Analysis of Neoclassical Facial Canons for Brazilian White Young Adults and Comparison With North American Caucasian Population.

An indirect anthropometric study was conducted to find out whether neoclassical facial canons could be applied to the population of Brazilian white young adults. The study was based on standardized facial photographs of 689 women and 666 men aged 30 years ± 6 months. The findings were compared to those observed for the North American Caucasian population. The frequency of 5 canons was assessed: facial thirds; interorbital width; nose and eye widths; mouth and nose widths; and face and nose widths. The assessed population showed the following ratios: tr-n > n-sn (96.01%), n-sn < sn-gn (95.90%), tr-n = sn-gn (42.06%), en-en < al-al (58.08%), en-en < ec-en (59.92%), ch-ch = 1½ al-al (52.61%), and al-al = 1/4 zy-zy (56.67%). When compared to North American Caucasians, only tr-n/n-sn and n-sn/sn-gn were identical. In conclusion, neoclassical facial canons cannot be applied to the Brazilian population, but they could serve as parameters for application in clinical practice and in forensic sciences.

Applicability of a pre-established set of facial proportions from frontal photographs in forensic age estimation of a Brazilian population.

Child pornography on the internet is one of the crimes with highest increasing incidence worldwide. In this specific type of crime, the victim's age has important legal implications. To overcome the lack of scientifically established protocols, European researchers explored and proposed a set of facial proportions obtained from images to estimate age. Within a validation scope, the present study aimed to test the applicability of morphological proportions from frontal photographs of the face to estimate age in a Brazilian population. Standardized frontal view photographs from 800 Brazilians (400 females and 400 males) homogeneously distributed in 4 age groups (6, 10, 14 and 18 years ± 30 days) were randomly selected from a Civilian Database of the Brazilian Federal Police. The selected images were analyzed with the aid of cephalometric landmarks. After landmarking the photographs, eighteen metric relations pre-established by Cattaneo et al. (C. Cattaneo, Z. Obertová, M. Ratnayake, L. Marasciuolo, J. Tutkuviene, P. Poppa, D. Gibelli, P. Gabriel, S. Ritz-Timme, Can facial proportions taken from images be of use for ageing in cases of suspected child pornography? A pilot study, Int. J. Leg. Med. 126 2012 139-144) were assessed and analyzed through parametric statistical tests and discriminant analysis. Two indexes had a moderate correlation with age, while ten had a weak correlation and six were not correlated with age. Eleven indexes were statistically different between sexes (p < 0.05). The discriminant analysis showed that 49.6% of the pooled sample was correctly classified into the respective age group. This percentage increased when each sex was analyzed separately: 50.2% for females and 53.5% for males. The set of facial proportions from frontal images proposed by Cattaneo et al. (2012) is related to facial development. As expected, the discriminant power of this approach did not reach optimal effectiveness in the Brazilian sample. In practice, this age estimation method must be adapted for more reliable application in Brazilians.

Can dental anesthesia lead to death? Crime investigation report / Anestesia odontológica pode levar à morte? Relato de investigação criminal

Emergency situations that may lead to the death of an individual, even when there is no cause directly related to the treatment, occur with certain frequency in dental offices. The purpose of this study was to report a case that involved an inquiry and police investigation related to the death of a female patient after the injection of two ampoules of 2% lidocaine anesthetic for dental treatment. The patient died despite assistance given by the professional and by SAMU (Urgent Mobile Medical Service). The legal authorities inquired into the possibility that the amount of anesthetic may have caused the patient's death. However, it was proven that the amount of anesthesia was adequate, and the recommendation of the Public Prosecutor's Office was for closure of the case because of lack of evidence justifying occurrence of the crime

Situações de emergência que podem levar à morte de um indivíduo, mesmo quando não há causa diretamente relacionada ao tratamento, ocorrem com certa frequência nos consultórios odontológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso que envolveu uma investigação e um inquérito policial relacionada à morte de uma paciente do sexo feminino após a injeção de duas ampolas do anestésico lidocaína a 2% para a realização de tratamento odontológico. A paciente faleceu apesar da assistência prestada pelo profissional e pelo SAMU (Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência). As autoridades investigaram a possibilidade de que a quantidade de anestésico poderia ter causado a morte do paciente. No entanto, foi comprovado que a quantidade de anestesia era adequada e a recomendação do Ministério Público foi de encerramento do caso devido à falta de evidências que justificassem a ocorrência do crime

Photoanthropometry of the Face in the Young White Brazilian Population.

