Effects of the use of theoretical versus theoretical-practical training on CPR.

BACKGROUND: Theoretical knowledge and skill to perform good quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are essential for the survival of patients with sudden death. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a theoretical course alone is sufficient to promote good quality CPR training and knowledge for health professionals in comparison to a theoretical-practical basic life support training. METHODS: Twenty volunteer nurses participated in the theoretical CPR and automated external defibrillation (AED) training by means of a theoretical class and video used in the Basic Life Support Training of the American Heart Association (BLS-AHA; group A). They were compared to other 26 health professionals who attended regular theoretical-practical BLS-AHA training (group B). After the training, the participants took theoretical and practical tests as recommended in BLS-AHA courses. The practical tests were recorded and were later scored by three experienced instructors. The theoretical test was a multiple choice test used in regular BLS-AHA courses. RESULTS: No difference was observed in the theoretical tests (p = ns). However, the practical tests were consistently worse in group A, as evaluated by the three examiners (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The use of CPR videos and theoretical training did not improve the individuals' psychomotor ability to perform good quality CPR; however, it may improve their cognitive ability (knowledge). Critical areas of intervention are the primary ABCD and the correct use of AED.

Nosocomial infections in brazilian pediatric patients: using a decision tree to identify high mortality groups

Nosocomial infections (NI) are frequent events with potentially lethal outcomes. We identified predictive factors for mortality related to NI and developed an algorithm for predicting that risk in order to improve hospital epidemiology and healthcare quality programs. We made a prospective cohort NI surveillance of all acute-care patients according to the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System guidelines since 1992, applying the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1988 definitions adapted to a Brazilian pediatric hospital. Thirty-eight deaths considered to be related to NI were analyzed as the outcome variable for 754 patients with NI, whose survival time was taken into consideration. The predictive factors for mortality related to NI (p < 0.05 in the Cox regression model) were: invasive procedures and use of two or more antibiotics. The mean survival time was significantly shorter (p < 0.05 with the Kaplan-Meier method) for patients who suffered invasive procedures and for those who received two or more antibiotics. Applying a tree-structured survival analysis (TSSA), two groups with high mortality rates were identified: one group with time from admission to the first NI less than 11 days, received two or more antibiotics and suffered invasive procedures; the other group had the first NI between 12 and 22 days after admission and was subjected to invasive procedures. The possible modifiable factors to prevent mortality involve invasive devices and antibiotics. The TSSA approach is helpful to identify combinations of predictors and to guide protective actions to be taken in continuous-quality-improvement programs.

Nosocomial infections in Brazilian pediatric patients: using a decision tree to identify high mortality groups.

Nosocomial infections (NI) are frequent events with potentially lethal outcomes. We identified predictive factors for mortality related to NI and developed an algorithm for predicting that risk in order to improve hospital epidemiology and healthcare quality programs. We made a prospective cohort NI surveillance of all acute-care patients according to the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System guidelines since 1992, applying the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1988 definitions adapted to a Brazilian pediatric hospital. Thirty-eight deaths considered to be related to NI were analyzed as the outcome variable for 754 patients with NI, whose survival time was taken into consideration. The predictive factors for mortality related to NI (p < 0.05 in the Cox regression model) were: invasive procedures and use of two or more antibiotics. The mean survival time was significantly shorter (p < 0.05 with the Kaplan-Meier method) for patients who suffered invasive procedures and for those who received two or more antibiotics. Applying a tree-structured survival analysis (TSSA), two groups with high mortality rates were identified: one group with time from admission to the first NI less than 11 days, received two or more antibiotics and suffered invasive procedures; the other group had the first NI between 12 and 22 days after admission and was subjected to invasive procedures. The possible modifiable factors to prevent mortality involve invasive devices and antibiotics. The TSSA approach is helpful to identify combinations of predictors and to guide protective actions to be taken in continuous-quality-improvement programs.

[Post-discharge surveillance of children and adolescents treated for surgical site infections at a university hospital in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil]. / Vigilância pós-alta das infecções de sítio cirúrgico em crianças e adolescentes em um hospital universitário de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

Hospital infections are the main complications in surgical practice. Surgical site infections are the most frequent, and can manifest after hospital discharge. In Brazil, the majority of clinical services do not maintain infection surveillance after discharge. In order to evaluate the importance of such surveillance and the profile of these post-discharge infections, a cohort of 730 child and adolescent surgical patients was followed in a teaching hospital, from 1999 to 2001. The accumulated incidence was calculated. Student's t test was used to compare mean values and the Kaplan-Meier method to analyze the period until infection, using a p value of < 0.05. A total of 87 surgical site infections were diagnosed, 37% of which after discharge. The overall surgical infection rate was 11.9%; without outpatient follow-up, the rate would have been 7.5%. Post-charge infections were diagnosed after a mean of 11.3 +/- 6.4 days, and in these patients the preoperative and postoperative hospital stays were significantly lower than in the group with in-hospital infections. The study indicates the importance of post-discharge surveillance in determining the real incidence of surgical site infections.

