Síndrome confusional agudo producido por instilación de ciclopléjico / Acute confusional syndrome after instillation cyclopentolate eye drops

Introducción: Se presentan dos casos de síndrome confusional agudo (SCA) secundarios a la administración de colirio de ciclopentolato en revisiones oftalmológicas de control. Pacientes: El caso 1 corresponde a un niño de 7 años de edad que presentó un eritema malar después de la administración del ciclopentolato y, posteriormente, un cuadro confusional agudo; tras las pruebas complementarias se concluyó que la causa del cuadro fue la instilación del colirio de ciclopentolato, y se mantuvo al paciente en observación. El caso 2 corresponde a un niño de 7 años de edad que acudió al servicio de urgencias por presentar clínica neurológica tras la instilación de colirio de ciclopentolato; no se realizaron pruebas complementarias y se mantuvo al niño en observación hasta el alta domiciliaria. Conclusiones: La administración de ciclopentolato en dosis habituales puede producir SCA en algunos niños. Si la clínica no es excesiva, sólo se requiere mantener a los pacientes en observación en el servicio de urgencias. En caso de cuadros graves, se puede utilizar como antídoto la fisostigmina(AU)

Introduction: We report two cases of acute confusional syndrome (ACS) after instillation cyclopentolate eye drops in usual doses during the regular ophthalmic checkups. Patients: Case 1: a seven year’s child who commenced to present malar erythema a half an hour later and after instilling cyclopentatolate; 2 hours later, the child presented an acute confusional state; after testing with complementary test was concluded that the cause was the cyclopentolate and the patient was under observation. Case 2: a seven year’s child who was admitted to the emergency service affected by neurological symptons after the instillation of the cyclopentalote eye drops 8 hours before; no additional tests were taken and the patient was under observation until the home discharge. Conclusions: The use of this drug in regular doses can produce ACS in some children. It is only required observation if the clinical use is not excessive. Can be administered physostigmine(AU)

Patient-specific fibre-based models of muscle wrapping.

In many biomechanical problems, the availability of a suitable model for the wrapping of muscles when undergoing movement is essential for the estimation of forces produced on and by the body during motion. This is an important factor in the Osteoporotic Virtual Physiological Human project which is investigating the likelihood of fracture for osteoporotic patients undertaking a variety of movements. The weakening of their skeletons makes them particularly vulnerable to bone fracture caused by excessive loading being placed on the bones, even in simple everyday tasks. This paper provides an overview of a novel volumetric model that describes muscle wrapping around bones and other muscles during movement, and which includes a consideration of how the orientations of the muscle fibres change during the motion. The method can calculate the form of wrapping of a muscle of medium size and visualize the outcome within tenths of seconds on commodity hardware, while conserving muscle volume. This makes the method suitable not only for educational biomedical software, but also for clinical applications used to identify weak muscles that should be strengthened during rehabilitation or to identify bone stresses in order to estimate the risk of fractures.

Edema agudo hemorrágico del lactante / Acute hemorrhagic edema of the infant

El edema hemorrágico agudo del lactante (EHAL) es una vasculitis leucocitoclástica de pequeño vaso confinada a la piel, típica entre los 4 y 24 meses, que se caracteriza por placas purpúricas y edema doloroso de las extremidades con buen estado general. El diagnóstico es clínico, existiendo una gran controversia entre si el EHAL y la púrpura de Schönlein-Henoch (PSH) son 2 entidades diferentes o manifestaciones clínicas del mismo proceso. Presentamos el caso de una lactante de 8 meses con buen estado general, fiebre y lesiones purpúricas-petequiales bien delimitadas, algunas en diana, en extremidades inferiores junto con edema doloroso localizado en tobillos y en dorso de ambos pies. No afectación de mucosas. Pruebas complementarias dentro de la normalidad. En las horas siguientes al ingreso, la lesiones purpúricas se extienden al área genital y planta de pies y edema se extiende a pabellón auricular presentando posteriormente una púrpura en dicha localización. Ante la sospecha de EHAL, se instaura tratamiento sintomático, con desaparición completa de las lesiones en 5 días (AU)

