Risk factors characterisation for CHD: a case-control study in Bogota and Cali, Colombia, 2002-2020.

OBJECTIVE: CHDs correspond to 28% of all congenital anomalies, being the leading cause of infant mortality in the first year of life. Thus, it is essential to explore risk factors for CHDs presentation, allowing the detection of probable cases within a population. METHODS: We identified newborns with CHDs within a cohort from the Program for the Prevention and Monitoring of Congenital Defects in Bogota and Cali, 2002-2020. Cases were classified as isolated, complex isolated, polymalformed, and syndromic. Variables were analysed by comparing case and control averages with Student's t test using a 95% confidence level. RESULTS: Prevalence obtained was 19.36 per 10 000 live births; non-specified CHD, ventricular septal defect, and atrial septal defect were the most prevalent. As risk factors were found: paternal and maternal age above 45 years, pregestational diabetes, mother's body mass index above 25, low educational level, and socio-economic status. As protective factors: folic acid consumption within the first trimester and pregestational period. CONCLUSION: Different risk and protective factors associated with the presentation of CHDs have been described. We consider that public health strategies should be aimed to reduce risk factors exposure. Also, improving diagnosis and prognosis by having a close monitoring on high-risk patients.

Prevalence of aortic coarctation in Bogotá-Colombia from 2001 to 2018. The diagnostic needs to improve. / Prevalencia de coartación aórtica en Bogotá-Colombia de 2001 a 2018. El diagnóstico debe mejorar

OBJECTIVES: Aortic coarctation is the most frequent structural anomaly out of congenital heart diseases. This congenital defect is an important cause of death worldwide. We sought to determine the prevalence of aortic coarctation in Colombia and whether new policies have had an impact on its diagnosis. METHODS: In this study information from the Bogotá birth defect surveillance program during the years 2001-2018 from 63 hospitals was used. 537,026 live births of any weight and stillbirths of any weight were analyzed. The information was stored in a database on the servers of the Health Secretariat and the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. We analyzed the presence of aortic coarctation according to the newborn's sex, weight, size, mother's age, and gestational age at the time of birth and when coarctation is accompanied by other types of congenital malformations. RESULTS: The prevalence of aortic coarctation in Bogotá during the years 2001-2018 found in this study was 1.25 in 10,000 live births. We also found that prevalence of aortic coarctation in Bogotá changes throughout the years having a significant increase in the year 2018 with 6.57 cases in 10,000 live births. CONCLUSIONS: This prevalence is higher than the one found in a study with data from 2001 to 2014, which suggests an improvement in the country's epidemiological surveillance and medical training. However, the prevalence found in Bogotá is still lower compared to the prevalence worldwide and from other continents, the prevalence for Latinamerica was significantly lower as compared to those in Asia, Europe, and United States so we emphasize the importance of continuing with improvements, such as standardizing screening methods and sensitivity of said methods in a local scale as well as a continental scale.

OBJETIVOS: La coartación aórtica es la anomalía estructural más frecuente de las cardiopatías congénitas. Este defecto congénito es una causa importante de muerte en todo el mundo. Buscamos determinar la prevalencia de la coartación aórtica en Colombia y si las nuevas políticas han tenido un impacto en su diagnóstico. MÉTODOS: En este estudio se utilizó información del programa de vigilancia de defectos de nacimiento de Bogotá durante los años 2001-2018 en 63 hospitales. Se analizaron 537,026 nacidos vivos de cualquier peso y nacidos muertos de cualquier peso. La información fue almacenada en una base de datos de los servidores de la Secretaría de Salud y de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Se analizó la presencia de coartación aórtica de acuerdo al sexo del recién nacido, peso, tamaño, edad de la madre y edad gestacional en el momento del nacimiento y cuando la coartación se acompañó de otros tipos de malformaciones congénitas. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de la coartación aórtica en Bogotá durante los años 2001-2018 encontrados en este estudio fue de 1.25 en 10,000 nacidos vivos. También encontramos que la prevalencia de coartación aórtica en Bogotá ha cambiado a lo largo de los años, teniendo un aumento significativo en el año 2018 con 6.57 casos en 10,000 nacidos vivos. CONCLUSIONES: Esta prevalencia es mayor que la encontrada en un estudio con datos de 2001 a 2014, lo que sugiere una mejora en la vigilancia epidemiológica y la formación médica del país. Si bien, la prevalencia encontrada en Bogotá es menor en comparación con la prevalencia a nivel mundial y de otros continentes, la prevalencia para el continente de Latinoamérica también es significativamente menor con respecto a Asia, Europa y Estados Unidos, por lo que enfatizamos la importancia de continuar con las mejoras, como la estandarización de los métodos de detección y la sensibilidad de dichos métodos tanto a nivel local como a nivel del continente.