Vigilância pós-alta das infecções de sítio cirúrgico em crianças e adolescentes em um hospital universitário de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Post-discharge surveillance of children and adolescents treated for surgical site infections at a university hospital in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

As infecções hospitalares são as principais complicações na prática cirúrgica e, dentre estas, as infecções de sítio cirúrgico são as mais freqüentes. Apesar dessas infecções poderem se manifestar após a alta, no Brasil, a maioria dos serviços não faz vigilância pós-alta. Para avaliar a importância dessa vigilância e o perfil das infecções em crianças e adolescentes, acompanhou-se uma coorte de 730 pacientes cirúrgicos de um hospital universitário de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, de 1999 a 2001. Calculou-se a incidência acumulada, aplicou-se o teste t de Student na comparação de médias e o método de Kaplan-Meier na análise do tempo de ocorrência das infecções; considerou-se significativo o valor p < 0,05. Foram diagnosticadas 87 infecções de sítio cirúrgico na coorte estudada, sendo 37 por cento após a alta hospitalar. A taxa de incidência de infecções de sítio cirúrgico foi de 11,9 por cento; mas seria apenas de 7,5 por cento sem o controle pós-alta. Verificou-se no grupo dos pacientes com infecções identificadas após a alta uma média de aparecimento das infecções de 11,3 ± 6,4 dias; que os tempos de permanência pré e pós-operatórios foram significativamente menores em relação aos pacientes com infecções intra-hospitalares. O estudo indica que a vigilância pós-alta é importante para se conhecer a real incidência das infecções de sítio cirúrgico.

Hospital infections are the main complications in surgical practice. Surgical site infections are the most frequent, and can manifest after hospital discharge. In Brazil, the majority of clinical services do not maintain infection surveillance after discharge. In order to evaluate the importance of such surveillance and the profile of these post-discharge infections, a cohort of 730 child and adolescent surgical patients was followed in a teaching hospital, from 1999 to 2001. The accumulated incidence was calculated. Student's t test was used to compare mean values and the Kaplan-Meier method to analyze the period until infection, using a p value of < 0.05. A total of 87 surgical site infections were diagnosed, 37 percent of which after discharge. The overall surgical infection rate was 11.9 percent; without outpatient follow-up, the rate would have been 7.5 percent. Post-charge infections were diagnosed after a mean of 11.3 ± 6.4 days, and in these patients the preoperative and postoperative hospital stays were significantly lower than in the group with in-hospital infections. The study indicates the importance of post-discharge surveillance in determining the real incidence of surgical site infections.

Influence of financial subsidy and venue on advanced cardiac life support courses, in the learning of cardiovascular emergency.

BACKGROUND: The success in learning of emergency depends on many factors that can be summarized as: student, instructors and course. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of financial subsidy and venue of course in learning cardiovascular emergency. METHODS: Data were analyzed regarding the courses of Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) in the period from December 2005 to December 2006. In agreement with the financial subsidy, they were divided in: group 1 - integral subsidy; group 2 - subsidy of 50%; and group 3 - without subsidy. As for the venue of the course, they were divided in: locality A - study in city with> 1 million inhabitants; and locality B - study in city with <1 million inhabitants. The practical and theoretical approval and the theoretical average were compared. RESULTS: 819 students participated in ACLS: 199 (24%) in group 1, 122 (15%) in 2 and 498 (61%) in 3. The practical and theoretical approval and the average in the theoretical exam were greater in group 3 than in other groups (p <0.05). Four hundred and eighty two (482) took the course in venue A (59%) and 337 (41%) in venue B. The practical approval was similar for both groups (p = 0.33), however the theoretical approval was greater in venue A (73% vs. 65% - p = 0.021 - OR = 1.44 and IC: 1.05 - 1.97). The theoretical average was greater in venue A (87.1 +/- 10.4 and 86 +/- 11, respectively p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The financial subsidy and venue of the course had influence in the theoretical and practical approval.