The aim of the present study is to describe the simplified facial pattern of young Brazilian men and women using the facial index (FI), upper face index (UFI), and nasal index (NI) in indirect anthropometric measurements applied to frontal photographic images. The images were obtained from 660 adult white men and 689 adult white women aged 30 years ± 6 months, and classified according to regions of birth, as follows: south (S), southeast (SE), midwest (MW), northeast (NE), and north (N). The nasion, zygion, gnathion, stomion, subnasale, and alare landmarks were labeled on the images using the SAFF 2D® software. Based on the coordinates, the linear distances between the landmarks of interest were calculated and presented as indices. The analysis of variance and Student's t-test were used for assessing the regions of birth and gender, respectively. The collected data allowed obtaining the facial profile of the young adult Brazilian population. There were differences in the facial profiles between men and women and also between some regions, especially between the N and the other Brazilian regions (p<0.05). The UFI did not show a statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between genders for any of the regions. The discriminant analysis for gender assessment demonstrated higher accuracy when the three indices were analyzed together. In the decision tree for gender assessment, the NI showed better results than the other indices.

Photoanthropometry of the face in the young white brazilian population

Abstract The aim of the present study is to describe the simplified facial pattern of young Brazilian men and women using the facial index (FI), upper face index (UFI), and nasal index (NI) in indirect anthropometric measurements applied to frontal photographic images. The images were obtained from 660 adult white men and 689 adult white women aged 30 years ± 6 months, and classified according to regions of birth, as follows: south (S), southeast (SE), midwest (MW), northeast (NE), and north (N). The nasion, zygion, gnathion, stomion, subnasale, and alare landmarks were labeled on the images using the SAFF 2D® software. Based on the coordinates, the linear distances between the landmarks of interest were calculated and presented as indices. The analysis of variance and Student's t-test were used for assessing the regions of birth and gender, respectively. The collected data allowed obtaining the facial profile of the young adult Brazilian population. There were differences in the facial profiles between men and women and also between some regions, especially between the N and the other Brazilian regions (p<0.05). The UFI did not show a statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between genders for any of the regions. The discriminant analysis for gender assessment demonstrated higher accuracy when the three indices were analyzed together. In the decision tree for gender assessment, the NI showed better results than the other indices.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo é verificar o padrão facial simplificado a partir dos índices facial (IF), da face superior (IFS) e nasal (IN) de homens e mulheres jovens brasileiros a partir da antropometria indireta aplicada em imagens fotográficas em norma frontal. Foram utilizadas imagens de adultos brancos de 30 anos (± 6 meses), sendo 689 do gênero feminino e 660 do masculino, divididos pela região de nascimento, sendo Sul, Sudeste, Centro-oeste, Nordeste e Norte. Os pontos: násio, zígio, gnátio, estômio, subnasal e alar foram marcados nas imagens por meio do software SAFF 2D®. A partir das coordenadas geradas em pixels, foram calculadas as distâncias lineares entre os pontos de interesse, que foram transformadas em índices. Os índices foram analisados estatisticamente de acordo com a região do nascimento pela análise de variância e o gênero pelo teste t de Student. Com os dados foi possível traçar o perfil simplificado da face da população brasileira de adultos jovens por meio da fotoantropometria. Foram observadas diferenças no perfil facial entre os gêneros e também entre algumas regiões, com maior frequência entre a região N e as demais partes do país (p<0,05). Quando separados por regiões do país, o IFS não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0,05) entre os gêneros para nenhuma região. A análise discriminante para estimativa de gênero mostra que melhores taxas de acerto são alcançadas quando considerados os três índices em conjunto. Para a árvore de decisão de estimativa de gênero, o IN desempenhou os melhores resultados, quando comparado aos demais índices analisados.

Dental Management Survey Brazil (DMS-BR): creation and validation of a management instrument

Questionnaires for the assessment of knowledge and self-perception can be useful to diagnose what a dentist knows about management and administration. The aim of the present study was to create and validate the Dental Management Survey Brazil (DMS-BR) scale, based on meetings with experts in the field. After having elaborated the first version, 10 audits were performed in dental offices in order to produce the final version, which included nine dimensions: location, patient, finance, marketing, competition, quality, staff, career, and productivity. The accuracy of the instrument was measured by intrarater and interrater reliability. In the validation phase, 247 Brazilian dentists answered a web-based questionnaire. The data were processed using Stata 13.0 and the significance level was set at 95%. The instrument had intrarater and interrater reliability (ICC-0.93 and 0.94). The overall average of respondents for the DMS-BR scale was 3.77 (SD = 0.45). Skewness and kurtosis were below absolute values 3 and 7, respectively. Internal validity measured by Cronbach's alpha was 0.925 and the correlation of each dimension with the final result of the DMS-BR ranged between 0.606 and 0.810. Correlation with the job satisfaction scale was 0.661. The SEM data ranged between 0.80 and 0.56. The questionnaire presented satisfactory indicators of dentists' self-perception about management and administration activities.

