Spanish Validation of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) in Children Aged 8-12.

BACKGROUND: The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) is one of the few well-established available measures designed to assess childhood depression. The objective of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties and explore the differential item functioning (DIF) of the SMFQ in a community sample of Spanish children. Gender and age differences in SMFQ scores were also analyzed. METHOD: The sample included 824 students aged 8-12 years (Mage = 9.64, SD = 1.2) recruited from four public and private schools in urban areas in the southeast of Spain. RESULTS: Findings from factor analysis and Polytomous Rasch analysis supported a unidimensional interpretation of the SMFQ, thereby replicating findings across cultures and languages. The SMFQ had good reliability, and test-retest analysis indicated fair to good temporal stability. Evidence of construct validity was provided by a path diagram of the SMFQ and SDQ subscales. No age or gender differences in the SMFQ scores were observed. However, two items (3 and 11) exhibited gender-related DIF. CONCLUSIONS: The use of SMFQ sum-scores as a continuous measure of the severity of depressive symptoms can be supported. The measure shows promise as brief, reliable, valid instrument for the assessment of depressive symptoms in Spanish children.

Spanish Validation of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) in Children Aged 8-12 / Validación Española del Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) en Niños de 8 a 12 Años

Background: The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) is one of the few well-established available measures designed to assess childhood depression. The objective of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties and explore the differential item functioning (DIF) of the SMFQ in a community sample of Spanish children. Gender and age differences in SMFQ scores were also analyzed. Method: The sample included 824 students aged 8-12 years (Mage = 9.64, SD = 1.2) recruited from four public and private schools in urban areas in the southeast of Spain. Results: Findings from factor analysis and Polytomous Rasch analysis supported a unidimensional interpretation of the SMFQ, thereby replicating findings across cultures and languages. The SMFQ had good reliability, and test-retest analysis indicated fair to good temporal stability. Evidence of construct validity was provided by a path diagram of the SMFQ and SDQ subscales. No age or gender differences in the SMFQ scores were observed. However, two items (3 and 11) exhibited gender-related DIF. Conclusions: The use of SMFQ sum-scores as a continuous measure of the severity of depressive symptoms can be supported. The measure shows promise as brief, reliable, valid instrument for the assessment of depressive symptoms in Spanish children.(AU)

Antecedentes: El Cuestionario Breve de Estado de Ánimo y Sentimientos (SMFQ, por sus siglas en inglés) es una de las pocas medidas bien establecidas para evaluar la depresión infantil. Este estudio evalúa las propiedades psicométricas y explora el funcionamiento diferencial de los ítems (DIF) del SMFQ en una muestra comunitaria de niños españoles. Método: La muestra incluyó 824 escolares de 8 a 12 años (Medad = 9.64, DT = 1.2) de cuatro colegios públicos y privados del sureste de España. Resultados: Los hallazgos del análisis factorial y el análisis de Rasch politómico respaldaron una interpretación unidimensional del SMFQ. El SMFQ tuvo una buena consistencia interna y el análisis test-retest indicó una estabilidad temporal de regular a buena. Se examinaron las evidencias sobre la validez de constructo mediante un diagrama de ruta de las subescalas SMFQ y SDQ, sin diferencias en el SMFQ por edad y sexo. Sin embargo, dos ítems presentaron DIF relacionada con el género. Conclusiones: Se respalda el uso de las puntuaciones sumatorias del SMFQ como una medida continua de la gravedad de los síntomas depresivos. La medida se muestra prometedora como instrumento breve, fiable y válido para la evaluación de los síntomas depresivos en niños españoles.(AU)

Group self-identification, drug use and psychosocial correlates among Spanish adolescents / Grupo de autoidentificación, consumo de drogas y correlatos psicosociales en adolescentes españoles

Teens tend to identify with social groups that characterize their lifestyles, interest in different musical styles and preference in specific activities. Previous studies conclude that group identification is a significant prospective predictor of drug use and other problematic behaviors but may not operate the same way in all cultures. There are no such studies that have been conducted in Spanish adolescents. This study examines the prevalence of self-identified group name research among Spanish adolescents, and its relationship between substance use and psychosocial constructs. The sample consisted of 791 Spanish adolescents from six secondary schools, aged between 14 to 18 years (M = 15.03; SD = 1.01). The results support the existence of group self-identification by youth. The High risk group reported significantly higher monthly cigarette and alcohol use, and the Others group reported higher monthly marijuana use. Regarding psychosocial correlates, youth with higher drug use report greater sensation seeking preference and higher levels of depression. Group self-identification is a consistent phenomenon among teens in different countries but, contrary to previous work, those youth not falling into a clearly defined group ("Others") were the most likely to use marijuana