Acute hemorrahagic edema of infancy (AHEI) is a cutaneus small vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis that affects children 2-24 months old, characterized by purpuric plaques and painful edema of limbs, in a healthy infant. The diagnosis is based in clinical symptoms. Although there is a great controversy if AHEI and Schönlein-Henoch Purpura are different disease or signs of the same clinical profile. We report a case of an 8 months-old healthy infant with fever, well delimited purpuric-potechial lesions in limbs and painful edema located in ankles and in the back of both feet. The patient had some target lesions. Mucosas were not admission, purpuric lesions spread to genital area and soles, the edema spread to external ear and purpura appeared at this location. The boy was admitted to hospital with possible diagnosis of AHEI. Symptomatic treatment was applicated and lesions disappeared completely in five days (AU)

Clinical trial: clarithromycin vs. levofloxacin in first-line triple and sequential regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori eradication rates with standard triple therapy have declined to unacceptable levels. AIM: To compare clarithromycin and levofloxacin in triple and sequential first-line regimens. METHODS: A total of 460 patients were randomized into four 10-day therapeutic schemes (115 patients per group): (i) standard OCA, omeprazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin; (ii) triple OLA, omeprazole, levofloxacin and amoxicillin; (iii) sequential OACM, omeprazole plus amoxicillin for 5 days, followed by omeprazole plus clarithromycin plus metronidazole for 5 days; and (iv) modified sequential OALM, using levofloxacin instead of clarithromycin. Eradication was confirmed by 13C-urea breath test. Adverse effects and compliance were assessed by a questionnaire. RESULTS: Per protocol cure rates were: OCA (66%; 95% CI: 57-74%), OLA (82.6%; 75-89%), OACM (80.8%; 73-88%) and OALM (85.2%; 78-91%). Intention-to-treat cure rates were: OCA (64%; 55-73%), OLA (80.8%; 73-88%), OACM (76.5%; 69-85%) and OALM (82.5%; 75-89%). Eradication rates were lower with OCA than with all the other regimens (P < 0.05). No differences in compliance or adverse effects were demonstrated among treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Levofloxacin-based and sequential therapy are superior to standard triple scheme as first-line regimens in a setting with high clarithromycin resistance. However, all of these therapies still have a 20% failure rate.

Influencia de la etnia y el sexo en la ingesta de alimentos como factores de riesgo de malnutrición en escolares / Influence of ethnicity and gender in school children food intake as malnutrition risk factors

La dieta de los niños en nuestro país suele ser deficitaria en frutas y verduras y rica en alimentos hipercalóricos. El objetivo del presente estudio es valorar la frecuencia de la ingesta de los grupos de alimentos en escolares de nuestro medio y la influencia sobre ella del sexo y la etnicidad. Se valoraron en una población de 383 niños de 2.º, 3.º y 4.º de Educación Primaria las características socioeconómicas y demográficas, los estilos de vida y la frecuencia de ingesta de grupos de alimentos. Los niños ingirieron más raciones diarias de alimentos ricos en hidratos de carbono (4,38 ± 1,6 frente a 3,97 ± 1,4; p=0,03) y más lácteos (3,23 ± 1,1 frente a 2,83 ± 1,0; p= 0,002) que las niñas; por otro lado, la niñas consumieron más golosinas que los niños (2,81 ± 3,9 frente a 2,01 ± 2,3 raciones por semana; p= 0,03). Un alto porcentaje de niños no cumplía con las recomendaciones habituales de ingesta por defecto de frutas y verduras (78,1%), lácteos (43,4%) e hidratos de carbono (42,8%), y por exceso de proteicos (8,1%), bollería (21,2%),golosinas (18,9%) y refrescos-snacks (8,7%). Los niños pertenecientes al grupo con etnicidad ingirieron significativamente menos lácteos, alimentos proteicos y fruta-verdura y, sin embargo, más bollería, golosinas y refrescos-snacks que los niños sin etnicidad. En el análisis de la relación entre los distintos grupos de alimentos se han encontrado dos asociaciones significativas (p <0,01): 1) la ingesta de frutas y verduras se asoció a un mayor consumo de hidratos de carbono y de pescado, y aun menor consumo de refrescos-snacks y tiempo frente al televisor; 2) la ingesta de bollería se asoció a un mayor consumo de refrescos/snacks y de golosinas. El estudio concluye que el sexo y la etnicidad son factores que influyen en la dieta de los niños en edad escolar y deben considerarse como factores de riesgo de malnutrición (AU)