Description and results of birth defects surveillance and follow-up programs in Bogotá and Cali, Colombia, 2002-2019.

Birth defects are structural or functional defects present at birth and are caused by different factors that affect intrauterine development. They are the second most common cause of death under five years of age in Latin America and the Caribbean. In Bogotá and Cali, Colombia, there are two surveillance programs established to evaluate the prevalence of them. The purpose of the following article is to describe the experience and results of the surveillance of the Birth Defects Surveillance Programs in Bogotá and Cali, Colombia, 2002-2019. The information was taken from the surveillance programs that have an active hospital system in some institutions of the city (ECLAMC modality), and use data from the passive national system (Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública - SIVIGILA) to expand their coverage. From 2002 until 2019, 1,289.650 births have been monitored through one of the surveillance programs, including both methodologies. The importance of surveillance programs relies on the amount of data obtained that allows the development of research, the detection of potential changes throughout time, and the guidance of public policies to improve promotion and prevention strategies.

Risk factors for congenital heart disease: A case-control study / Factores de riesgo para cardiopatías congénitas: Estudio caso control

Abstract Objective: to investigate the prevalence and risk factors in newborns with congenital heart defects (CHD). Methods: this case-control study included 234,386 births from January 2006 to June 2013 that were evaluated and registered in the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) methodology, establishing the Bogota Birth Defects Surveillance and Follow-up Program (BBDSFP). Results: 234,368 births were registered and 277 of them were identified to have a CHD. The most common defect among all was ventricular septal defect (13.7%) followed by atrial septal defect (10.1%). As main associations we obtained: having any type of pre-gestational diabetes mellitus had an increased risk for the development of CHD (OR 16.36 CI: 4.54-58.35). Low weight newborns (less than 2,500 g) (OR: 4.13 CI: 3.13-5.44) and a gestational age lower than 36 weeks (OR: 4.92 CI: 3-5.44) were also linked to malformations. Conclusions: women with diabetes mellitus represent a high-risk pregnancy group, more work is needed to educate diabetic women, so CHD can be prevented and the outcomes of their pregnancy can be improved. Appropriate glycemic control before and during pregnancy may reduce CHD.

Resumen Objetivos: investigar la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo en recién nacidos con cardiopatías congénitas. Métodos: este estudio caso control incluyó 234.386 nacimientos desde enero del 2006 hasta junio del 2013, los cuales fueron evaluados y registrados según la metodología del Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECLAMC) estableciendo el programa de vigilancia de defectos congénitos de Bogotá. Resultados: de 234.368 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio, 277 fueron diagnosticados con cardiopatías congénitas. El defecto cardiaco más común fue la comunicación interventricular (13.7%) seguido por la comunicación interauricular (10.1%). Al evaluar los factores de riesgo se encontró que las madres con diabetes mellitus pregestacional tuvieron mayor riesgo de tener hijos con cardiopatías congénitas (OR 16.36 IC: 4.54-58.35) y que los pacientes con bajo peso al nacer (menor de 2.500 g) (OR: 4.13 IC: 3.13-5.44) y edad gestacional menor a 36 semanas (OR: 4.92 CI: 3-5.44) tenían mayor riesgo de ser diagnosticados con una cardiopatía congénita. Conclusiones: las pacientes diabéticas en embarazo tienen mayor riesgo de que sus hijos desarrollen una cardiopatía congénita. Por lo anterior se necesita realizar un mayor trabajo tanto de educación como de seguimiento a las mujeres diabéticas, para así prevenir cardiopatías congénitas y disminuir el resigo de sus embarazos.