Los adolescentes tienden a identificarse con diferentes grupos sociales que caracterizan sus estilos de vida. Estudios previos concluyen que la identificación grupal es un predictor del consumo de drogas y otros comportamientos problemáticos, pero puede no funcionar de la misma manera en todos los países y en España no existen estudios al respecto con adolescentes. Este estudio examina la prevalencia de grupos de referencia entre los adolescentes españoles y su relación con el consumo de sustancias y otras variables psicológicas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 791 adolescentes de nueve centros de educación secundaria, con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y 19 años (M = 15,03; DT = 1,01). Los resultados apoyan la existencia de grupos de identificación grupal por parte de los jóvenes. El grupo de alto riesgo informó de un consumo mensual significativamente mayor de cigarros y alcohol, y el grupo Otros informó de un consumo mensual más elevado de marihuana, en comparación con los otros grupos. En cuanto a las variables psicológicas, los jóvenes con mayor consumo de drogas informan de una mayor preferencia por la búsqueda de sensaciones y niveles más altos de depresión. La autoidentificación grupal es un fenómeno constante en los adolescentes entre los diferentes países, pero, contrariamente a lo encontrado en estudios previos, los jóvenes que no pertenecen claramente a un grupo definido son los más propensos al consumo de cannabis

Role of smoking intention in tobacco use reduction: A mediation analysis of an effective classroom-based prevention/cessation intervention for adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: Although some school-based tobacco cessation and prevention programs have been proven to be effective, there remains a lack of understanding of how these programs succeed. METHODS: This longitudinal study aimed to test smoking intention as a mediator of Project EX's intervention efficacy to reduce tobacco use. Using a computerized random number generator, six high schools located in the Mediterranean coast were randomly selected to participate in the program condition (Spanish version of Project EX) or the waiting-list control group with baseline, immediate-posttest, and 12-month follow-up assessments. At baseline, 685 adolescents aged 14-20 years (mean age: 14.87; SD = 0.92; 47.4% were females) were evaluated using self-administered tests of tobacco, and smoking intention. A biomarker of smoke inhalation, a measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide (ECM), was used. Mediation analyses were conducted using the PROCESS v2.12 macro for Windows. RESULTS: Project EX had a significant effect on smoking intention. Indirect effects indicated that Project EX reduced the ECM level, and number of cigarettes used. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first Spanish study that explored intention as a mediator of the long-term efficacy of Project EX to reduce tobacco use in adolescents. Results suggested that interventions that reduce consumption intention at short-term are more likely to be successful in decreasing tobacco use in the long-term.

Testing the nicotine dependence measure mFTQ for adolescent smokers: A multinational investigation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As a measure of nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers, the modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ; seven items), has been successfully used in the United States (USA). Nonetheless, the validity and reliability of mFTQ at the international level is still needed. The current study is the first to test the validity and reliability of mFTQ in four countries: Thailand, Spain, the USA, and Russia. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey, mFTQ, risk factors of nicotine dependence, and sociodemographic characteristics were assessed. Risk factors included age of first cigarette, frequency of alcohol use, frequency of marijuana use, and number of cigarettes smoked yesterday. Salivary cotinine was also obtained in Thailand and Spain. RESULTS: For all four countries, mFTQ exhibited a single factor structure, as supported by previous work in the USA. For all studied countries except Thailand, mFTQ presented acceptable internal reliability. Overall, risk factors of nicotine dependence have predicted mFTQ scores across countries. Frequency of alcohol use in the USA and frequency of marijuana use in Thailand and Spain were not associated with mFTQ scores. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: mFTQ is a single-factor measure of nicotine dependence that shows acceptable internal consistency and validity across countries. Further work can advance the scale and tailor it to different cultures. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: mFTQ can be a clinically practical international measure of nicotine dependence. This study provides initial support for the utility of the mFTQ among Thai, Spanish, American, and Russian adolescents. Further research is needed to test and advance mFTQ across cultures. (Am J Addict 2017;26:689-696).

One-year effects of Project EX: A smoking intervention pilot program with Spanish adolescents.

