Intra- and Interpersonal Dimensions of Orthorexia: Preliminary Development and Validation of an Intra- and Interpersonal Effects Scale for Orthorexia.

Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a disorder characterized by dietary restrictions and an obsessive focus on "healthy" eating. The present study analyzes two aspects of ON. One related to the inner experiences of the individual (intrapersonal). The other concerns the impact of ON on interpersonal relationships (interpersonal). The developed scale was named the Intra- and Interpersonal Effects Scale of Orthorexia (IIESO). The analysis showed an average correlation between the INTER and INTRA factors (r = 0.46). Both the INTER and INTRA scales correlated strongly with both subscales of the TOS but weakly with the ORTO-R score. Females obtained higher scores on the INTER scale (p < 0.01), while no differences were shown for the INTRA subscale or the overall scale score (p < 0.01). Subjects using supplements had higher mean scores on the INTER and INTRA subscales and for the total score. Among the analyzed results, the greatest strength effect was shown for the total score on the IIESO scale (INTER+INTRA) and the TOS scale. The questionnaires used to date have not distinguished between behaviors from interpersonal and intrapersonal perspectives. Research on these dimensions could expand our knowledge of the disorder and refine diagnostic criteria.

Measuring Pathological and Nonpathological Orthorexic Behavior: Validation of the Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS) among Polish Adults.

Measuring orthorexia nervosa is challenging due to the use of various existing tools and problems with sample representativeness. Another challenge for the Polish population is the adaptation of existing research tools and the evaluation of their relevance and research reliability. Our research aimed to adapt the TOS to the Polish language and measure pathological and nonpathological orthorexic behavior among the Polish population. The adaptation of the PL-TOS has high psychometric value and allows us to assess healthy and nervous orthorexia levels. This scale can be used not only for further research but also for diagnostic purposes in the daily work of clinicians and psychologists. Our results obtained in the present study indicate a correlation between TOS and both the use of supplements and diet. Higher TOS, ORTO_R and KZZJ_Diet Restrictions scores were obtained for individuals using dietary supplements than for those not using dietary supplements. In the future, it is worth conducting research aimed at various risk groups of individuals with orthorexia to confirm the psychometric properties of this adaptation of the TOS.

Orthorexia nervosa - a distorted approach to healthy eating. / Ortoreksja ­ wypaczone podejscie do zdrowego odzywiania sie.

Consumers are increasingly reaching for food which is safe for their health. This tendency may give rise to eating disorders defined as orthorexia nervosa. The prevalence of orthorexia in society ranges from 1% to 60% and is mainly related to lifestyle. Research conducted over the last 10 years shows that the number of people facing the risk of orthorexia is increasing. People with orthorexia pay special attention to the quality of food they eat, which leads to the elimination of certain products from their diet. Dietary restrictions are accompanied by stress, anxiety and self-aversion. The study seeks to systematize the knowledge of orthorexia in light of the latest publications concerning this disorder, providing a description of psychometric tools used to diagnose orthorexia. The diagnostic questionnaires available today, which are intended to assess the risk of orthorexia, have different psychometric values, which usually makes the disorder hard to assess on a global scale. The available research tools do not sufficiently identify the boundary between an excessive interest in healthy eating and lifestyle and areal disorder that affects everyday functioning.

Impact of copper (Cu) at the dose of 50 mg on haematological and biochemical blood parameters in turkeys, and level of Cu accumulation in the selected tissues as a source of information on product safety for consumers.

INTRODUCTION: The current state-of the art points to a positive impact of copper (Cu) supplements on the general health status in poultry. Copper induces beneficial changes in the haematological and biochemical blood parameters. It also displays immunostimulating properties and helps maintain a proper microbiological balance in the digestive tract. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of Cu at the dose of 50 mg/kg BW, administered in organic and inorganic form, on the haematological and biochemical blood parameters and level of Cu bioaccumulation in the liver and pectoral muscle. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The study was carried out on 45 BUT-9 turkeys which had been were reared for 16 weeks. They were divided into 3 experimental groups: I - the control group; II - fed with CuSO4 at the dose of 50 mg Cu•dm (-3) H2O; III - received a Cu chelate with lysine at the same dose. RESULTS: The administration of Cu at the dose exceeding the nutritional recommendations did not induce beneficial changes in the examined birds. This indicates that it is not necessary to administer Cu doses higher than the recommended levels. The extent of Cu accumulation in the pectoral muscle increased by 40% compared to the control group, whereas in the liver it was higher by 30-35% than in the birds without Cu administration. The level of Cu in tissues does not pose a risk to consumers. CONCLUSIONS: The supplementation of Cu at the dose of 50 mg has a negative impact on the level of the analyzed parameters. The results of the presented study indicate that the administered Cu dose exceeds birds' demand for this element.