Caso: No ingreso en UCI como limitación de soporte vital / Case: No admission to the ICU as a limitation of life support

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Noninvasive mechanical ventilation with average volume assured pressure support (AVAPS) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypercapnic encephalopathy.

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) in patients with acute respiratory failure has been traditionally determined based on clinical assessment and changes in blood gases, with NIV support pressures manually adjusted by an operator. Bilevel positive airway pressure-spontaneous/timed (BiPAP S/T) with average volume assured pressure support (AVAPS) uses a fixed tidal volume that automatically adjusts to a patient's needs. Our study assessed the use of BiPAP S/T with AVAPS in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and hypercapnic encephalopathy as compared to BiPAP S/T alone, upon immediate arrival in the Emergency-ICU. METHODS: We carried out a prospective interventional match-controlled study in Guayaquil, Ecuador. A total of 22 patients were analyzed. Eleven with COPD exacerbations and hypercapnic encephalopathy with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) <10 and a pH of 7.25-7.35 were assigned to receive NIV via BiPAP S/T with AVAPS. Eleven patients were selected as paired controls for the initial group by physicians who were unfamiliar with our study, and these patients were administered BiPAP S/T. Arterial blood gases, GCS, vital signs, and ventilatory parameters were then measured and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: We observed statistically significant differences in favor of the BiPAP S/T + AVAPS group in GCS (P = .00001), pCO(2) (P = .03) and maximum inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) (P = .005), among others. However, no significant differences in terms of length of stay or days on NIV were observed. CONCLUSIONS: BiPAP S/T with AVAPS facilitates rapid recovery of consciousness when compared to traditional BiPAP S/T in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypercapnic encephalopathy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials application ref is ISRCTN05135218.

Noninvasive ventilation in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure caused by obesity hypoventilation syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

RATIONALE: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is widely used in episodes of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there is no evidence on the efficacy of NIV during similar episodes in obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of NIV in episodes of AHRF caused by OHS and COPD. METHODS: We prospectively assessed 716 consecutive patients (173 with OHS and 543 with COPD) with AHRF (arterial pH < 7.35 and Pa(CO(2)) > 45 mm Hg) treated with a similar protocol of NIV. We defined successful NIV as avoidance of intubation and intensive care unit survival at least 24 hours in the ward. Hospital survivors were followed for 1 year to assess hospital readmission and survival. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Both groups had similar (mean ± SD) baseline respiratory acidosis (arterial pH, 7.22 ± 0.08; Pa(CO(2)), 86 ± 21 mm Hg). Patients with OHS were older (74 ± 11 vs. 71 ± 10 yr; P < 0.001); were more frequently female (134, 77% vs. 66, 12%; P < 0.001); had less late NIV failure (12, 7% vs. 67, 13%; P = 0.037); had lower hospital mortality (10, 6% vs. 96, 18%; P < 0.001); and had higher 1-year survival (odds ratio, 1.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-2.69; P = 0.002). However, survival adjusted for confounders (adjusted odds ratio, 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-2.83; P = 0.34), NIV failure (11, 6% vs. 59, 11%; P = 0.11), length of stay, and hospital readmission were similar in both groups. Among patients with COPD, obesity was associated with less late NIV failure and hospital readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with OHS can be treated with NIV during an episode of AHRF with similar efficacy and better outcomes than patients with COPD.

Non-invasive ventilation in community-acquired pneumonia and severe acute respiratory failure.

PURPOSE: The use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in severe acute respiratory failure (ARF) due to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is controversial, and the risk factors for NIV failure in these patients are not well known. We assessed the characteristics and predictors of outcome of patients with CAP and severe ARF treated with NIV. METHODS: We prospectively assessed 184 consecutive patients; 102 had "de novo" ARF, and 82 previous cardiac or respiratory disease. We defined successful NIV as avoidance of intubation and intensive care unit (ICU) survival at least 24 h in the ward. We assessed predictors of NIV failure and hospital mortality in multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Patients with "de novo" ARF failed NIV more frequently than patients with previous cardiac or respiratory disease (47, 46% versus 21, 26%, p = 0.007). Worsening radiologic infiltrate 24 h after admission, maximum Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and, after 1 h of NIV, higher heart rate and lower PaO(2)/FiO(2) and bicarbonate independently predicted NIV failure. Likewise, maximum SOFA, NIV failure and older age independently predicted hospital mortality. Among intubated patients with "de novo" ARF, NIV duration was shorter in hospital survivors than non-survivors (32 ± 24 versus 78 ± 65 h, p = 0.014). In this group, longer duration of NIV before intubation was associated with decreased hospital survival (adjusted odds ratio 0.978, 95% confidence interval 0.962-0.995, p = 0.012). This association was not observed in patients with previous cardiac or respiratory disease. CONCLUSIONS: Successful NIV was strongly associated with better survival. If predictors for NIV failure are present, avoiding delayed intubation of patients with "de novo" ARF would potentially minimise mortality.