Adolescent smoking is a major public health problem, which has led to the development of cessation programs such as Project EX. However, there is no evidence for the long-term efficacy of cessation among Spanish adolescents. This study provides a 1-year follow-up evaluation of the Project EX tobacco use cessation program among 211 smokers. The intent-to-treat 30-day smoking quit rate for the program group was 7.81 percent ( p = .04), whereas no smokers quit in the control group ( p = .02). The intervention had a significant influence on future smoking expectation, intention, motivation to quit, and overall level of 30-day smoking. Long-term outcomes of the Project EX clinic-based program are promising for adolescent smokers in Spain.

Problem video game playing is related to emotional distress in adolescents. / El uso problemático de videojuegos está relacionado con problemas emocionales en adolescentes.

Problem use of video games is an increasing risk behaviour. High exposure of adolescents to video games has been linked to a variety of disorders, but the relationship between problem video game playing and emotional welfare is unknown. The aim of the study is to analyse problem video game playing in a sample of adolescents and to determine whether there are differences between online and offline players, in addition to examining its relationship with anxiety and depressive symptomatology. A sample of adolescents (N = 380) completed self-reports measuring video game use and symptoms of anxiety and depression. We found that 7.4% of females and 30% of males can be considered as playing at problem levels. Online players were almost 12 times more likely to play at high frequency than offline players (χ2 (1, 267) = 72.72, p < .001, OR = 11.63, 95% CI [6.31, 21.43]). Males play more frequently, and play more online (χ2 (1, 267) = 50.85, p < .001, OR = 6.74, 95% CI [3.90, 11.64]), with a clear relationship between problem video game playing and anxiety (r = .24; p < .001). In females, there is a relationship between problem video game playing and depression (r = .19; p < .05). Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the psychological variables involved in problem video game playing. The implementation of strategies is suggested in order to prevent pathological gaming and associated problems.

El uso problemático de los videojuegos es una conducta de riesgo cada vez más frecuente. La alta exposición de los adolescentes a los videojuegos se ha relacionado con una variedad de trastornos, pero se desconoce la relación entre el uso problemático de videojuegos y el bienestar emocional. El objetivo del estudio es analizar el uso problemático de videojuegos en una muestra de adolescentes y determinar si existen diferencias entre jugadores online y offline, además de examinar su correlación con sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva. Una muestra de adolescentes (N = 380) completó autoinformes que medían el uso de videojuegos y sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva. El 7,4% de las chicas y el 30% de los chicos pueden considerarse jugadores problemáticos. Jugadores online tienen casi 12 veces más probabilidad de jugar con alta frecuencia en comparación con jugadores offline (χ2 (1, 267)= 72,72, p < ,001, RM = 11,63, 95% IC [6,31, 21,43]). Los chicos juegan con mayor frecuencia y lo hacen en mayor medida online (χ2 (1, 267)= 50,85, p < ,001, RM= 6,74, 95% IC [3,90, 11,64]), con una clara relación entre el uso problemático de los videojuegos y la ansiedad (r =.24; p < ,001). En las chicas existe relación entre el uso problemático de videojuegos y bajo estado de ánimo (r = ,19; p < ,05). Los hallazgos contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de las variables psicológicas relacionadas con el uso problemático de videojuegos, consolidando la idea de instaurar programas educativos para prevenir el abuso de los videojuegos y sus problemas asociados.

El uso problemático de videojuegos está relacionado con problemas emocionales en adolescentes / Problem video game playing is related to emotional distress in adolescents

El uso problemático de los videojuegos es una conducta de riesgo cada vez más frecuente. La alta exposición de los adolescentes a los videojuegos se ha relacionado con una variedad de trastornos, pero se desconoce la relación entre el uso problemático de videojuegos y el bienestar emocional. El objetivo del estudio es analizar el uso problemático de videojuegos en una muestra de adolescentes y determinar si existen diferencias entre jugadores online y offline, además de examinar su correlación con sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva. Una muestra de adolescentes (N = 380) completó autoinformes que medían el uso de videojuegos y sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva. El 7,4% de las chicas y el 30% de los chicos pueden considerarse jugadores problemáticos. Jugadores online tienen casi 12 veces más probabilidad de jugar con alta frecuencia en comparación con jugadores offline (χ2 (1, 267)= 72,72, p < ,001, RM = 11,63, 95% IC [6,31, 21,43]). Los chicos juegan con mayor frecuencia y lo hacen en mayor medida online (χ2 (1, 267)= 50,85, p < ,001, RM= 6,74, 95% IC [3,90, 11,64]), con una clara relación entre el uso problemático de los videojuegos y la ansiedad (r =.24; p < ,001). En las chicas existe relación entre el uso problemático de videojuegos y bajo estado de ánimo (r = ,19; p < ,05). Los hallazgos contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de las variables psicológicas relacionadas con el uso problemático de videojuegos, consolidando la idea de instaurar programas educativos para prevenir el abuso de los videojuegos y sus problemas asociados

