug combinations (amikacin/tigecycline/imipenem and amikacin/tigecycline/clarithromycin) against seven M. abscessus subsp. abscessus clinical isolates using the time-kill assay. The two combinations showed greater activity than the antibiotics tested individually. Even though both combinations showed similar activity as well as no antagonistic activity, the combination including imipenem could not be an alternative treatment against M. abscessus subsp. abscessus lung infections caused by clarithromycin susceptible isolates. However, this combination could be considered against clarithromycin resistant isolates. Future studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

In Vitro Activity of a Novel Quinolone, UB-8902, Against Ofloxacin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates.

The main objective of this study was to compare in vitro activities of a novel fluoroquinolone (FQ), UB-8902, with ofloxacin (OFX), levofloxacin (LFX), and moxifloxacin (MOX) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Eleven OFX-resistant and 11 drug-susceptible clinical isolates were studied. Individual minimum inhibitory concentrations of OFX, LFX, MOX, and UB-8902 were determined using Middlebrook 7H11 agar. The concentrations studied ranged from 0.125 to 128 µg/mL in twofold dilutions. UB-8902 was more active than LFX and similar to MOX for OFX-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates. In addition, UB-8902 and MOX showed equal activity against drug-susceptible isolates, both being more active than OFX and LFX. In conclusion, the new FQ, UB-8902, showed good activity against OFX-resistant isolates. Moreover, it showed better activity than OFX and LFX and was equivalent to MOX against FQ-susceptible clinical isolates. UB-8902 can be considered as a drug with potential antituberculous activity, similar to MOX.

How Well Do Routine Molecular Diagnostics Detect Rifampin Heteroresistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Rifampin heteroresistance-where rifampin-resistant and -susceptible tuberculosis (TB) bacilli coexist-may result in failed standard TB treatment and potential spread of rifampin-resistant strains. The detection of rifampin heteroresistance in routine rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) allows for patients to receive prompt and effective multidrug-resistant-TB treatment and may improve rifampin-resistant TB control. The limit of detection (LOD) of rifampin heteroresistance for phenotypic drug susceptibility testing by the proportion method is 1% and, yet, is insufficiently documented for RDTs. We, therefore, aimed to determine, for the four RDTs (XpertMTB/RIF, XpertMTB/RIF Ultra, GenoTypeMTBDRplusv2.0, and GenoscholarNTM+MDRTBII), the LOD per probe and mutation, validated by CFU counting and targeted deep sequencing (Deeplex-MycTB). We selected one rifampin-susceptible and four rifampin-resistant strains, with mutations D435V, H445D, H445Y, and S450L, respectively, mixed them in various proportions in triplicate, tested them with each RDT, and determined the LODs per mutation type. Deeplex-MycTB revealed concordant proportions of the minority resistant variants in the mixtures. The Deeplex-MycTB-validated LODs ranged from 20% to 80% for XpertMTB/RIF, 20% to 70% for Xpert Ultra, 5% to 10% for GenoTypeMTBDRplusv2.0, and 1% to 10% for GenoscholarNTM+MDRTBII for the different mutations. Deeplex-MycTB, GenoTypeMTBDRplusv2.0, and GenoscholarNTM+MDRTBII provide explicit information on rifampin heteroresistance for the most frequently detected mutations. Classic Xpert and Ultra report rifampin heteroresistance as rifampin resistance, while Ultra may denote rifampin heteroresistance through "mixed patterns" of wild-type and mutant melt probe, melt peak temperatures. Overall, our findings inform end users that the threshold for reporting resistance in the case of rifampin heteroresistance is the highest for Classic Xpert and Ultra to resolve phenotypic and genotypic discordant rifampin-resistant TB results.

In vitro activity of 12 antimicrobial peptides against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium clinical isolates.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major threat to human health worldwide. The increasing incidence of non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections and particularly those produced by Mycobacterium avium has emphasized the need to develop new drugs. Additionally, high levels of natural drug resistance in non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB is of great concern. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are antibiotics with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The objective was to assess the activity of AMPs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. avium clinical isolates. MICs were determined using microtitre plates and the resazurin assay. Mastoparan and melittin showed the greatest activity against M. tuberculosis, while indolicidin had the lowest MIC against M. avium. In conclusion, AMPs could be alternatives for the treatment of mycobacterial infections. Further investigation of AMPs' activity in combination and associated with conventional antibiotics and their loading into drug-delivery systems could lead to their use in clinical practice.