Dental Management Survey Brazil (DMS-BR): creation and validation of a management instrument

Abstract Questionnaires for the assessment of knowledge and self-perception can be useful to diagnose what a dentist knows about management and administration. The aim of the present study was to create and validate the Dental Management Survey Brazil (DMS-BR) scale, based on meetings with experts in the field. After having elaborated the first version, 10 audits were performed in dental offices in order to produce the final version, which included nine dimensions: location, patient, finance, marketing, competition, quality, staff, career, and productivity. The accuracy of the instrument was measured by intrarater and interrater reliability. In the validation phase, 247 Brazilian dentists answered a web-based questionnaire. The data were processed using Stata 13.0 and the significance level was set at 95%. The instrument had intrarater and interrater reliability (ICC-0.93 and 0.94). The overall average of respondents for the DMS-BR scale was 3.77 (SD = 0.45). Skewness and kurtosis were below absolute values 3 and 7, respectively. Internal validity measured by Cronbach’s alpha was 0.925 and the correlation of each dimension with the final result of the DMS-BR ranged between 0.606 and 0.810. Correlation with the job satisfaction scale was 0.661. The SEM data ranged between 0.80 and 0.56. The questionnaire presented satisfactory indicators of dentists’ self-perception about management and administration activities.

Estereotipos de género y violencia en la Unidad Educativa República de Cuba, La Paz Bolivia

El presente estudio se desarrolló en la escuela "República de Cuba" de la ciudad de La Paz, trabajando a lo largo de diez semanas con niños de tercero y cuarto de primaria, bajo la modalidad de investigación cualitativa, haciendo uso de técnicas de recolección de datos como: observación no participante y participante, asociación libre de palabras, PhotoVoice y grupos focales, los cuales permitieron explorar los principales estereotipos sobre género en la violencia entre los estudiantes, las atribuciones que les asignaron y las valoraciones que estipularon para "mujeres" y para "varones". Los resultados obtenidos mostraron la presencia de estereotipos en los estudiantes de ambos sexos, calificándose al varón de "agresor", mientras que a la mujer de "victima"; dichos estereotipos fueron relacionados por los mismos estudiantes a la violencia física y violencia psicológica, haciendo énfasis en la primera. Es así, que se evidenció la existencia de estereotipos de género en la violencia experimentada y percibida por los mismos estudiantes.

The present study is carried out in the "Republic of Cuba" school of the city La Paz, working during ten weeks with third and fourth elementary school children, under qualitative research modality, using techniques of data collection such as:non participant observation and participant, free word association, PhotoVoice and focus groups, which allowed to explore the main gender stereotypes in violence among students, the attributions they assigned and the assessments they stipulated for "women" and for "Males". The results obtained show marked stereotypes in students of both sexes, calling the male an "aggressor", while the woman "victim"; these stereotypes were related by the students themselves to physical violence and psychological violence, with emphasis on the first one. Thus, it was evident the existence of gender stereotypes in the violence experienced and perceived by the students themselves.

Este estudotem lugar na escola "República de Cuba", nacidade de La Paz, trabalhando mais de dez semanas, com crianças na terceira e quarta série, na forma de pesquisa qualitativa, e usando técnicas de coleta de dados, tais como: observaçãonão participante e participante associaçãolivre de palavras, PhotoVoice e grupos focais, cualespermiten explorar as principais estereótipos de género na violência estudantes, os poderes atribuídos avaliações e estipulando para "mulheres" e "homens"; resultados obtenidos muestran marcada estereótipos sobre os estudantes de ambos os sexos, masculino chamando o "agressor" enquanto a mulher "vítima"; esses estereótipos estão relacionados pelos própriosalunos a violência física e violência psicológica, enfatizando o primeiro. Assim, é evidente a existência de estereotipos violência de gênero vivida e percebida pelos próprios alunos.