Influência do subsídio financeiro e do local da realização do curso de suporte avançado de vida em cardiologia, no aprendizado da emergência cardiovascular / Influence of financial subsidy and venue on advanced cardiac life support courses, in the learning of cardiovascular emergency

FUNDAMENTO: O sucesso no aprendizado da emergência depende de muitos fatores que podem ser resumidos como: aluno, instrutores e curso. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do subsídio financeiro e do local da realização do curso no aprendizado da emergência cardiovascular. MÉTODOS: Analisaram-se dados referentes aos cursos de Suporte Avançado de Vida em Cardiologia (ACLS) no período de dezembro de 2005 a dezembro de 2006. De acordo com o subsídio financeiro, foram divididos em: grupo 1 - subsídio integral; grupo 2 - subsídio de 50 por cento; e grupo 3 - sem subsídio. Quanto ao local do curso, foram divididos em: local A - curso em cidade com > 1 milhão de habitantes; e local B - curso em cidade com < 1 milhão de habitantes. Compararam-se a aprovação prática e teórica e a média teórica. RESULTADOS: Participaram do ACLS 819 alunos: 199 (24 por cento) no grupo 1, 122 (15 por cento) no 2 e 498 (61 por cento) no 3. A aprovação prática e teórica e a média na prova teórica foram maiores no grupo 3 que nos demais grupos (p<0,05). Quatrocentos e oitenta e dois fizeram o curso no local A (59 por cento) e 337 (41 por cento) no local B. A aprovação prática foi semelhante para ambos os grupos (p = 0,33), entretanto a aprovação teórica foi maior no local A (73 por cento vs. 65 por cento - p = 0,021 - OR = 1,44 e IC: 1,05 - 1,97). A média teórica foi maior no local A (87,1 ± 10,4 e 86 ± 11, respectivamente p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O subsídio financeiro e o local da realização do curso influenciaram na aprovação teórica e prática.

BACKGROUND: The success in learning of emergency depends on many factors that can be summarized as: student, instructors and course. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of financial subsidy and venue of course in learning cardiovascular emergency. METHODS: Data were analyzed regarding the courses of Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) in the period from December 2005 to December 2006. In agreement with the financial subsidy, they were divided in: group 1 - integral subsidy; group 2 - subsidy of 50 percent; and group 3 - without subsidy. As for the venue of the course, they were divided in: locality A - study in city with> 1 million inhabitants; and locality B - study in city with <1 million inhabitants. The practical and theoretical approval and the theoretical average were compared. RESULTS: 819 students participated in ACLS: 199 (24 percent) in group 1, 122 (15 percent) in 2 and 498 (61 percent) in 3. The practical and theoretical approval and the average in the theoretical exam were greater in group 3 than in other groups (p <0.05). Four hundred and eighty two (482) took the course in venue A (59 percent) and 337 (41 percent) in venue B. The practical approval was similar for both groups (p = 0.33), however the theoretical approval was greater in venue A (73 percent vs. 65 percent - p = 0.021 - OR = 1.44 and IC: 1.05 - 1.97). The theoretical average was greater in venue A (87.1 ± 10.4 and 86 ± 11, respectively p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The financial subsidy and venue of the course had influence in the theoretical and practical approval.

Advanced Cardiac Life Support Courses: live actors do not improve training results compared with conventional manikins.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether using live actors to increase the reality of the scenario improves knowledge retention in Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) Courses. MAIN SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of age, time since graduation from nursing or medicine, sex, medical specialty, and workplace in knowledge retention. METHODS: From December 2004 to October 2005, 19 selected ACLS courses were divided at random in two groups: group A (ACLS courses with conventional manikins plus live actors) and group B (ACLS courses with conventional manikins). The live actors vocalized appropriately to create more realistic scenarios. The participants' relevant theoretical knowledge was assessed before the course (pre-test), immediately after the course (post-test), and 6 months after the course (final-test). RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty-five participants were recruited and allocated at random allocated to either group A or B. Overall, the data of 225 participants (51.7%; 111 in group A and 114 in group B) who completed the entire sequence of pre-, post-, and final-tests were analysed. On univariate analysis, the use of live actors, workplace, gender, and healthcare provider profession did not affect pre-, post-, and final-test results (p>0.1). The results in all three tests correlated negatively with time since medical or nursing graduation (95% C.I. -0.53 to -0.17, -0.43 to -0.2, and -0.42 to -0.11, respectively, p<0.05) and age (and 95% C.I. -0.56 to -0.21, -0.42 to -0.2, and -0.38 to -0.07, respectively, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The use of live actors did not affect knowledge retention in this group. Older age and a longer period since graduation were associated with the worst scores and the lowest levels of knowledge retention.