Problem use of video games is an increasing risk behaviour. High exposure of adolescents to video games has been linked to a variety of disorders, but the relationship between problem video game playing and emotional welfare is unknown. The aim of the study is to analyse problem video game playing in a sample of adolescents and to determine whether there are differences between online and offline players, in addition to examining its relationship with anxiety and depressive symptomatology. A sample of adolescents (N = 380) completed self-reports measuring video game use and symptoms of anxiety and depression. We found that 7.4% of females and 30% of males can be considered as playing at problem levels. Online players were almost 12 times more likely to play at high frequency than offline players (χ2 (1, 267) = 72.72, p < .001, OR = 11.63, 95% CI [6.31, 21.43]). Males play more frequently, and play more online (χ2 (1, 267) = 50.85, p < .001, OR = 6.74, 95% CI [3.90, 11.64]), with a clear relationship between problem video game playing and anxiety (r = .24; p < .001). In females, there is a relationship between problem video game playing and depression (r = .19; p < .05). Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the psychological variables involved in problem video game playing. The implementation of strategies is suggested in order to prevent pathological gaming and associated problems

Niños con síntomas de ansiedad por separación: un estudio de sus hábitos y problemas de sueño / Children with separation anxiety symptoms: A study of their habits and sleep problems

A pesar de que los problemas de sueño parecen ser frecuentes en los niños con ansiedad por separación, se carece de trabajos que estudien las características del sueño en la población infantil española con síntomas de ansiedad. El objetivo del estudio es examinar el sueño infantil en función de presentar o no ansiedad por separación, analizar el valor predictivo de los problemas de sueño en la ansiedad por separación y conocer los problemas de sueño más frecuentes. Participaron 1.100 niños de 8 a 12 años (41,5% varones) que completaron la subescala de ansiedad por separación de la Escala de Ansiedad Infantil de Spence y el Autoinforme de Sueño Infantil. Los niños con ansiedad por separación mostraron rutinas menos adecuadas a la hora de dormir, menor calidad del sueño, más rechazo al ir a dormir y más ansiedad relacionada con el sueño. Los problemas de sueño mostraron ser predictores de la ansiedad por separación, con un 24% de varianza explicada. De los resultados del estudio se concluye la necesidad de atender los patrones de sueño infantil para lograr una intervención más adecuada en la ansiedad por separación

Despite sleeping problems being common in children with separation anxiety disorder, there are few studies that examine sleeping characteristics in Spanish children with anxiety symptoms. The aim of this study is to examine sleep in children whether they show separation anxiety symptoms or not in order to analyse the predictive value of sleep problems related to separation anxiety and to ascertain which sleeping problems are the most common. A total of 1,100 children aged between 8 and 12 years participated (41.5% boys), who completed the Separation Anxiety Subscale of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale and the Child Sleep Self-report. Children with separation anxiety symptoms were found to have less suitable routines at bedtime, lower quality of sleep, greater refusal to go to bed and more sleep-related anxiety. Sleeping problems were found to be predictors for separation anxiety with 24% explained variance. The results of the study underline the importance of examining children's sleeping habits in order to better treat separation anxiety

Nicotine Dependence as a Mediator of Project EX's Effects to Reduce Tobacco Use in Scholars.