Perfil e expectativas dos ingressantes da Faculdade de Odontologia da USP: uma visão integrada com as diretrizes curriculares nacionais e o sistema único de saúde / Profile and expectations of the new dentistry students at University of São Paulo: an integrated vision with the National Curriculum Guidelines and the National Health System

A Universidade apresenta um importante papel na formação de um profissional capaz de atender às demandas da população, buscando a relevância social. As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais trouxeram para a Odontologia a flexibilização do currículo, permitindo que cada instituição de ensino formulasse sua proposta pedagógica para abranger e se adequar à realidade social local. Dessa forma, são necessários novos perfis de profissionais com condições de responder às necessidades de saúde da população de acordo com os princípios e diretrizes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Para isso, a formação do cirurgião-dentista deve resgatar o caráter coletivo da prática odontológica, graduando um profissional apto a interferir na realidade do indivíduo e do território. O estudo objetiva verificar as expectativas e motivações dos estudantes ingressantes na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo no ano de 2013 em relação ao curso e ao mercado de trabalho no contexto das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais e integração com o SUS. Foi aplicado um questionário aos ingressantes no primeiro semestre de 2013 e os dados foram tabulados no software Microsoft Excel. Os resultados revelaram que 46% dos ingressantes já entram na faculdade objetivando uma especialidade, 76,59% dos ingressantes almejam um bom retorno financeiro, ao passo que 53,19% desejam ter seu próprio consultório ou trabalhar como autônomo. Concluímos que diante do perfil de trabalho autônomo, privado e altamente especializado, a academia tem um grande desafio de desconstruir o imaginário trazido pelo ingressante, a fim de que este possa estar apto a trabalhar de forma adequada no SUS (AU).

The National Curriculum Guidelines brought Dentistry a flexible curriculum, allowing each educational institution formulate its own pedagogical proposal to cover and fit the local social reality. The University has an important role in the formation of a professional able to meet the demands of the population, seeking social relevance of the professional act. New professional profiles are needed, who are capable of meeting the health needs of the population, according to the principles and guidelines of UHS. For reach this aim, the vocational training of dental surgeons must rescue the collective character of dentistry practice, initiating the formation of a professional capable of interfere in the reality of the individual and the territory. The study aims to verify the new Dentistry students' expectations and motivations about the course and the labor market, including in the context of the National Curriculum Guidelines and integration with the Unified Health System. A questionnaire was applied to the new students of Dentistry in the first half of 2013 and the data were tabulated using Microsoft Excel software. The data revealed that 46% of freshmen enter college already aiming a specialty, 76.59% of freshmen crave a good financial return, while 53.19% wish to have their own office. We conclude that faced with the autonomous, private and highly specialized job profile, the Academy has a great challenge to deconstruct the imagery brought by the entrants, so that they can be able to work properly in the UHS (AU).

Dental Management Survey Brazil (DMS-BR): criação e validação de um instrumento de gestão para odontologia e sua relação com a satisfação profissional / Dental Management Survey Brazil (DMS-BR): creation and validation of a management instrument for Dentistry and the relationship with the job satisfaction

As dimensões que abrangem a satisfação no trabalho, a qual tem impactos na qualidade de vida e saúde física e mental do trabalhador, podem interceptar aspectos de gestão. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi criar e validar a escala Dental Management Survey Brazil (DMS-BR) e descobrir possíveis relações com a satisfação profissional a partir da escala Dentist Satisfaction Survey (DSS), já validada para a língua portuguesa. A pesquisa foi aprovada no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da FOUSP. A criação do instrumento DMS-BR envolveu uma pesquisa na literatura sobre gestão de serviços odontológicos. Depois de criada a primeira versão, foram realizadas 10 auditorias em consultórios odontológicos particulares da Grande São Paulo para verificação da aplicabilidade do instrumento. Nesta etapa, o instrumento foi modificado até chegar em sua versão final, cuja composição consiste em 9 dimensões: ponto, paciente, financeiro, marketing, concorrência, qualidade, equipe, carreira e produtividade. A acurácia do instrumento foi medida por meio da diferença estatística das respostas de 9 profissionais, que responderam o questionário em um intervalo de 30 dias. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significantes entre os dois momentos, garantindo a acurácia do instrumento. Na fase de validação do instrumento, 247 cirurgiões-dentistas, sendo a grande maioria de São Paulo, responderam o questionário on-line, juntamente com a escala DSS de satisfação profissional.