Social and Clinical Impact of Congenital Urological Malformations in a Developing Country: The Need for a Transdisciplinary Way of Treatment / Impacto social y clínico de las malformaciones urológicas congénitas en un país en desarrollo: La necesidad de un tratamiento transdisciplinario

Zoom Image Abstract Introduction The prognosis of congenital anomalies (CAs) can be improved if detected and treated accurately. Given the complexity of some anomalies, it is almost always necessary to approach them with an interdisciplinary team. Our objective was to contact patients with congenital urological anomalies (CUAs) and follow them up during their first years of life and evaluate their clinical status, as well as their social and health care limitations. Method Based on the Bogota Congenital Malformations Surveillance Program (BCMSP), we have contacted by phone all the patients with CUAs and evaluated their follow-up. We have included all the registered patients from 2006 until 2015. A standardized questionnaire was applied by a trained staff. The questions assessed on each call included: evaluation of the clinical status of the patient, the clinical treatments and evaluations performed by clinical and surgical subspecialties, health care limitations, and social barriers. The first call was made at the 2nd month, then every 3 months during the 1st year and every 6 months thereafter. Results A total of 277 patients were contacted, 97.3% of whom have an increased risk of mortality or significant disability. The malformation related mortality was of 38.1%. Only 38.7% of the patients were evaluated by a specialist, while 57.4% where still waiting to be seen by a specialist. Ninety eight percent of the limitations related to the health care system were the long waiting lists to be seen by a specialist. Conclusion Many of the pathologies that we have found belong to the group that has a significant reduction in mortality when treated accurately and promptly. However, we have a profound problem in our health care system, in that many of the patients have not been seen by a specialist, which results in a worse prognosis and recovery rate.

Introducción El pronóstico de las anomalías congénitas puede mejorarse si se detectan y tratan adecuadamente. Dada la complejidad de algunas anomalías, casi siempre es necesario abordarlas con un equipo interdisciplinario. Nuestro objetivo fue contactar a los pacientes con anomalías urológicas congénitas (CUA) con posterior seguimiento durante los primeros años de vida, se evaluó su estado clínico así como las limitaciones sociales y de atención médica. Método Basado en el Programa de Vigilancia de Malformaciones congénitas de Bogotá, contactamos por teléfono a todos los pacientes con CUA y evaluamos su seguimiento. Fueron incluidos todos los pacientes desde 2006 hasta 2015. Un cuestionario estandarizado fue aplicado por personal capacitado. Las preguntas evaluadas durante la llamada incluyeron: evaluación del estado clínico, tratamientos clínicos realizados y evaluaciones por subespecialidades clínicas y quirúrgicas, limitaciones de atención médica y barreras sociales. La primera llamada se realizó en el segundo mes y luego cada tres meses durante el primer año y luego cada 6 meses a partir de entonces. Resultados Se contactó a un total de 277 pacientes en los que el 97,3% tenía un riesgo de mortalidad o de discapacidad significativa. La mortalidad relacionada con la malformación fue del 38.1%. Solo el 38,7% de los pacientes fueron evaluados por un especialista, mientras que el 57,4% aún esperaban ser atendidos por un especialista. El noventa y ocho por ciento de las limitaciones relacionadas con el sistema de atención fueron las largas listas de espera para ser visto por un especialista. Conclusión Muchas de las patologías pertenecen al grupo que cuando son tratadas adecuadamente y prontamente tienen una reducción significativa en la mortalidad. Sin embargo, tenemos un problema profundo en nuestro sistema de atención médica donde muchos de los pacientes no han sido atendidos por un especialista, lo que resulta en un peor pronóstico y tasa de recuperación.