A risk tertiles model for predicting mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: age, plateau pressure, and P(aO(2))/F(IO(2)) at ARDS onset can predict mortality.

BACKGROUND: Predicting mortality has become a necessary step for selecting patients for clinical trials and defining outcomes. We examined whether stratification by tertiles of respiratory and ventilatory variables at the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) identifies patients with different risks of death in the intensive care unit. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of data from 220 patients included in 2 multicenter prospective independent trials of ARDS patients mechanically ventilated with a lung-protective strategy. Using demographic, pulmonary, and ventilation data collected at ARDS onset, we derived and validated a simple prediction model based on a population-based stratification of variable values into low, middle, and high tertiles. The derivation cohort included 170 patients (all from one trial) and the validation cohort included 50 patients (all from a second trial). RESULTS: Tertile distribution for age, plateau airway pressure (P(plat)), and P(aO(2))/F(IO(2)) at ARDS onset identified subgroups with different mortalities, particularly for the highest-risk tertiles: age (> 62 years), P(plat) (> 29 cm H(2)O), and P(aO(2))/F(IO(2)) (< 112 mm Hg). Risk was defined by the number of coexisting high-risk tertiles: patients with no high-risk tertiles had a mortality of 12%, whereas patients with 3 high-risk tertiles had 90% mortality (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: A prediction model based on tertiles of patient age, P(plat), and P(aO(2))/F(IO(2)) at the time the patient meets ARDS criteria identifies patients with the lowest and highest risk of intensive care unit death.

[Use of non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Multicenter study in intensive care units]. / Utilización de la ventilación no invasiva en la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda. Estudio multicéntrico en unidades de cuidados intensivos.

OBJECTIVES: Study the use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in patients with acute respiratory failure in intensive care units (ICUs) in Spain. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 254 ICUs, after which, they were invited to participate in a multicenter, retrospective study, providing detailed information on ventilated patients. RESULTS: Answers were received from 123 hospitals. Of these, 119 used NIV, although its use varied greatly. NIV is the treatment of choice in 89% of the units for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in 79% for acute pulmonary edema (APE), in 53% for postextubation failure, in 53% for pneumonia 53%, and in 17% for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It was used occasionally in COPD in 11% of the units, and in 21% of the units for APE. Eighteen hospitals provided additional information on 432 ventilated patients, 232 (54%) of whom received NIV as first line therapy. Presence of pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was an independent predictive factor of NIV failure (ORa=5.71; CI 95%, 1.83-17.8; p=0.003). Admission in a unit with experience in NIV in >50 patients/year (ORa=0.22; CI 95%, 0.07-0.63; p=0.005) and a higher PaO2/FiO2 ratio after one hour of ventilation (ORa=0.98 per point; CI 95%, 0.97-0.99; p<0.001) were protector factors. CONCLUSIONS: In Spain, NIV is widely used but it may continue to be underused in COPD and APE. The diagnosis of pneumonia or ARDS was an independent predictive risk factor. Admission in an ICU with NIV in more than 50 patients/year also have higher PaO2/FiO2 ratio after one hour of ventilation were predictive factors of success.

Improvement in process of care and outcome after a multicenter severe sepsis educational program in Spain.