In Spain, 44% of 14-18-year-olds have smoked, and 12.5% have smoked cigarettes in the last 30 days. Nicotine is one of the most addictive substances, and can lead to serious addiction in adulthood with adverse consequences to one's health. School plays a relevant role in health promotion and preventing risk behaviors such as tobacco consumption. Despite the fact that some school-based tobacco cessation and prevention interventions prove to be effective for their purposes, there is a lack of understanding as to why these programs succeed or fail. This longitudinal study aims to test the nicotine dependence (ND) as a mediator of Project EX's effect - a tobacco-use cessation program developed for high school youth to reduce tobacco consumption in scholars. Six high schools located in the Mediterranean coast were randomized for the participation of the program (Spanish version of Project EX) or a waiting-list group with baseline, immediate-posttest, and 12-month follow-up assessments. At baseline, 1,546 adolescents aged 14-21 years old (mean age: 15.28; SD = 1.20; 46% were women) were evaluated by self-administered tests on tobacco consumption and ND. A biomarker of smoke inhalation - a measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide (ECM) - was used. Participants who were smokers (N = 501; 32%) were selected for this study. Mediation analyses were conducted using the PROCESS v2.12 macro for Windows. The significant criterion was p ≤ 0.05, and 5,000 samples were used for bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals. Results indicated that Project EX indirectly decreased the number of cigarettes smoked in the last month, the number of cigarettes smoked within the last 7 days, the number of daily cigarettes, and ECM level at 12-month follow up through decreasing the level of ND in the short-term. This is the first Spanish study that explores ND as a mediator of the long-term efficacy of Project EX to reduce tobacco consumption in adolescents. Results suggest that interventions that reduce ND at short-term are more likely to be successful to decrease tobacco use at long-term.

Association between personality traits and substance use in Spanish adolescents. / Asociación entre rasgos de personalidad y consumo de sustancias en adolescentes españoles.

Substance use is considered one of the most frequent risk behaviors during adolescence. Personality factors are linked to consumption during adolescence. Although there are studies on personality and consumption among Spanish adolescents, some outcomes are contradictory, and more studies including larger samples and using validated measures are needed. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between different personality factors and substance use among Spanish adolescents. Participants were 1,455 students aged between 13-18 years. The adaptation of the 16PF-IPIP Personality Inventory was applied to assess Warmth, Stability, Gregariousness, Friendliness, Sensitivity, Trust, Openness to experience, Sociability, Perfectionism, and Calmness. Participants were asked about their different consumption substances during their lifetime. Results provide evidence for a relationship between personality factors and psychoactive substance use. There are different distributions of alcohol use regarding personality traits. Furthermore, personality factors have some influence on consumption of alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine.Trust and Calmness influence average alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine consumption, whereas Sociability had no statistically significant influence on any of the three substances. The results from this study are highly useful in the design of preventive programs, as they provide more evidence of the role of personality traits as a risk factor.

El consumo de sustancias está considerado como una de las conductas de riesgo más frecuentes durante la adolescencia. Los factores de personalidad están relacionados con el consumo en la adolescencia.Aunque existen estudios sobre personalidad y consumo en adolescentes españoles, algunos resultados son contradictorios y son necesarios más estudios con muestras de mayor tamaño y que utilicen medidas validadas.El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre los diferentes factores de personalidad y el consumo de sustancias en adolescentes españoles. Participaron 1,455 estudiantes de secundaria entre 13 y 18 años. Se aplicó la adaptación del Inventario de Personalidad 16PFIPIP para evaluar Calidez, Estabilidad, Gregarismo, Amigabilidad, Sensibilidad, Confianza, Apertura, Sociabilidad, Perfeccionismo y Calma.Se preguntó a los participantes acerca de las diferentes sustancias que habían consumido a lo largo de su vida. Los resultados evidencian la relación entre las variables de personalidad y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. El consumo de alcohol presenta diferentes distribuciones con respecto a los rasgos de personalidad. Por otra parte, los factores de personalidad tienen cierta influencia en el consumo de alcohol, cannabis y cocaína. Confianza y Calma tienen influencia en el consumo de alcohol, cannabis y cocaína, mientras que Sociabilidad no presenta ninguna influencia estadísticamente significativa en ninguna de las tres sustancias.Los resultados de este estudio son de gran utilidad a la hora de diseñar programas preventivos, ya que proporcionan mayor evidencia sobre el papel de los rasgos de personalidad como factores de riesgo.

Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Addictive Behaviors Among Russian and Spanish Youth: A Replication Study.