Epidemiología de las malformaciones congénitas urinarias: revisión de los nacimientos registrados en los programas de vigilancia de Bogotá y Cali durante 15 años / Epidemiology of urinary congenital malformations: Review of births registered in the surveillance programs of Bogotá and Cali during 15 years / Epidemiologia das malformações urinárias congênitas: revisão de nascimentos registrados em programas de vigilância em Bogotá e Cali há 15 anos

Introducción: Las anomalías congénitas urinarias (ACU) se presentan con un promedio de 32,75 × 10.000. Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología y prevalencia de la ACU entre enero de 2001 y di- ciembre de 2015 en los programas de vigilancia y seguimiento de anomalías congénitas de Bogotá (PVSACB) y Cali (PVSACC). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo usando las bases de datos de PVSACB y PVSACC. El periodo reportado oscila entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2015 en Bogotá, y entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2015 en Cali. Los criterios de inclusión fueron los siguientes: todos los nacidos vivos de cualquier peso y nacidos muertos con peso igual o mayor a 500 gramos con cualquier ACU (códigos CIE 10 del Q60 al Q63). Resultados: La población total de recién nacidos evaluada fue de 469.473. Dicha información corresponde a siete hospitales en Bogotá (25,9 % del total de nacimientos en Bogotá) y 2 en Cali (20,8 % del total de nacimientos en Cali). Se observaron ACU en 10,37 × 10.000 recién nacidos (IC: 9,47-11,33), y se informaron más en varones. La hidronefrosis, el riñón poliquístico y la displasia renal multiquística fueron las malformaciones más comunes. El 72,7 % (n = 354) constituyeron casos aislados; el 18,7 % (n = 91), casos con uno o más defectos mayores asociados (anomalías congénitas múltiples), y el 8,6 % (n = 42), casos con diagnóstico sindrómico. En el 38,1 % (n = 16) de los casos se realizó el diagnóstico de síndrome de Potter; en el 16,7 % (n = 7), diagnóstico de asociación VACTERL, y en el 11,9 % (n = 5) se diagnosticó trisomía 21. Conclusión: La prevalencia de ACU en Bogotá y Cali (dos grandes ciudades de Colombia) es similar a la informada en estudios previos realizados en Colombia y a escala internacional. Así mismo, las ACU constituyen una de las principales causas de morbilidad en los nacimientos colombianos.

Introduction: Congenital urinary abnormalities (CUA) are presented with an average of 32.75 × 10,000. Objective: To describe the epidemiology and prevalence of CUA between January 2001 and December 2015 in Surveillance Programs of Congenital Anomalies of Bogotá (PVSACB) and Cali (PVSACC). Methods: A retrospective study was performed using information from the database of PVSACB and PVSACC. The reporting period was between January 2001 and December 2015 to Bogota and between January 2011 and December 2015 to Cali. The inclusion criteria were: all live births of any weight or stillbirths greater or equal to 500g with any CUA (coded to Q60 to Q63 of ICD 10). Results: The total population of newborns in that period was 469.473, from 7 hospitals in Bogota (25.9 % of total births in Bogota) and 2 hospitals in Cali (20.8 % of total births in Cali). CUA were noted in 10.37/10.000 newborns (CI: 9.47-11.33). CUA were more reported in males. Hydronephrosis, poly- cystic kidney and multicystic dysplastyic kidney were more common. 72.7 % (n=354) were isolated cases, 18.7 % (n=91) were cases with one or more associated major defects (multi- ple congenital anomalies) and 8.6 % (n=42) were cases with a diagnosis of chromosomal or genetic syndrome. In patients with a diagnosis of chromosomal or genetic syndrome, 38.1 % (n=16) had Potter syndrome, 16.6 % (n=7) had VACTERL association, and 11.9 % (n=5) had Down syndrome. Conclusion: The prevalence of CUA in Bogota and Cali (two major cities in Colombia) is similar to that reported in a previous study done using data from Colombia and other international reports. CUA is a major cause of morbidity in Colombian births. CUA is a major cause of morbidity in Colombian births.