CONTEXT: Concern exists that current guidelines for care of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock are followed variably, possibly due to a lack of adequate education. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a national educational program based on the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines affected processes of care and hospital mortality for severe sepsis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Before and after design in 59 medical-surgical intensive care units (ICUs) located throughout Spain. All ICU patients were screened daily and enrolled if they fulfilled severe sepsis or septic shock criteria. A total of 854 patients were enrolled in the preintervention period (November-December 2005), 1465 patients during the postintervention period (March-June 2006), and 247 patients during the long-term follow-up period 1 year later (November-December 2006) in a subset of 23 ICUs. INTERVENTION: The educational program consisted of training physicians and nursing staff from the emergency department, wards, and ICU in the definition, recognition, and treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock as outlined in the guidelines. Treatment was organized in 2 bundles: a resuscitation bundle (6 tasks to begin immediately and be accomplished within 6 hours) and a management bundle (4 tasks to be completed within 24 hours). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hospital mortality, differences in adherence to the bundles' process-of-care variables, ICU mortality, 28-day mortality, hospital length of stay, and ICU length of stay. RESULTS: Patients included before and after the intervention were similar in terms of age, sex, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score. At baseline, only 3 process-of-care measurements (blood cultures before antibiotics, early administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and mechanical ventilation with adequate inspiratory plateau pressure) we had compliance rates higher than 50%. Patients in the postintervention cohort had a lower risk of hospital mortality (44.0% vs 39.7%; P = .04). The compliance with process-of-care variables also improved after the intervention in the sepsis resuscitation bundle (5.3% [95% confidence interval [CI], 4%-7%] vs 10.0% [95% CI, 8%-12%]; P < .001) and in the sepsis management bundle (10.9% [95% CI, 9%-13%] vs 15.7% [95% CI, 14%-18%]; P = .001). Hospital length of stay and ICU length of stay did not change after the intervention. During long-term follow-up, compliance with the sepsis resuscitation bundle returned to baseline but compliance with the sepsis management bundle and mortality remained stable with respect to the postintervention period. CONCLUSIONS: A national educational effort to promote bundles of care for severe sepsis and septic shock was associated with improved guideline compliance and lower hospital mortality. However, compliance rates were still low, and the improvement in the resuscitation bundle lapsed by 1 year.

A multiple-center survey on the use in clinical practice of noninvasive ventilation as a first-line intervention for acute respiratory distress syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: In randomized studies of heterogeneous patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) was associated with a significant reduction in endotracheal intubation. The role of NPPV in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is still unclear. The objective was to investigate the application of NPPV as a first-line intervention in patients with early ARDS, describing what happens in everyday clinical practice in centers having expertise with NPPV. DESIGN: Prospective, multiple-center cohort study. SETTING: Three European intensive care units having expertise with NPPV. PATIENTS: Between March 2002 and April 2004, 479 patients with ARDS were admitted to the intensive care units. Three hundred and thirty-two ARDS patients were already intubated, so 147 were eligible for the study. INTERVENTIONS: Application of NPPV. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: NPPV improved gas exchange and avoided intubation in 79 patients (54%). Avoidance of intubation was associated with less ventilator-associated pneumonia (2% vs. 20%; p < .001) and a lower intensive care unit mortality rate (6% vs. 53%; p < .001). Intubation was more likely in patients who were older (p = .02), had a higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II (p < .001), or needed a higher level of positive end-expiratory pressure (p = .03) and pressure support ventilation (p = .02). Only SAPS II >34 and a Pao2/Fio2 < or =175 after 1 hr of NPPV were independently associated with NPPV failure and need for endotracheal intubation. CONCLUSIONS: In expert centers, NPPV applied as first-line intervention in ARDS avoided intubation in 54% of treated patients. A SAPS II >34 and the inability to improve Pao2/Fio2 after 1 hr of NPPV were predictors of failure.

[Predictive factors related to success of non invasive ventilation and mortality in the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema]. / Factores de predicción del éxito de la ventilación no invasiva en el tratamiento del edema agudo de pulmón cardiogénico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Recent studies support the use of non invasive ventilation (NIV) in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE). We aimed to evaluate the factors related to the success of the technique in patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with ACPE. PATIENTS AND METHOD: An observational prospective study was performed in ICU.199 consecutive patients were enrolled with ACPE at admission who received treatment with NIV and standardized pharmacological treatment. The success of the NIV was achieved when endotracheal intubation was avoided and patients were alive without dyspnea within and 24 hours after discharge from the ICU. Clinical, physiological and gasometric parameters were analyzed at admission and one hour after starting NIV. RESULTS: Patient's age was 74 years. 43% were male. The SAPS II was 45. 74.4% of the patients were successfully treated with NIV. 12.6% required endotracheal intubation. In a multivariate analysis, the success of the technique (values expressed as odds ratio [95% confidence interval]) was related to: SAPS II (0.95 [0.91-0.99]); the place of admission (6.78 [1.85-24.79]); value of PCO2 at admission (1.05 [1.01-1.09]); PO2/FiO2 index (1.03 [1.01-1.06]) and respiratory frequency (0.91 [0.84-0.99]) within the first hour; SOFA (acute failure organics score) (0.62 [0.49-0.78]); concomittant acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (0.05 [0.01-0.22]) and number of complications (0.17 [0.47-0.65]). The hospital mortality rate was 32.7%. The non intubation order (0.12 [0.04-0.32]) and the success of the technique (100.03 [28.71-348.47]) were related to the hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The success of NIV in the treatment of ACPE is related to a lower SAPS II, admission at the emergency department, elevated PCO2 at admission, improvement of the PO2/FiO2 index and the respiratory rate within the first hour. The non intubation order and the success of the technique were related to the hospital mortality.