Recently, an addiction matrix measure was assessed among U.S. former alternative high school youth. This presentation seeks to examine the generalizability of findings using this measure among Russian and Spanish high school adolescents. Latent class analysis was used to explore addiction subgroups among adolescents in Russia (average age = 16.27; n = 715) and Spain (average age = 14.9; n = 811). Last 30-day prevalence of one or more of 11 addictions reviewed in the previous work was the primary focus (i.e., cigarettes, alcohol, hard drugs, eating, gambling, Internet, love, sex, exercise, work, and shopping) among Russian youth, and last-30 prevalence of one or more of 8 addictions among Spanish youth (the three drug use items had not been included in the questionnaire for these youths). Results confirmed a two-class model (addicted class and non-addicted class) among both Russian and Spanish adolescents. The mean number of addictions reported was 1.39 (SD = 1.78) addictions among Russian youth and 1.56 (SD = 1.68) addictions among Spanish youth. The prevalence of the sample that constituted the "addicted group" in Russia and Spain was 32.2% and 28.6%, respectively. The most prevalent addictions (i.e., love, Internet, exercise) were similar. These results are similar to the findings previously reported for U.S. sample. Latent class structures for addictive behaviors are similar across international adolescent populations. Our results highlight the need to address multiple addictions in health education programming.

Asociación entre rasgos de personalidad y consumo de sustancias en adolescentes españoles / Association between personality traits and substance use in Spanish adolescents

El consumo de sustancias está considerado como una de las conductas de riesgo más frecuentes durante la adolescencia. Los factores de personalidad están relacionados con el consumo en la adolescencia. Aunque existen estudios sobre personalidad y consumo en adolescentes españoles, algunos resultados son contradictorios y son necesarios más estudios con muestras de mayor tamaño y que utilicen medidas validadas. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre los diferentes factores de personalidad y el consumo de sustancias en adolescentes españoles. Participaron 1,455 estudiantes de secundaria entre 13 y 18 años. Se aplicó la adaptación del Inventario de Personalidad 16PFIPIP para evaluar Calidez, Estabilidad, Gregarismo, Amigabilidad, Sensibilidad, Confianza, Apertura, Sociabilidad, Perfeccionismo y Calma. Se preguntó a los participantes acerca de las diferentes sustancias que habían consumido a lo largo de su vida. Los resultados evidencian la relación entre las variables de personalidad y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. El consumo de alcohol presenta diferentes distribuciones con respecto a los rasgos de personalidad. Por otra parte, los factores de personalidad tienen cierta influencia en el consumo de alcohol, cannabis y cocaína. Confianza y Calma tienen influencia en el consumo de alcohol, cannabis y cocaína, mientras que Sociabilidad no presenta ninguna influencia estadísticamente significativa en ninguna de las tres sustancias. Los resultados de este estudio son de gran utilidad a la hora de diseñar programas preventivos, ya que proporcionan mayor evidencia sobre el papel de los rasgos de personalidad como factores de riesgo

Substance use is considered one of the most frequent risk behaviors during adolescence. Personality factors are linked to consumption during adolescence. Although there are studies on personality and consumption among Spanish adolescents, some outcomes are contradictory, and more studies including larger samples and using validated measures are needed. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between different personality factors and substance use among Spanish adolescents. Participants were 1,455 students aged between 13-18 years. The adaptation of the 16PF-IPIP Personality Inventory was applied to assess Warmth, Stability, Gregariousness, Friendliness, Sensitivity, Trust, Openness to experience, Sociability, Perfectionism, and Calmness. Participants were asked about their different consumption substances during their lifetime. Results provide evidence for a relationship between personality factors and psychoactive substance use. There are different distributions of alcohol use regarding personality traits. Furthermore, personality factors have some influence on consumption of alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. Trust and Calmness influence average alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine consumption, whereas Sociability had no statistically significant influence on any of the three substances. The results from this study are highly useful in the design of preventive programs, as they provide more evidence of the role of personality traits as a risk factor

Predicting Alcohol-Impaired Driving among Spanish Youth with the Theory of Reasoned Action.

Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for motor vehicle accidents in young drivers. Crashes associated with alcohol consumption typically have greater severity. This study examines the prevalence of driving under the influence among Spanish youth and tests the theory of reasoned action as a model for predicting driving under the influence. Participants included 478 Spanish university students aged 17-26 years. Findings indicated that alcohol was the substance most associated with impaired driving, and was involved in more traffic crashes. Men engage in higher levels of alcohol and other drug use, and perceived less risk in drunk driving (p < .01). The study confirms that alcohol use and driving under the influence of alcohol are highly prevalent in Spanish young people, and some gender differences exist in these behaviors (p < .01). Furthermore, the study confirms the validity of theory of reasoned action as a predictive model of driving under the influence of alcohol among youth in Spain (p < .001) and can help in the design of prevention programs.