Activity of 2-(quinolin-4-yloxy)acetamides in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates and identification of their molecular target by whole-genome sequencing.

The 2-(quinolin-4-yloxy)acetamides (QOAs) have been reported to be promising molecules for tuberculosis treatment. Recent studies demonstrated their potent antimycobacterial activity, biological stability and synergism with rifampicin. The identification of the molecular target is an essential step towards the development of a novel drug candidate. Here, we report the target identification of the QOAs. We found that these compounds are active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, streptomycin and ethionamide. The initial evidence that DNA gyrase might be the target of QOAs, based on high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against ofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates and structural similarities with fluoroquinolones, was discarded by experiments performed with M. tuberculosis GyrA point mutant, DNA gyrase supercoiling inhibition assay and overexpression of DNA gyrase. We selected spontaneous mutants for our lead compound 21 and observed that these strains were also resistant to all QOA derivatives. The genomes of the spontaneous mutants were sequenced, and the results revealed a single mutation in qcrB gene (T313A), which indicates that the QOAs target the cytochrome bc1 complex. The protein-compound interaction was further investigated by molecular docking. These findings reinforce the relevance of these compounds as promising candidates for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Infection and Cytotoxicity in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium.

PURPOSE: To investigate bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infective capability and cytotoxicity in ARPE-19 cells. METHODS: BCG inoculum was dispensed at a MOI 100:1 for 3 h in 90% confluent ARPE-19 cells. Infection rates at different time points were determined by colony forming units (CFU) count and, in parallel, by the number of microscopically infected cells. WST-1 reagent was used for cytotoxicity assays. RESULTS: A 67-year-old man previously treated with intravesical BCG for bladder carcinoma presented with chronic, refractory, bilateral uveitis with macular edema. Quiescence was achieved only after commencing antituberculous treatment. BCG infection rate by two methods peaked at 48 h (16 ± 5.7% by CFU count and 40 ± 7.7% by microscopy; p = 0.058). BCG adhesion, phagocytosis, intracellular proliferation and cytolysis was observed. Cytotoxicity was minimal and did not differ from uninfected cells. CONCLUSIONS: BCG can infect at low rates and proliferate in ARPE-19 cells without toxicity in the surrounding monolayer.

Mefloquine and its oxazolidine derivative compound are active against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and in a murine model of tuberculosis infection.

Repurposing of drugs to treat tuberculosis (TB) has been considered an alternative to overcome the global TB epidemic, especially to combat drug-resistant forms of the disease. Mefloquine has been reported as a potent drug to kill drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, mefloquine-derived molecules have been synthesised and their effectiveness against mycobacteria has been assessed. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time the activities of mefloquine and its oxazolidine derivative compound 1E in a murine model of TB infection following administration of both drugs by the oral route. The effects of associations between mefloquine or 1E with the clinically used antituberculosis drugs isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, moxifloxacin and streptomycin were also investigated. Importantly, combination of mefloquine with isoniazid and of 1E with streptomycin showed a two-fold decrease in their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Moreover, no tested combinations demonstrated antagonist interactions. Here we describe novel evidence on the activity of mefloquine and 1E against a series of quinolone-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. These data show MICs against quinolone-resistant strains (0.5-8 µg/mL) similar to or lower than those previously reported for multidrug-resistant strains. Taking these results together, we can suggest the use of mefloquine or 1E in combination with clinically available drugs, especially in the case of resistant forms of TB.

In vitro time-kill curves study of three antituberculous combinations against Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates.

The objective of this study was to examine the in vitro synergism of three-drug combinations against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (levofloxacin/linezolid/ethambutol, levofloxacin/amikacin/ethambutol and levofloxacin/linezolid/amikacin) using the time-kill curves method. In total, 8 multidrug-resistant and 12 drug-susceptible M. tuberculosis isolates were used. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the isolates for each drug were determined by the proportions method. Time-kill curves were studied for the three combinations proposed over 14 days using two different protocols. In protocol 1, 0.5× MIC for each drug was used. In protocol 2, 0.5× MIC for levofloxacin and linezolid and 0.25× MIC for amikacin and ethambutol were used. The MICs for all of the isolates studied were 0.5 mg/L for levofloxacin and linezolid and 2.5 mg/L for ethambutol and amikacin. All of the combinations displayed an additive activity compared with the most active individual drug. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the three combinations tested were equally effective against M. tuberculosis isolates. The study of antituberculous combinations using in vitro methods is an excellent first step to predict their effect in clinical development phases as well as to test new regimens of the antituberculous drugs currently available.

In vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and UB-8902 in combination with clofazimine and pretomanid.

Multidrug resistance has become a problem in the management of tuberculosis, with an urgent need for research into new drugs as well as the development of efficacious drug combinations and regimens. The main objective of this study was to assess and compare the efficacy of three antituberculous combinations (clofazimine/pretomanid/levofloxacin, clofazimine/pretomanid/moxifloxacin and clofazimine/pretomanid/UB-8902) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and drug-susceptible clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using an in vitro adaptation of the chequerboard assay. A total of 7 MDR and 11 drug-susceptible clinical isolates were studied. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was interpreted as synergism when the value was <0.75, antagonism when it was >4 and additive activity between these two values. The FICI of all of the combinations ranged from 1.2 to 2.3, showing additive activity against all of the isolates. No differences were found between MDR and drug-susceptible isolates. In conclusion, the three combinations are effective against M. tuberculosis with equal effects. Moreover, in vitro testing of drug combinations could be useful to predict their clinical use.

Epidemiology of uveitis in a Western urban multiethnic population. The challenge of globalization.

PURPOSE: To report the anatomical pattern and etiological spectrum of uveitis in an urban multi-ethnic population from Barcelona, Spain. General and specific epidemiological data for the most prevalent aetiologies are also calculated. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of consecutive uveitis cases was performed between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2012. Exogenous endophthalmitis, surgery-related, post-traumatic and toxic uveitis along with masquerade syndromes were excluded. Anatomical (Standard Uveitis Nomenclature criteria) and aetiological patterns (by tailored tests), age, sex, geographical origin and laterality were analysed. Mean incidence and prevalence were calculated for a mid-period reference population. RESULTS: From 1022 patients included, 52% were anterior uveitis (AU), 23% posterior, 15% panuveitis and 9% intermediate uveitis. Aetiologically, 26% were unclassifiable, 29% infectious, 25% associated with systemic immune diseases, and 20% corresponded to ocular-specific syndromes. Among classified causes, herpesvirus (12%), toxoplasma (7%), Behçet's disease (BD) (5%), HLA-B27-isolated AU (5%), ankylosing spondylitis (5%), tuberculosis-related uveitis (TRU) (5%), birdshot chorioretinopathy (3%) and sarcoidosis (3%) were the most frequent. Non-Spanish origin was recorded in 22%, with 47% of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada and 36% of toxoplasma cases coming from South America, 10% of BD and 11% of TRU from Africa and 24% of TRU cases from Asia. A mean annual incidence of 51.91 cases/100,000 inhabitants was found for the referral population. CONCLUSION: In our referral area, 74% of the uveitis cases can be correctly classified. A large myriad of uveitis aetiologies with a strong geographical origin burden are found in Western urban multi-ethnic populations.

Characterization of the embB gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Barcelona and rapid detection of main mutations related to ethambutol resistance using a low-density DNA array.

OBJECTIVES: Ethambutol resistance has mostly been related to mutations in the embB gene. The objective of the present study was to characterize the embB gene in a collection of ethambutol-resistant and ethambutol-susceptible isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) from Barcelona, and to develop a DNA microarray for the rapid detection of embB mutations in our area. METHODS: Fifty-three ethambutol-resistant and 702 ethambutol-susceptible isolates of MTBC were sequenced in internal 982-1495 bp fragments of the embB gene. In addition, a low-cost, low-density array was designed to include the embB codons identified as being most frequently mutated in our area (LD-EMB array). RESULTS: The global prevalence of embB mutations found among the ethambutol-resistant isolates was 77.4% (41/53). Substitutions in embB306 were the most common [53.7% (22/41)], followed by substitutions in embB406 [26.8% (11/41)]. The presence of mutations in embB406 was related to higher levels of ethambutol resistance and to multidrug resistance. Among unrelated isolates (from 24-locus MIRU-VNTR genotyping), the percentage of embB-mutated isolates was 72.9% (27/37)--59.3% (16/27) in embB306 and 25.9% (7/27) in embB406. None of the ethambutol-susceptible isolates studied showed a mutation in codon 306 or 406. The LD-EMB array showed 100% sensitivity and specificity in identifying the main embB substitutions in our area. CONCLUSIONS: Mutations at codons 306 and 406 of embB have a relevant role in resistance to ethambutol in our area. The LD-EMB array developed in this study would appear to be a good molecular test for rapid detection of ethambutol resistance.