Compliance with inhaled corticosteroid treatment: rates reported by guardians and measured by the pharmacy.

OBJECTIVE: There is elevated morbidity associated with asthma, particularly in developing countries, and failure to comply with inhaled corticosteroid treatment contributes to this morbidity. The objective of this study is to compare rates of compliance with beclomethasone treatment reported by parents or guardians with those measured by pharmacy dispensing records. METHODS: A concurrent cohort study of 12 months' duration was carried out, enrolling 106 asthmatic children and adolescents, selected at random. Linear regression was used to compare rates of compliance reported by parents or guardians with the pharmacy dispensing records at the service, every 4 months after enrollment on the study. RESULTS: Compliance rates reported by parents and/or guardians were always higher (p < 0.001) and exhibited a weak correlation with pharmacy records during the period studied; fourth (r = 0.37) and twelfth (r = 0.31) months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of compliance reported by parents were overestimated during all study periods. The compliance rates of children with asthma should also be monitored by other methods and, in this case, pharmacy records effectively revealed compliance failures. Given its low cost, this method is indicated for verification of these compliance rates.

Adesão ao uso de corticóide inalatório na asma: taxas relatadas pelos responsáveis e mensuradas pela farmácia / Compliance with inhaled corticosteroid treatment: rates reported by guardians and measured by the pharmacy

OBJETIVO: A morbidade associada à asma é elevada, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento, e as falhas na adesão ao uso de corticóide inalatório contribuem para esta elevação. Este estudo objetiva comparar as taxas de adesão ao uso de beclometasona relatadas pelos responsáveis e as mensuradas pelos registros de dispensação farmacêutica do medicamento. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte concorrente com duração de 12 meses, do qual participaram 106 crianças e adolescentes asmáticos, selecionados aleatoriamente. Através da regressão linear, as taxas de adesão relatadas pelos responsáveis e pelos registros de dispensação da farmácia do serviço foram correlacionadas, quadrimestralmente, a partir da admissão no estudo. RESULTADOS: As taxas de adesão relatadas pelos pais e/ou responsáveis foram sempre superiores (p < 0,001) e apresentaram fraca correlação com aquelas mensuradas pelos registros de farmácia nos períodos estudados, quarto (r = 0,37) e 12º (r = 0,31) mês do seguimento.CONCLUSÃO: As taxas de adesão relatadas pelos pais foram superestimadas em todos os períodos do estudo. Crianças com asma deveriam ter suas taxas de adesão também monitoradas por outros métodos e, neste caso, os registros de farmácia foram efetivos em revelar as falhas na adesão. Dado ao seu baixo custo, esse método está indicado para a verificação dessas taxas.

OBJECTIVE: There is elevated morbidity associated with asthma, particularly in developing countries, and failure to comply with inhaled corticosteroid treatment contributes to this morbidity. The objective of this study is to compare rates of compliance with beclomethasone treatment reported by parents or guardians with those measured by pharmacy dispensing records. METHODS: A concurrent cohort study of 12 months' duration was carried out, enrolling 106 asthmatic children and adolescents, selected at random. Linear regression was used to compare rates of compliance reported by parents or guardians with the pharmacy dispensing records at the service, every 4 months after enrollment on the study. RESULTS: Compliance rates reported by parents and/or guardians were always higher (p < 0.001) and exhibited a weak correlation with pharmacy records during the period studied; fourth (r = 0.37) and twelfth (r = 0.31) months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of compliance reported by parents were overestimated during all study periods. The compliance rates of children with asthma should also be monitored by other methods and, in this case, pharmacy records effectively revealed compliance failures. Given its low cost, this method is indicated for verification of these compliance rates.

