Characterisation of three novel ß-1,3 glucanases from the medically important house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (airmid).

The European house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is a major source of airborne allergens worldwide and is found in half of European homes. Interactions between microbes and house dust mites (HDM) are considered important factors that allow them to persist in the home. Laboratory studies indicate the European HDM, D. pteronyssinus is a mycophagous mite, capable of utilising a variety of fungi for nutrients, however specific mycolytic digestive enzymes are unknown. Our previous work identified a number of putative glycosyl hydrolases present in the predicted proteome of D. pteronyssinus airmid and validated the expression of 42 of these. Of note, three GH16 proteins with predicted ß-1,3 glucanase activity were found to be consistently present in the mite body and excretome. Here, we performed an extensive bioinformatic, proteomic and biochemical study to characterize three-novel ß-1,3 glucanases from this medically important house dust mite. The genes encoding novel ß-1,3 glucanases designated Glu1, Glu2 and Glu3 were identified in D. pteronyssinus airmid, each exhibited more than 59% amino acid identity to one another. These enzymes are encoded by Glu genes present in a tri-gene cluster and protein homologs are found in other acari. The patchy phyletic distribution of Glu proteins means their evolutionary history remains elusive, however horizontal gene transfer cannot be completely excluded. Recombinant Glu1 and Glu2 exhibit hydrolytic activity toward laminarin, pachyman and barley glucan. Excreted ß-1,3 glucanase activity was increased in response to D. pteronyssinus airmid feeding on baker's yeast. Active ß-1,3 glucanases are expressed and excreted in the faeces of D. pteronyssinus airmid indicating they are digestive enzymes capable of breaking down ß-1,3 glucans of fungi present in house dust.

Proteome and allergenome of the European house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.

The European house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is of significant medical importance as it is a major elicitor of allergic illnesses. In this analysis we have undertaken comprehensive bioinformatic and proteomic examination of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus airmid, identified 12,530 predicted proteins and validated the expression of 4,002 proteins. Examination of homology between predicted proteins and allergens from other species revealed as much as 2.6% of the D. pteronyssinus airmid proteins may cause an allergenic response. Many of the potential allergens have evidence for expression (n = 259) and excretion (n = 161) making them interesting targets for future allergen studies. Comparative proteomic analysis of mite body and spent growth medium facilitated qualitative assessment of mite group allergen localisation. Protein extracts from house dust contain a substantial number of uncharacterised D. pteronyssinus proteins in addition to known and putative allergens. Novel D. pteronyssinus proteins were identified to be highly abundant both in house dust and laboratory cultures and included numerous carbohydrate active enzymes that may be involved in cuticle remodelling, bacteriophagy or mycophagy. These data may have clinical applications in the development of allergen-specific immunotherapy that mimic natural exposure. Using a phylogenomic approach utilising a supermatrix and supertree methodologies we also show that D. pteronyssinus is more closely related to Euroglyphus maynei than Dermatophagoides farinae.

Draft Genome Sequence of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, the European House Dust Mite.

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is the European dust mite and a major source of human allergens. Here, we present the first draft genome sequence of the mite, as well as the ab initio gene prediction and functional analyses that will facilitate comparative genomic analyses with other mite species.

Single-pot derivatisation strategy for enhanced gliotoxin detection by HPLC and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry.

Gliotoxin is produced by non-ribosomal peptide synthesis and secreted from certain fungi, including Aspergillus fumigatus. It is an epipolythiodioxopiperazine that contains an intact disulphide bridge and is the focus of intense research as a consequence of its negative immunomodulatory properties. Gliotoxin detection is generally enabled by reversed-phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), with absorbance detection (220-280 nm), or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, yet detection is not readily achievable by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). We have developed a single-pot derivatisation strategy which uses sodium borohydride-mediated reduction of gliotoxin followed by immediate alkylation of exposed thiols by 5'-iodoacetamidofluorescein to yield a stable product, diacetamidofluorescein-gliotoxin (GT-(AF)(2)), of molecular mass 1103.931 Da ((M+H)+). This product is readily detectable by RP-HPLC and exhibits a 6.8-fold increase in molar absorptivity compared with gliotoxin, which results in a higher sensitivity of detection (40 ng; 125 pmoL). GT-(AF)(2) also fluoresces (excitation/emission, 492:518 nm). Unlike free gliotoxin, the product (>800 fmol) is detectable by MALDI-ToF MS. Sporidesmin A can also be detected by RP-HPLC and MALDI-ToF MS (>530 fmol) using this strategy. We also demonstrate that the strategy facilitates detection of gliotoxin (mean ± SD = 3.55 ± 0.07 µg 100 µL(-1); n = 2) produced by A. fumigatus, without the requirement for organic extraction of culture supernatants and associated solvent removal. GT-(AF)(2) is also detectable (150 ng; 460 pmol) by thin-layer chromatography.

Structural basis for inhibition of complement C5 by the SSL7 protein from Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus secretes the SSL7 protein as part of its immune evasion strategy. The protein binds both complement C5 and IgA, yet it is unclear whether SSL7 cross-links these two proteins and, if so, what purpose this serves the pathogen. We have isolated a stable IgA-SSL7-C5 complex, and our crystal structure of the C5-SSL7 complex confirms that binding to C5 occurs exclusively through the C-terminal beta-grasp domain of SSL7 leaving the OB domain free to interact with IgA. SSL7 interacts with C5 >70 A from the C5a cleavage site without inducing significant conformational changes in C5, and efficient inhibition of convertase cleavage of C5 is shown to be IgA dependent. Inhibition of C5a production and bacteriolysis are all shown to require C5 and IgA binding while inhibition of hemolysis is achieved by the C5 binding SSL7 beta-grasp domain alone. These results provide a conceptual and structural basis for the development of a highly specific complement inhibitor preventing only the formation of the lytic membrane attack complex without affecting the important signaling functions of C5a.