Factores de predicción del éxito de la ventilación no invasiva en el tratamiento del edema agudo de pulmón cardiogénico / Predictive factors related to success of non invasive ventilation and mortality in the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema

FUNDAMENTO Y OBJETIVO: Estudios recientes aconsejan el uso de la ventilación no invasiva (VNI) en pacientes con edema agudo de pulmón cardiogénico (EAP). El objetivo es determinar los factores relacionados con el éxito de la técnica y con la mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes que ingresan en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) con EAP y reciben tratamiento con VNI. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional y prospectivo realizado en UCI. Se incluyó a 199 pacientes consecutivos que ingresaron con EAP y recibieron VNI junto a tratamiento médico convencional. El éxito de la técnica se definió como la evitación de intubación endotraqueal en un paciente dado de alta vivo, sin disnea, que permanecía así durante las primeras 24 h. Se recogieron los parámetros clínicos, fisiológicos y gasométricos al ingreso y tras 1 h de tratamiento, así como frecuencia de intubación y mortalidad hospitalaria. Se realizó un modelo multivariante mediante regresión logística y se incluyeron las variables que en el univariante mostraron una relación significativa (p < 0,05).RESULTADOS: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 73 años. El 43% eran varones. El Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) al ingreso fue de 45. En 148 pacientes (74,4%) la técnica fue exitosa.se intubó a 25 pacientes (12,6%). En el análisis multivariante, el éxito de la técnica se asociócon (valores expresados como odds ratio ajustada y el intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%): el SAPSII (0,95 [0,91-0,99]); la procedencia al Servicio de Urgencias (6,78 [1,85-24,79]); el valor de presión parcial de dióxido de carbono (pCO 2 ) al ingreso (1,05 [1,01-1,09]); el índice presión parcial de oxígeno en sangre arterial/fracción inspiratoria de oxígeno (pO 2 /FiO 2 ) (1,03 [1,01-1,06]) y de la frecuencia respiratoria (FR) en la primera hora (0,91 [0,84-0,99]); el SOFA (Acute Failure OrganicsScore) (0,62 [0,49-0,78]); el infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) (0,05 [0,01-0,22]) y el número de complicaciones (0,17 [0,47-0,65]). La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 32,7%. La orden de no intu-bar(0,12 [0,04-0,32]) y el éxito de la técnica (100,03 [28,71-348,47]) se relacionaron con la mortalidad hospitalaria. CONCLUSIONES: El éxito de la aplicación de la VNI en el tratamiento del EAP se asoció con un SAPS II más bajo, la procedencia del paciente desde urgencias, una pCO 2 elevada al ingreso, una mejoría de la pO 2 /FiO 2 y de la FR en la primera hora, un SOFA menor, la ausencia de IAMy un menor número de complicaciones. La mortalidad hospitalaria se relacionó con el éxito dela técnica y con una orden de no intubar previa

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Recent studies support the use of non invasive ventilation (NIV) in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE). We aimed to evaluate the factors related to the success of the technique in patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with ACPE. PATIENTS AND METHOD: An observational prospective study was perfomed in ICU.199 consecutive patients were enrolled with ACPE at admission who received treatment with NIV and standardized pharmacological treatment. The success of the NIV was achieved when endotracheal intubation was avoided and patients were alive without dyspnea within and 24 hours after discharge from the ICU. Clinical, physiological and gasometric parameters were analyzed at admission and one hour after starting NIV.RESULTS: Patient’s age was 74 years. 43% were male. The SAPS II was 45. 74.4% of the patients were successfully treated with NIV. 12.6% required endotracheal intubation. In a multivariate analysis, the success of the technique (values expressed as odds ratio [95% confidence interval]) was related to: SAPS II (0.95 [0.91-0.99]); the place of admission (6.78 [1.85-24.79]); value of PCO2 atad mission (1.05 [1.01-1.09]); PO 2 /FiO 2 index (1.03 [1.01-1.06]) and respiratory frecuency (0.91[0.84-0.99]) within the first hour; SOFA (acute failure organics score) (0.62 [0.49-0.78]); concomit-tantacute myocardial infarction (AMI) (0.05 [0.01-0.22]) and number of complications (0.17[0.47-0.65]). The hospital mortality rate was 32.7%. The non-intubation order (0.12 [0.04-0.32])and the success of the technique (100.03 [28.71-348.47]) were related to the hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The success of NIV in the treatment of ACPE is related to a lower SAPS II, admission at the emergency department, elevated PCO 2 at admission, improvement of the PO 2 /FiO 2index and the respiratory rate within the first hour. The non-intubation order and the success of the technique were related to the hospital mortality