Coagulation disorder in children and adolescents with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiological profile of children and adolescents with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury admitted to an intensive care unit; to describe the frequency of coagulation disorders in these patients; to determine the relationship between coagulopathy and trauma severity; to assess the factors associated with coagulopathy; and to assess the effect of coagulopathy on the mortality of these patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 301 patients aged up to 16 years admitted to an intensive care unit due to moderate to severe traumatic brain injury, carried out over a 5-year period. The coagulation profile was associated with clinical, epidemiological and CT findings. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to check the association between coagulopathy and mortality. RESULTS: Minimum age was 23 days, and maximum age was 16 years (mean of 7.9 years). About 77% of patients had coagulopathy, whose occurrence was directly associated with the severity of the trauma, but not with the rise in mortality. The factors associated with the presence of coagulopathy were the following: severity of the traumatic brain injury (OR=2.83; 95%CI 1.58-5.07), diagnosis of brain swelling on cranial computed tomography (OR=2.11; 95%CI 1.13-4.07) and occurrence of chest and/or abdominal injury (OR=2.07; 95%CI 1.11-4.00). Approximately 35% of patients died. The multivariate analysis showed that the factors associated with an increased risk of death were presence of sodium disorders (OR=5.56; 95%CI 2.90-10.65), hypotension in the intensive care unit (OR=12.58; 95%CI 4.40-35.00) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (OR=13.57; 95%CI 1.51-121.66). CONCLUSION: The development of coagulopathy is a frequent complication in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Even though it is not closely associated with death in this study, it may be regarded as a marker of injury severity.

Distúrbio de coagulação em crianças e adolescentes com traumatismo cranioencefálico moderado e grave / Coagulation disorder in children and adolescents with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury

OBJETIVOS: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico de crianças e adolescentes com traumatismo cranioencefálico moderado e grave internados em unidade de tratamento intensivo; descrever a freqüência de alterações na coagulação destes pacientes; determinar a relação entre a coagulopatia e a gravidade do trauma; analisar os fatores associados à coagulopatia; e verificar a influência da coagulopatia na mortalidade desses pacientes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 301 pacientes de até 16 anos internados em terapia intensiva devido a traumatismo cranioencefálico moderado e grave, compreendendo período de 5 anos. O perfil de coagulação foi associado com achados clínicos, epidemiológicos e tomográficos. Análises univariada e multivariada foram empregadas para verificar a associação entre presença de coagulopatia e mortalidade. RESULTADOS: A idade mínima foi de 23 dias, e a máxima, de 16 anos (média de 7,9 anos). Cerca de 77 por cento dos pacientes apresentaram coagulopatia, cuja ocorrência esteve diretamente associada à gravidade do trauma, mas não ao aumento da mortalidade. Os fatores associados com a presença de coagulopatia foram: gravidade do traumatismo cranioencefálico (OR = 2,83; IC95 por cento 1,58-5,07), diagnóstico de edema e ingurgitamento cerebral à tomografia computadorizada de crânio (OR = 2,11; IC95 por cento 1,13-4,07) e ocorrência de trauma torácico e/ou abdominal (OR = 2,07; IC95 por cento 1,11-4,00). Aproximadamente 35 por cento dos pacientes morreram. Em análise multivariada, os fatores que se relacionaram ao aumento do risco de morrer foram: ocorrência de distúrbios de sódio (OR = 5,56; IC95 por cento 2,90-10,65), hipotensão no centro de tratamento intensivo (OR = 12,58; IC95 por cento 4,40-35,00) e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (OR = 13,57; IC95 por cento 1,51-121,66). CONCLUSÃO: O surgimento de coagulopatia é uma complicação freqüente nos pacientes vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico moderado e grave. Apesar...

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiological profile of children and adolescents with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury admitted to an intensive care unit; to describe the frequency of coagulation disorders in these patients; to determine the relationship between coagulopathy and trauma severity; to assess the factors associated with coagulopathy; and to assess the effect of coagulopathy on the mortality of these patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 301 patients aged up to 16 years admitted to an intensive care unit due to moderate to severe traumatic brain injury, carried out over a 5-year period. The coagulation profile was associated with clinical, epidemiological and CT findings. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to check the association between coagulopathy and mortality. RESULTS: Minimum age was 23 days, and maximum age was 16 years (mean of 7.9 years). About 77 percent of patients had coagulopathy, whose occurrence was directly associated with the severity of the trauma, but not with the rise in mortality. The factors associated with the presence of coagulopathy were the following: severity of the traumatic brain injury (OR = 2.83; 95 percentCI 1.58-5.07), diagnosis of brain swelling on cranial computed tomography (OR = 2.11; 95 percentCI 1.13-4.07) and occurrence of chest and/or abdominal injury (OR = 2.07; 95 percentCI 1.11-4.00). Approximately 35 percent of patients died. The multivariate analysis showed that the factors associated with an increased risk of death were presence of sodium disorders (OR = 5.56; 95 percentCI 2.90-10.65), hypotension in the intensive care unit (OR = 12.58; 95 percentCI 4.40-35.00) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (OR = 13.57; 95 percentCI 1.51-121.66). CONCLUSION:The development of coagulopathy is a frequent complication in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Even though it is not closely associated with death in this study, it may be regarded...

