[Longitudinal Cohort Study of the Relationship between Sleep Duration and Depressive Symptoms in Older People in China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between sleep duration and depressive symptoms in older people in China, and to explore whether there are gender differences in the relationship. METHODS: Accessing the data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) for 2015 and 2018, we covered in the study a total of 2898 respondents, including 1684 males (58.1%) and 1214 females (41.9%). The 10-item form of Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to measure the depressive symptoms of the older people. The effects of sleep duration on depressive symptoms of older people in China were analyzed with the logistic model. Based on the depressive and non-depressive subgroups in 2018, the differences of health factor variables and sleep duration between 2015 and 2018 were studied. Adjustments were made for health factors presenting statistical differences in 2018 to further explore the stability of the analysis results. RESULTS: Among the female older people, those with short sleep duration and those with long sleep duration had increased risks of developing depressive symptoms [odds ratio ( OR)=1.815, 95% confidence interval ( CI): 1.357-2.429 and OR=1.364, 95% CI: 1.001-1.854, respectively] in comparison to those with normal sleep duration. Among the male older people, no connection was identified between sleep duration and risks for depressive symptoms ( P>0.05). Residing in rural areas, suffering from chronic diseases and having limited ability for Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) were risk factors for developing depressive symptoms ( P<0.05). The sleep duration for 2015 and that for 2018 were found to be statistically different in the depressive older people ( P<0.001), but no no statistically significant difference was found between the sleep duration for 2015 and that for 2018 among the non-depressive older people. Findings for chronic diseases and IADL for 2015 and those for 2018 were statistically different in the depressive older population ( P<0.001). In the non-depressive older population, findings for chronic diseases, IADL and tobacco smoking status for 2015 and those for 2018 showed statistical difference ( P<0.05). Further sensitivity analysis showed that in the female older population, short sleep duration increased the risks for depressive symptoms ( OR=1.819, 95% CI: 1.356-2.440, P<0.001), while long sleep duration did not affect the risks for depressive symptoms. In the male older population, short or long sleep duration were not associated with the risks for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The association between sleep duration and the risks for depressive symptoms was different for men and women. For the female older population, the possibility of depressive symptoms should be considered for those with short or long sleep duration. For the male older population, short or long sleep duration had little impact on the risks for depressive symptoms.

[Combined cytotoxicity mechanism of chlorpyrifos and carbofuran pesticides in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the single and combined effects of chlorpyrifos( CPF) and carbofuran( CF) pesticides on cell lines cultured in vitro, and clarify the pattern of joint action. METHODS: Rat pheochromocytoma( PC12 cells) were treated with different concentrations of CPF( 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µmol/L) and CF( 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 µmol/L) for 12 h separately, the combined effects of two kinds of pesticides should be studied respectively in the low dose( CPF 50 µmol/L, CF 25 µmol/L) and high dose( CPF 200 µmol/L, CF 100 µmol/L) levels. After exposure, detectingacetylcholinesterase( ACh E) activity and using fluorescent probe 2', 7'-dichlorfluorescin diacetate( DCFH-DA), thiobarbituric acid( TBA) method, xanthine oxidation, 5, 5 '-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid( DTNB) coloration to detect the intracellular reactive oxygen species( ROS) production, lipid peroxidation production malondialdehyde( MDA), activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase( SOD) and glutathione peroxidase( GPx), respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, CPF and CF could decrease the ACh E activity, induce ROS overproduction in a dose-effect way and increase the activity of SOD, GPx( P < 0. 01), but MDA content showed no significant change. Factorial ANOVA revealed that the combined effect of CPF and CF, there was no interaction at lower dose level, but interaction existed at higher dose level( P < 0. 01). The main mode of action was synergistic effect. CONCLUSION: Chlorpyrifos, carbofuran single or combined, has cytotoxicity effect. The main combined effect between chlorpyrifos and carbofuran is synergistic effect, oxidative stress damage may be one of the mechanisms.

[Effect of lovastatin and rosiglitazone on cholesterol reverse transportation in foam cell].

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to explore the function of ATP binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) and Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) in cholesterol reverse transportation (RCT), the influence of lovastatin and rosiglitazone on the concentration of cholesterol (CHO) in THP-1 (human monocytic leukemia cell line) derived foam cells. METHODS: LDL from healthy volunteers was obtained by density-gradient ultracentrifugation and was oxidized by incubation with Cu2+ and ox-LDL was identified.Macrophages were induced from THP-1 cell by phorbol ester (PMA). Models of foam cells were built by incubating macrophages with oxLDL. The effect of lovastatin and rosiglitazone on ABCA1 protein expression in THP-1 cell line derived macrophage were detected by western blot. Foam cells were divided into 9 groups: control, ApoA-I, lovastatin, rosiglitazone lovastatin+ApoA-I, rosiglitazone+ApoA-I, ABCA1 monoclonal antibody pretreatment+ApoA-I, ABCA1 monoclonal antibody pretreatment+lovastatin+ApoA-I, ABCA1 monoclonal antibody pretreatment+rosiglitazone+ApoA-I. The concentration of intracellular CHO in each group was detected by using cholesterol kit. RESULTS: As compared with control group, there are no big differences of CHO concentration within the cell of group lovastatin, rosiglitazone, and each ABCA1 monoclonal antibody pretreatment group (P>0.05), but the CHO concentration within the cells of group ApoA-I, lovastatin+ApoA-I, rosiglitazone+ApoA-I decreased obviously as compared with the control (P<0.05), and CHO concentration in group rosiglitazone+ApoA-I have a further decrease than the former two groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CHO concentration can be decreased in foam cells by cooperation of ABCA1 and ApoA-I mediate cholesterol efflux. Rosiglitazone can enhance this procedure in THP-1 macrophages derived foam cells which means that they can promote ABCA1 mediated cholesterol reverse transportation through improve ABCA1 protein expression.

[Applications of chitosan and its derivatives in pharmaceutical industry of Chinese medicine].

Recently, chitosan has been widely used as a clarifier in clarification procedure for many kinds of TCM, which is better than alcohol in retaining active substances, such as polysaccharids, as well as the removal of heavy metals. Because it is a biocompatible polymer with low toxicity and can be biodegradable in vivo, chitosan with its derivatives is one of the ideal materials for drug controlled release systems to enhance the efficacy and reliability of TCM drug therapy. On the other hand, chitosan, the only natural alkalic polysaccharid, also has several therapeutic effects such as anti-bacteria, antipyrotic and ulcer healing. Chitosan and its derivatives wide application prosperity in pharmaceutical industry of Chinese medicine.

Applications of chitosan and its derivatives in pharmaceutical industry of Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

Recently, chitosan has been widely used as a clarifier in clarification procedure for many kinds of TCM, which is better than alcohol in retaining active substances, such as polysaccharids, as well as the removal of heavy metals. Because it is a biocompatible polymer with low toxicity and can be biodegradable in vivo, chitosan with its derivatives is one of the ideal materials for drug controlled release systems to enhance the efficacy and reliability of TCM drug therapy. On the other hand, chitosan, the only natural alkalic polysaccharid, also has several therapeutic effects such as anti-bacteria, antipyrotic and ulcer healing. Chitosan and its derivatives wide application prosperity in pharmaceutical industry of Chinese medicine.