Os resultados mostram que o instrumento possui boa confiança externa e validade interna (Alpha de Cronbach= 0,925) e está validado. A média geral dos respondentes foi de 3,77 (DP= 0,45), sendo 4,23 (DP= 0,54) para a dimensão ponto; 4,10 (DP= 0,47) para a dimensão qualidade; 4,02 (DP= 0,56) para a dimensão equipe; 3,87 (DP= 0,64) para a dimensão carreira; 3,85 (DP= 0,53) para a dimensão paciente; 3,73 (DP= 0,64) para a dimensão produtividade; 3,68 (DP= 0,62) para a dimensão concorrência; 3,47 (DP= 0,72) para a dimensão financeiro; e 3,10 (DP= 0,71) para a dimensão marketing. Observa-se que os indicadores críticos da gestão na Odontologia foram correspondentes às dimensões ponto, qualidade e equipe. A satisfação profissional da amostra mostrou-se neutra, com média de 3,43 (DP=0,53). Os constructos da escala DMS-BR mostraram-se capazes de impactar a satisfação profissional da amostra estudada, sendo que as dimensões que mais influenciaram a satisfação profissional foram produtividade, financeiro e paciente. Assim, conclui-se que a gestão no âmbito da odontologia pode impactar a satisfação com a atividade laboral.

Many dimensions that reach the job satisfaction, which have impacts on quality of life and physical and mental health worker, become many times by scope of management. So, the objective of this study was create and validate the Dental Management Survey Brazil (DMS-BR) scale and discover possible relations with the job satisfaction using Dentist Satisfaction Survey (DSS) scale, already validated to Portuguese language. The research was approved in the Ethics in Research Committee of FOUSP. The process of creation of the DMS-BR involved a research in literature about management of Dentistry services. After created the first version were performed 10 audits in private dental offices of Grande São Paulo for the verification of the applicability of the instrument. In this stage, the instrument was modified until arrives at its final version, whose the composition consists in 9 dimensions: place, patient, marketing, financial, rivalry, quality, team, career and productivity. To verify the accuracy, the questionnaire was answered by 9 professionals in a interval of 30 days and the answers did not show statistical differences. For the validation process of the instrument, 247 dental surgeons, being the majority of São Paulo, answered the on-line questionnaire, together with the DSS scale about job satisfaction. The results showed that the instrument has good external confidence and internal valiance (Alpha de Cronbach= 0,925) and it is validated.

The overall average of respondents was 3,77 (DP= 0,45), being 4,23 (DP= 0,54) to the place dimension; 4,10 (DP= 0,47) to the quality dimension; 4,02 (DP= 0,56) to the team dimension; 3,87 (DP= 0,64) to the career dimension; 3,85 (DP= 0,53) to the patient dimension; 3,73 (DP= 0,64) to the productivity dimension; 3,68 (DP= 0,62) to the rivalry dimension; 3,47 (DP= 0,72) to the financial dimension; and 3,10 (DP= 0,71) to the marketing dimension. It was observed that the critic indicators of management in Dentistry were correspondents to the place, quality and team dimensions. The job satisfaction of the sample was neutral, averaging 3,43 (DP=0,53). The scale constructs DMS-BR demonstrate capable to impact the job satisfaction of the studied sample, and the most influent dimensions of the job satisfaction were the productivity, financial and patient. By this findings, it is possible to conclude that management applied to Dentistry can be associated with the job satisfaction.

Síndrome de rubéola congénita en diecisiete hospitales del Perú, 1998-2000 / Congenital rubella syndrome prevalence at seventeen peruvian hospitals, 1998-2000

Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de casos de síndrome de rubéola congénita (SRC) en Hospitales Nacionales e Institutos Especializados del Perú. Diseño: Transversal, descriptivo. Material y Métodos: Se revisó historias clínicas de niños hospitalizados entre enero de 1998 y junio de 2000 en 17 hospitales ubicados en 7 departamentos del Perú, niños que presentaron cuando menos alguno de los siguientes diagnósticos: catarata o glaucoma congénitos, retinitis pigmentosa, malformación cardíaca congénita o sordera neurosensorial. Resultados: De 91 102 diagnósticos de egresos hospitalarios en niños menores de 12 años, 361 cumplían con los criterios de inclusión para el estudio; de ellos, 187 (51,8 por ciento) tuvieron sospecha de síndrome de rubéola congénita (SRC), 35 (9,7 por ciento) fueron casos probables y 5 (1,4 por ciento) confirmados. Las principales manifestaciones clínicas fueron cardiovasculares (93,6 por ciento), del sistema nervioso central (29,6 por ciento) y oculares (18,6 por ciento); 11 por ciento de los niños tuvo más de una manifestación clínica. Conclusión: Existe evidencia de niños con SRC que han sido hospitalizados en 17 hospitales en el Perú.