[Risk factors for cystic fibrosis related liver disease] / Fatores de risco da hepatopatia da fibrose cística.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors for cystic fibrosis related liver disease. METHODS: Ten patients out of a total of 106 patients regularly followed-up during 1999 met the clinical, biochemical and/or ultrasound criteria for liver disease (9.4%). Using information from the admissions records at the service, we collected data on demography, genotype, age and manifestations at diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, nutritional status and laboratory findings. Variables associated with liver disease were initially identified by the Kaplan-Meier method. Those factors that were significant in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis by means of a Cox regression model. RESULTS: Under univariate analysis the following factors were associated with liver disease: male sex, age at diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, pancreatic insufficiency, z score for weight at admission, Shwachman score and biochemistry at admission. After adjustment by Cox model, two variables were independently associated with liver disease: Shwachman score (p = 0.0057) and age at diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of developing liver disease is higher among patients diagnosed at an early age and those with worse clinical status as assessed by the Shwachman score, indicating that liver involvement might be part of a more severe form of the condition. These patients merit greater attention in terms of screening for liver disease and should be given treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid earlier in the event of abnormal findings.

[Risk factors for cystic fibrosis related liver disease]. / Fatores de risco da hepatopatia da fibrose cística.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors for cystic fibrosis related liver disease. METHODS: Ten patients out of a total of 106 patients regularly followed-up during 1999 met the clinical, biochemical and/or ultrasound criteria for liver disease (9.4%). Using information from the admissions records at the service, we collected data on demography, genotype, age and manifestations at diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, nutritional status and laboratory findings. Variables associated with liver disease were initially identified by the Kaplan-Meier method. Those factors that were significant in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis by means of a Cox regression model. RESULTS: Under univariate analysis the following factors were associated with liver disease: male sex, age at diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, pancreatic insufficiency, z score for weight at admission, Shwachman score and biochemistry at admission. After adjustment by Cox model, two variables were independently associated with liver disease: Shwachman score (p = 0.0057) and age at diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of developing liver disease is higher among patients diagnosed at an early age and those with worse clinical status as assessed by the Shwachman score, indicating that liver involvement might be part of a more severe form of the condition. These patients merit greater attention in terms of screening for liver disease and should be given treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid earlier in the event of abnormal findings.

Fatores de risco da hepatopatia da fibrose cística / Risk factors for cystic fibrosis related liver disease

OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores de risco associados à hepatopatia da fibrose cística. MÉTODOS: Dos 106 pacientes acompanhados regularmente no ano de 1999, 10 preencheram os critérios clínicos, bioquímicos e/ou ultra-sonográficos para hepatopatia (9,4 por cento). Foram obtidos dos pacientes, no protocolo do serviço à admissão, fatores relacionados aos dados demográficos, genótipo, idade e manifestações ao diagnóstico da fibrose cística, estado nutricional e dados laboratoriais. As variáveis associadas à hepatopatia foram inicialmente identificadas pelo método de Kaplan-Meier. Os fatores significativos na análise univariada foram incluídos na análise multivariada, utilizando o modelo de regressão de Cox. RESULTADOS: Os fatores associados à hepatopatia na análise univariada foram: sexo masculino, idade ao diagnóstico da fibrose cística, insuficiência pancreática, escore z de peso à admissão, escore de Shwachman e bioquímica à admissão. Após o ajustamento pelo modelo de Cox, duas variáveis demonstraram estar independentemente associadas ao desenvolvimento de hepatopatia: escore de Shwachman (p = 0,0057) e idade ao diagnóstico da fibrose cística (p = 0,014). CONCLUSÃO:O risco de hepatopatia é maior entre os pacientes que apresentam diagnóstico mais precoce e entre aqueles com pior estado clínico avaliado pelo escore de Shwachman, evidenciando que a hepatopatia parece fazer parte de uma forma mais grave da doença. Esses pacientes merecem mais atenção quanto ao screening para hepatopatia e instituição mais precoce do ácido ursodesoxicólico na ocorrência de alterações.

[Etiological assessment of hyperthyrotropinemia in children with Down's syndrome]. / Avaliação etiológica da hipertirotropinemia em crianças com síndrome de Down.