Children’s diet in our country seems to be deficient in fruits and vegetables and rich in hyper caloric food. The purpose of this study is to access intake frequency of food groups in school children of our environment and the influence gender and ethnicity pose over it as well. We have evaluated the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, lifestyles and the intake frequency of food groups in a population of 383 2nd, 3rd and 4th grade children from elementary school. Boys consume more daily servings of food rich in carbohydrates (4.38 ± 1.6 vs. 3.97 ± 1.4; p=0.03) and more dairy products (3.23 ± 1.1 vs. 2.83 ± 1.0; p= 0.002) than girls, and, on the other hand, girls eat more candy than boys (2.81 ± 3.9 vs. 2.01 ± 2.3 servings per week; p= 0.03). A high percentage of children did not meet regular recommended food percentages, both by deficiency: fruits and vegetables (78.1%), dairy products (43.4%) and carbohydrates (42.8%); and by excess: protein food (8.1%), pastries (21.2%), candy (18.9%), and sodas/snacks (8.7%). Children belonging to a certain ethnic group consume significantly less dairy products, protein products and fruits/vegetables; and, at the same time, more pastries, candy and sodas/snacks than children that do not belong to a specific ethnic group. Two significant associations (p <0.01) have been found in the analysis of the relationship between different food groups: 1) fruits and vegetables intake was associated with a higher consumption of carbohydrates and fish, and with alower consumption of sodas/snacks and time watching TV; and2) pastry intake was associated with a higher consumption of sodas/snacks and sweets. The study concludes that gender and ethnicity are factors that influence the school children´s diet and they shall be considered as risk factors for malnutrition (AU)

First-line triple therapy with levofloxacin for Helicobacter pylori eradication.

BACKGROUND: At present, the efficacy of proton pump inhibitor-clarithromycin-amoxicillin regimen is relatively low. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a first-line triple clarithromycin-free regimen including ranitidine bismuth citrate, levofloxacin and amoxicillin. DESIGN: Prospective study. PATIENTS: Helicobacter pylori-positive patients complaining of dyspeptic symptoms referred for gastroscopy. INTERVENTION: Levofloxacin (500 mg b.d.), amoxicillin (1 g b.d.) and ranitidine bismuth citrate (400 mg b.d.) was prescribed for 10 days. OUTCOME: Eradication was confirmed by a (13)C-urea breath test 8 weeks after therapy. Compliance with therapy was determined by questioning and the recovery of empty envelopes of medications. Incidence of adverse effects was evaluated by means of a specific questionnaire. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients were included (30% peptic ulcer, 70% functional dyspepsia). Almost all (97%) patients took all the medications correctly. Per-protocol and intention-to-treat eradication rates were 88.5% (95% CI =78-95%) and 84.4 (74-91%). Adverse effects were reported in 9.5% of the patients, mainly including diarrhoea (7.9%); none of them were severe. CONCLUSION: This new 10-day levofloxacin-based combination represents an alternative to clarithromycin-based therapy, as it meets the criteria set for regimens used as primary H. pylori treatment: effectiveness (>80%), simplicity (twice-daily dosing and excellent compliance) and safety (low incidence of adverse effects).

[Health care reform and management models]. / Las reformas sanitarias y los modelos de gestión.

This article tries to indicate the direction of progress in management being taken in health sector reforms in Latin America. The piece first discusses the tension between local forces and international neoliberal trends being manifested in the reform in various countries. The article next looks at the distinction between the tools and the management models that are being applied, presenting a taxonomy of three management levels: macromanagement (national health systems), midlevel management (hospitals, insurers, and other such institutions) and micromanagement (clinics). The piece concludes by reflecting on the future of management in the health sector in Latin America, where health systems are overadministered and undermanaged. Their future depends on multiple factors, most of which are outside the health care field itself. Better management of policies, institutions, and patients would be a tremendous tool in directing the future. Management is here to stay, with greater emphasis on either supply--hospitals and physicians--or demand--citizens or clients. For both the public and private sectors, health management is central to health sector reforms in Latin America.