Relación del machismo con la aceptación de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en hombres adultos / Machismo relationship with type 2 diabetes mellitus acceptance among adult men / Relação do machismo com a aceitação do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em homens adultos

RESUMEN Introducción La aceptación de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 contribuye al apego del tratamiento y al control de la enfermedad. Pero se ha reportado que los hombres tienen menor aceptación al diagnóstico de este padecimiento. En los hombres mexicanos la no aceptación puede estar relacionada con el machismo. Objetivo Identificar la relación del machismo con la aceptación de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Metodología Se realizó un estudio transversal y correlacional. La población de interés fue de hombres con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 entre 20 y 59 años de edad registrados en centros de atención primaria del área metropolitana de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. Se obtuvo una muestra de 121 participantes a través de un muestreo por conveniencia. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Inventario de Conformidad de las Normas Masculinas y la Escala Aceptación en DMT2. Para el análisis estadístico se empleó el programa SPSS versión 25; se realizó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados Los resultados señalan que los hombres con percepción de mayor machismo, jornadas laborales extensas y consumo elevado de cigarrillos aceptan menos el diagnóstico y la enfermedad de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Para las subdimensiones del machismo, la homofobia fue el mejor predictor de la aceptación o no de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Conclusiones El profesional de salud debe desarrollar programas para la aceptación de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en hombres de reciente diagnóstico que contribuyan a aceptar su enfermedad, y así, permitan mejorar el autocuidado, control glucémico y prevención de complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction Accepting a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus contributes to the adher- ence to the treatment and control of the illness; however, it has been reported that men tend to have a lower acceptance of this diagnosis. Among Mexican men, in particular, this low acceptance could be related to their machismo. Objective To identify the relationship of machismo with the acceptance of a type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis. Methodology This is a transversal and correlational study. The population of interest were Mexican men diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus between 20 and 59 years registered in centers of primary attention in the city of Monterrey, Mexico. The sample was constituted of 121 participants chosen by convenience. The instruments used were the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory and the Acceptance Scale for DM2. The statistical analysis and the multiple linear regression model were carried out using SPSS v25. Results Findings suggest that men who show machismo, who have long labor shifts, and who consume large quantities of cigarettes tend not to accept a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Regarding the subdimensions of the machismo construct, homophobia was the best predictor of accepting or not a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusions Healthcare professionals should develop programs aimed at improving the acceptance attitude of a type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis among men, including those with machismo, in order to better manage self-care, glucose control, and also prevent complications.

RESUMO Introdução A aceitação do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 contribui para a adesão ao tratamento e controle da doença. Mas, tem sido relatado que os homens têm menos aceitação do diagnóstico desta doença. Nos homens mexicanos, a não aceitação pode estar relacionada ao machismo. Objetivo Identificar a relação do machismo com a aceitação do diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Metodologia Foi realizado um estudo transversal e correlacional. A população de interesse foram homens com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 entre 20 e 59 anos registrados em centros de atenção primária na área metropolitana de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. Foi obtida uma amostra de 121 participantes por amostragem de conveniência. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Inventário de Conformidade com Normas Masculinas e a Escala de Aceitação DMT2. Para a análise estatística utilizou-se o programa SPSS versão 25; um modelo de regressão linear múltipla foi realizado. Resultados Os resultados indicam que homens com percepção de maior machismo, longas jornadas de trabalho e alto consumo de cigarro aceitam menos o diagnóstico e a doença de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Para as subdimensões do machismo, a homofobia foi o melhor preditor de aceitação ou não de diabetes melito tipo 2. Conclusões O profissional de saúde deve desenvolver programas de aceitação da diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em homens recém-diagnosticados que contribuam para a aceitação da sua doença e, assim, permitam melhorar o autocuidado, o controlo glicémico e a prevenção de complicações.

Use of a dissolved oxygen microsensor for assessing the viability and thickness of microbial biofilm on root surfaces.

AIM: To evaluate the use of a dissolved oxygen microsensor (DOMS) for assessing the viability and thickness of microbial biofilms on the apical external surface of contaminated human tooth roots. METHODOLOGY: Apical biofilm formation was evaluated in 15 roots contaminated in vitro with a polymicrobial mixture of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans for 7, 21 and 60 days and in three freshly extracted roots with associated radiographically visible periapical lesions. In each root, the thickness and viability (measured by the amount of dissolved oxygen) of biofilm formed on the apical 2 mm were examined with the DOMS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used as an auxiliary analysis to confirm the existence of the biofilms detected by the DOMS. RESULTS: The DOMS detected dissolved oxygen on the biofilms formed on the three residual roots up to thickness of 375 µm, 480 µm and 1650 µm. In the 15 roots contaminated in vitro, the DOMS detected dissolved oxygen in six specimens up to thicknesses from 75 to 250 µm, and the intensity of the metabolic activity (biofilm thickness) was directly proportional to the contamination time. SEM confirmed the presence of biofilm in all roots. CONCLUSION: The dissolved oxygen microsensor allowed the measurement of the amount of dissolved oxygen in the biofilm, which is indicative of the intensity of the microbial metabolic activity (viability), correlating the results with biofilm thickness. The DOMS was effective in freshly extracted roots, but had limitations in roots contaminated in vitro after short periods (7 and 21 days) of contamination.

The use of microsensors to study the role of the loading rate and surface velocity on the growth and the composition of nitrifying biofilms.

The good composition and activity of biofilms are very important for successful operation and control of fixed-film biological reactors employed in liquid effluents treatment. During the last decade, microsensors have been applied to study microbial ecology. These sensors could provide information regarding the microbial activity concerning nitrification and denitrification that occur inside biofilms. Other techniques of molecular biology, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), have also contributed to this matter because their application aids in the identification of the bacterial populations that compose the biofilms. The focus of this paper was to study the loading rate and surface velocity to promote the development of nitrifying biofilms in three distinct flow cells that were employed in the post treatment of a synthetic wastewater simulating the effluent from a UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor. Using the FISH technique, it was found that the population of ammonia-oxidizing-bacteria was greater than that of nitrite-oxidizing-bacteria; this was also supported by the lower production of nitrate determined by physicochemical and microsensor analyses. It was verified that the loading rate and surface velocity that promoted the greatest nitrogen removal were 0.25 g N-amon m(-2)biofilm day(-1) and 1 m h(-1), respectively.

Elderly Mexican women's perceptions of exercise and conflicting role responsibilities.

The purpose of this pilot study was to explore elderly Mexican women's readiness to exercise, and their multiple roles. Fifty older women were sampled from two separate neighborhoods of low socio-economic status. Readiness to exercise was examined using the Stages of Change - Exercise instrument with six categories: precontemplation nonbelievers, precontemplation believers, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Time devoted to the following functional roles was explored: wife, household, grandmother, personal care, and recreational. Women fell mainly under the first three stages of change both, precontemplation nonbelievers and believers, and the contemplation stage. The stages of change scale and role commitments were not significantly related. Nevertheless, precontemplators devoted less time in all the roles than the women in the other categories of stage of change.