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of increased TSH level and its probable cause in children with Down's syndrome treated at Policlínica Antônio Cândido. METHODS: The data were collected using medical records of 169 patients. Of these, 46 patients, whose TSH increased at some time during their follow-up, were re-evaluated. In these patients, TSH, free T4, total T4 and thyroid peroxidase autoantibody (anti-TPO) levels were measured. Thyroid ultrasound, iodine-131 scintigraphy, and a perchlorate discharge test were performed. RESULTS: In 169 children, 86 (50.8%) of whom were male, aged between 1-16 years (median 4 years), 67 (39.6%) presented increased TSH levels. Out of these 67 patients, 46 were prospectively studied. In 31 (67.4%) of them serum TSH returned to normal levels; in 11, TSH remained between 5 and 10 microU/ml, three (6.5%) had a TSH level over 10 microU/ml and one (2.2%) had hyperthyroidism. The diagnoses in 34 patients who were fully studied were: goiter in five (14.7%); Hashimoto's thyroiditis in four (5.9%); hypoplasia in three (8.8%) and iodide organification defect in one (2.9%). The increased TSH levels had a statistically positive relationship with anti-TPO (p = 0.02), but not with gender, abnormal ultrasound or scintigraphy findings. TSH levels did not have any relationship with persistent hyperthyrotropinemia. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with Down's syndrome, slightly elevated and transient TSH levels are frequently detected. Positive anti-TPO antibody test is a key factor in the follow-up of these patients because of its potential risk of progression to manifest thyroid disease.

Avaliação etiológica da hipertirotropinemia em crianças com síndrome de Down / Etiological assessment of hyperthyrotropinemia in children with Down's syndrome

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência de hipertirotropinemia e estudar sua possível etiologia em crianças com síndrome de Down atendidas na Policlínica Municipal Antônio Cândido, em Belo Horizonte. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados os dados dos prontuários de todas as crianças com síndrome de Down atendidas na policlínica para o cálculo da prevalência da alteração do hormônio estimulante da tireóide (TSH). As crianças que tiveram TSH elevado (maior que 5 µUI/ml) em pelo menos um exame foram convocadas para novas dosagens de TSH, T4livre, T4total e auto-anticorpo antiperoxidase (ATPO), realização de ultra-som da tireóide, tireograma com iodo-131 e teste de descarga do perclorato. As alterações encontradas nos exames das crianças que permaneceram com TSH elevado foram comparadas com as das que normalizaram os valores de TSH. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas, em 169 crianças com síndrome de Down, 86 (50,8 por cento) masculinas, idade entre 1-6 anos (mediana de 4 anos), 67 (39,6 por cento) com TSH aumentado, as quais foram convocadas para novas avaliações, comparecendo 46. Nesses pacientes, o TSH se normalizou em 31 (67,4 por cento); em 11 (23,9 por cento) permaneceu entre 5-10 µUI/ml; em três (6,5 por cento) ficou acima de 10 µUI/mL; e em uma (2,2 por cento) constatou-se hipertireoidismo. Os diagnósticos realizados nos pacientes com propedêutica completa (n = 34) foram: bócio (14,7 por cento), hipoplasia (8,8 por cento), tireoidite de Hashimoto (5,9 por cento), defeito na organogênese de iodo (2,9 por cento). Não se evidenciou relação entre as amplitudes dos valores de TSH e a persistência da hipertirotropinemia. Crianças com ATPO positivo estavam associadas a TSH elevado (p = 0,02). CONCLUSÕES: Na síndrome de Down, são freqüentes valores de TSH discretamente elevados e instáveis, sendo suas etiologias variáveis. A presença de ATPO mostrou-se importante no seguimento dessas crianças pelo risco potencial de evolução para doença tireoidiana manifesta.