One-Year Effects of Project EX in Spain: A Classroom-Based Smoking Prevention and Cessation Intervention Program.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use prevalence rates are high among Spanish adolescents. Programming to counteract tobacco use is needed. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The current study provides a one-year follow-up outcome evaluation of Project EX, an eight-session classroom-based curriculum. The intervention was tested using a randomized controlled trial with 1,546 Spanish students, involving three program and three control schools. Compared to the control condition, the program condition revealed a greater reduction in nicotine dependence (p < .05) and CO ppm levels (p < .001), and lower consumption of cigarettes at last month (p = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term outcomes of the Project EX classroom-based program are promising for adolescent prevention and possibly cessation in Spain.

Estado de ánimo y consumo de tabaco en una muestra de adolescentes españoles / Mood and smoking habits in Spanish adolescents

El tabaco es la segunda droga más consumida entre los escolares españoles. Existen evidencias sobre la relación entre estado de ánimo y tabaquismo, aunque los resultados no son concluyentes y se desconoce el grado en que esta variable predice el consumo de adolescentes españoles. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar el estado de ánimo entre adolescentes fumadores y no fumadores, y comprobar si los fumadores presentan mayor intensidad de consumo con peor estado anímico. Se reclutó una muestra de 1507 adolescentes españoles (edad, M = 15.28; DT = 1.20). Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, estado de ánimo mediante la versión breve del 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CED-D), y la conducta de consumo de tabaco alguna vez y durante el último mes y frecuencia mediante un autoinforme. Los adolescentes fumadores presentan peor estado de ánimo que los no fumadores. Es más probable ser fumador en presencia de bajo estado de ánimo (B = 1.17; p < .001). Los fumadores (n = 487) fueron clasificados en función del estado de ánimo. Los adolescentes con bajo estado de ánimo hacen mayor consumo diario de cigarrillos. Los fumadores con mejor estado de ánimo tenían una pauta de consumo de menor intensidad. Se aportan nuevas evidencias sobre el papel del estado de ánimo depresivo de los adolescentes como factor de riesgo de iniciar consumo de tabaco, y se comprueba su relación con mayor intensidad de consumo. Las intervenciones preventivas con adolescentes deben atender a los factores emocionales relacionados con el consumo.

Tobacco is the second most used drug among Spanish adolescents. Although there is evidence of the relationship between mood and smoking, the results are inconclusive, with the variable that predicts the consumption in Spanish adolescents still being unknown. The aim of this study was to compare mood among adolescent smokers and non-smokers, and to determine whether smokers smoke more when in a worse mood. A sample of 1507 Spanish adolescents was selected (Mean age = 15.28; SD = 1.20). The sociodemographic variables were recorded. Mood was evaluated using the Brief version of the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CED-D), and the behavior of tobacco use (sometime, during the last month and frequency) through self-report. Adolescent smokers have a worse mood than non-smokers. They are more likely to be a smoker when their mood is low (B = 1.17; P < .001). Smokers (n = 487) were classified depending on their mood. Adolescents with a low mood showed a higher daily consumption of cigarettes. Smokers with a better mood had a lower consumption pattern. Conclusion: New evidence is presented on the role of depressed mood as a risk factor for the initiation of smoking among adolescents, demonstrating its relation to greater tobacco use. Preventive interventions with adolescents must address the emotional factors related to consumption.

Pilot clinic study of Project EX for smoking cessation with Spanish adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: Despite efforts to prevent smoking, the prevalence of smoking in Spanish adolescents remains high. So far, there are no evidence-based smoking cessation programs for adolescents in Spain. METHODS: This study describes the evaluation of Project EX, an eight-session school-based clinic smoking cessation program, with Spanish cigarette smokers 13-19 years of age, from 9 schools (four program condition schools and five control condition schools). A group-randomized controlled trial was used. There were 211 smokers at baseline (112 program group, and 99 control group). Evaluation involved an immediate pretest and posttest survey (administered five-weeks later) and six-month follow-up (after the immediate posttest). RESULTS: At immediate posttest, Project EX significantly reduced future nicotine dependence scores (mFTQ; p<.001), and increased intention to quit smoking (p<.001), and led to a higher previous day (prior to assessment) quit rate (p<.03). At the six-month follow-up, the percentage of quitters in the program group was 14.28%, whereas no smokers quit smoking in the control group (p<.04), and Project EX had a significant influence on future smoking expectation (p=.006) and overall level of 30-day smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Results for the Project EX school-based clinic are promising for adolescent smokers in Spain, although difficulties in recruitment and high attrition are of concern. Findings and limitations are discussed and suggestions for future research are suggested.

Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of school substance abuse prevention programs in Spain / Meta-análisis de la eficacia de los programas de prevención escolares del abuso de sustancias en España

BACKGROUND: There has been an increase in adolescent substance use that has led to the development and implementation of prevention programs. New evidence is needed in order to improve them and optimize the resources. The aim of this paper is to use a meta-analysis to analyze the effectiveness of school drug prevention programs in Spain. METHOD: Twenty-one studies that evaluated drug abuse prevention programs in schools, were published between 2002 and 2013, and that met the selection criteria were identified. RESULTS: Preventive program effectiveness was low (d= 0.16), although it was higher at the follow-up (d= 0.30). The programs were most effective in changing attitudes (d= 0.44) towards drugs. The models of health education (d= 0.48) and social learning (d= 0.20) were also very effective, especially in combination with oral, written, and audiovisual support material (d= 0.21) and the implementation of joint programs by health education professionals and faculty members (d= 0.25). CONCLUSIONS: Is possible to determine the need for more rigorous evaluations of interventions to establish useful programs

ANTECEDENTES: en los últimos años se ha producido un aumento del consumo de sustancias en población adolescente. Es necesario contar con nuevas evidencias sobre programas que funcionan y mejorar aquellos que se están realizando con el fin de optimizar los recursos. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la eficacia de los programas escolares de prevención de drogas en España mediante un meta-análisis. MÉTODO: se identificaron 21 estudios publicados entre 2002 y 2013 que cumplieron los criterios de selección y que evaluaban programas de prevención del abuso de drogas en el ámbito escolar en España. RESULTADOS: la eficacia preventiva de los programas fue baja (d= 0.16), aunque era mayor en las medidas de seguimiento (d= 0.30). Los programas resultaron más eficaces en la modificación de las actitudes hacia las drogas (d= 0.44). Los modelos de educación para la salud (d= 0.48) y aprendizaje social (d= 0.20) resultaron más eficaces, junto con la combinación de soporte oral, escrito y audiovisual del material (d= 0.21) y la implementación de los programas por profesionales y profesorado conjuntamente (d= 0.25). CONCLUSIONES: A partir de los resultados es posible determinar la necesidad de evaluaciones más rigorosas de las intervenciones

Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of school substance abuse prevention programs in Spain.

BACKGROUND: There has been an increase in adolescent substance use that has led to the development and implementation of prevention programs. New evidence is needed in order to improve them and optimize the resources. The aim of this paper is to use a meta-analysis to analyze the effectiveness of school drug prevention programs in Spain. METHOD: Twenty-one studies that evaluated drug abuse prevention programs in schools, were published between 2002 and 2013, and that met the selection criteria were identified. RESULTS: Preventive program effectiveness was low ( d = 0.16), although it was higher at the follow-up ( d = 0.30). The programs were most effective in changing attitudes ( d = 0.44) towards drugs. The models of health education ( d = 0.48) and social learning ( d = 0.20) were also very effective, especially in combination with oral, written, and audiovisual support material ( d = 0.21) and the implementation of joint programs by health education professionals and faculty members ( d = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS: Is possible to determine the need for more rigorous evaluations of interventions to establish useful programs.

Predicting alcohol-impaired driving among Spanish youth with the theory of reasoned action

Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for motor vehicle accidents in young drivers. Crashes associated with alcohol consumption typically have greater severity. This study examines the prevalence of driving under the influence among Spanish youth and tests the theory of reasoned action as a model for predicting driving under the influence. Participants included 478 Spanish university students aged 17-26 years. Findings indicated that alcohol was the substance most associated with impaired driving, and was involved in more traffic crashes. Men engage in higher levels of alcohol and other drug use, and perceived less risk in drunk driving (p < .01). The study confirms that alcohol use and driving under the influence of alcohol are highly prevalent in Spanish young people, and some gender differences exist in these behaviors (p < .01). Furthermore, the study confirms the validity of theory of reasoned action as a predictive model of driving under the influence of alcohol among youth in Spain (p < .001) and can help in the design of prevention programs (AU)

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