[Validation of the Williams ultrasound scoring system for the diagnosis of liver disease in cystic fibrosis]. / Validação do escore ultra-sonográfico de Williams para o diagnóstico da hepatopatia da fibrose cística.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the hepatic abnormalities revealed by ultrasound examination of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients followed at the CF Outpatient Clinic at the Federal University of Minas Gerais; to compare ultrasound data with clinical and biochemical parameters; to validate the Williams ultrasound score for the diagnosis of liver disease in CF. METHODS: Seventy cystic fibrosis patients were followed prospectively and underwent clinical, biochemical and ultrasound examinations. The ultrasound findings were compared to the results of the clinical and biochemical examinations. Clinical and biochemical criteria were used as the gold standard for the validation of the Williams ultrasound score. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the Williams score. The patients were divided into two groups: normal (score = 3) or abnormal (score > 3) ultrasound examination. RESULTS: Ten patients met the clinical and/or biochemical criteria for liver disease (14.3%). All of them presented some abnormality on ultrasound examination of the liver. Abnormalities of the hepatic parenchyma, edge and periportal fibrosis were statistically more frequent in these patients. The Williams ultrasound score showed high specificity (91.7%; CI 80.9-96.9), but low sensitivity (50%; CI 20.1-79.9) for the diagnosis of liver disease. CONCLUSIONS: The Williams ultrasound score was not a good screening tool when compared to the clinical and biochemical examinations. Since there are currently no adequate tests that can be used to diagnose liver disease, we recommend a sequential evaluation combining clinical, biochemical and ultrasound examinations for the diagnosis of liver disease in CF.

Validação do escore ultra-sonográfico de Williams para o diagnóstico da hepatopatia da fibrose cística / Validation of the Williams ultrasound scoring system for the diagnosis of liver disease in cystic fibrosis

OBJETIVOS: Descrever as alterações hepáticas observadas ao exame ultra-sonográfico de fibrocísticos do Ambulatório de Fibrose Cística do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, comparar os achados ultra-sonográficos com critérios clínicos e bioquímicos e validar o escore de Williams para o diagnóstico de hepatopatia associada à fibrose cística. MÉTODOS: Setenta fibrocísticos foram acompanhados prospectivamente e submetidos a exame clínico, bioquímico e ultra-sonográfico. Os achados ultra-sonográficos foram comparados com os resultados do exame clínico e bioquímico. Para a validação do escore ultra-sonográfico de Williams, os critérios clínicos e bioquímicos foram utilizados como padrão-ouro. Foram calculados sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo do escore de Williams. Para os cálculos, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: normal ao exame ultra-sonográfico (escore = 3) ou alterado (escore > 3). RESULTADOS: Dez pacientes preencheram os critérios clínicos e/ou bioquímicos para hepatopatia (14,3 por cento). Todos os pacientes hepatopatas segundo os critérios clínicos e/ou bioquímicos apresentavam alguma alteração ao exame ultra-sonográfico. As alterações do parênquima hepático, borda hepática e fibrose periportal foram encontradas mais freqüentemente entre os hepatopatas, com diferença estatisticamente significativa. O escore de Williams apresentou alta especificidade (91,7 por cento; IC 80,9-96,9), mas baixa sensibilidade (s = 50 por cento; IC 20,1-79,9) para o diagnóstico da hepatopatia. CONCLUSÕES: O escore de Williams não constituiu um bom exame de triagem quando comparado ao exame clínico e bioquímico. Uma vez que ainda não há nenhum teste que, utilizado isoladamente, apresente sensibilidade adequada, é recomendável a utilização conjunta dos exames clínico, bioquímico e ultra-sonográfico no diagnóstico da hepatopatia associada à fibrose cística, sempre em avaliações seqüenciais.

Avaliação da Ação de Vigilância à Morbi-mortalidade Infantil na periferia de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais / Assessment of child Morbidity and Mortality in the Outskirts of Belo Horizonte in the State of Minas Gerais

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a Ação de Vigilância à Morbi-mortalidade Infantil no Centro de Saúde (CS) São Marcos e verificar a associação entre critérios de risco - baixo peso ao nascer (RNBP), mães não escolarizadas e/ou adolescentes - e variáveis como crescimento e aleitamento materno. MÉTODOS: estudo analítico tipo coorte prospectivo. Os recém-nascidos (RN) de risco, nascidos entre janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 1998, foram observados quanto à utilização do CS após busca ativa, comparando-os com controles. Após 12 meses, verificou-se a sua evolução em relação ao crescimento e duração da amamentação. RESULTADOS: foram identificados 199 RN de risco, os quais apresentaram maior procura do CS. Foram acompanhados 131 riscos e 88 controles. Não houve diferença da duração da amamentação entre os grupos. Ao final do acompanhamento, os RNBP apresentavam menores pesos e comprimentos.(p <0,01). Registraram-se 17 óbitos, a maioria neonatal. O risco relativo de óbito para os RNBP no primeiro ano foi 69,81. CONCLUSÕES: a Ação de Vigilância à Morbi-Mortalidade Infantil representou avanço ao implementar estratégias de identificação, captação e acompanhamento de crianças de risco. Todavia, os esforços devem buscar atuação mais precoce e ampla, principalmente para os RNBP