Introdução: As anomalias urinárias congênitas (ACU) são apresentadas com uma média de 32,75 × 10.000. Objetivo: Descrever a epidemiologia e a prevalência da UTI entre janeiro de 2001 e dezembro de 2015 nos Programas de Vigilância e Acompanhamento de Anormalidades Congênitas de Bogotá (PVSACB) e Cali (PVSACC). Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo utilizando os bancos de dados PVSACB e PVSACC. O período relatado foi entre janeiro de 2001 e dezembro de 2015 em Bogotá e janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2015 em Cali. Os critérios de inclusão foram: todos os nascidos vivos de qualquer peso e os mortos com peso igual ou superior a 500 gramas com qualquer ACU (códigos da CID 10 de Q60 a Q63). Resultados: A população total de recém-nascidos avaliados foi de 469.473. Esta informação corresponde a 7 hospitais em Bogotá (25,9 % do total de nasci- mentos em Bogotá) e 2 em Cali (20,8 % do total de nascimentos em Cali). As ACUs foram observadas em 10,37 × 10.000 recém-nascidos (IC: 9.47-11.33). A ACU relatou mais em homens. Hidronefrose, rim policístico e displasia renal multicística foram as malformações mais comuns. 72,7 % (n = 354) eram casos isolados, 18,7 % (n = 91) eram casos com um ou mais defeitos associados principais (múltiplas anomalias congênitas) e 8,6 % (n = 42) eram casos com diagnóstico sindrômico. Em 38,1 % (n = 16) foi realizado o diagnóstico da síndrome de Potter, em 16,7 % (n = 7) do diagnóstico de associação VACTERL e em 11,9 % (n = 5) da trissomia 21. Conclusão: A prevalência de ACU em Bogotá e Cali (duas grandes cidades da Colômbia) é semelhante à relatada em estudos anteriores realizados na Colômbia e internacionalmente. Da mesma forma, as ACUs constituem uma das principais causas de morbidade nos nascimentos na Colômbia.

Epidemiology of congenital heart diseases in Bogotá, Colombia, from 2001 to 2014: Improved surveillance or increased prevalence?

INTRODUCTION: Congenital heart diseases are functional and structural alterations of the heart, circulatory system, and large vessels, which develop during cardiac embryogenesis. These defects are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of congenital heart diseases in Bogotá, Colombia, through the period 2001 to 2014 and evaluate the trend in time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 405,408 births from the Programa de Vigilancia y Seguimiento de Niños con Anomalías Congénitas de la Secretaría Distrital de Salud de Bogotá. We calculated the prevalence of congenital heart diseases through a daily registry of births, the clinical evaluation, and the work-up. Congenital heart diseases were classified as isolated, complex or associated. We estimated the prevalence per year and the mortality in the first hours of life. RESULTS: The total prevalence of congenital heart diseases was 15.1 per 10,000 newborns; however, we obtained values above 20 per 10,000 newborns in the previous 3 years. Of the newborns analyzed, 46% were females, 53.16% were males, and 0.33% undetermined. Out of the newborns with congenital anomalies, 397 had congenital heart diseases, 142 of which were classified as associated and 74 as complex. CONCLUSION: Congenital heart diseases have a significant impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. Although the prevalence continues to be low compared to other countries, this could be due to under registry nationwide. There was an increase in prevalence during the previous three years, which might be explained by the implementation of local and national programs. Therefore, we suggest continuing the development and promotion of such programs aimed at increasing screening and registration of these anomalies.

Epidemiología de las cardiopatías congénitas en Bogotá, Colombia, entre 2001 y 2014: ¿mejoría en la vigilancia o aumento en la prevalencia? / Epidemiology of congenital heart diseases in Bogotá, Colombia, from 2001 to 2014: Improved surveillance or increased prevalence?

Resumen Introducción. Las cardiopatías congénitas son alteraciones estructurales y funcionales del corazón, del sistema circulatorio y de los grandes vasos, que se desarrollan durante la embriogénesis cardiaca. A nivel mundial, dichos defectos son una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en la población infantil. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de cardiopatías congénitas en Bogotá durante el periodo de 2001 a 2014 y evaluar la tendencia en el tiempo. Materiales y métodos. Se analizóla informaciónde 405.408 recién nacidos registrados en el Programa de Vigilancia y Seguimiento de Niños con Anomalías Congénitas de la Secretaría de Salud de Bogotá y se calculó la prevalencia de las cardiopatías congénitas mediante un registro diario de nacimientos y su evaluación clínica y paraclínica. Las cardiopatías se clasificaron en aisladas, complejas y asociadas. Se halló la prevalencia por año y se evaluó la mortalidad en las primeras horas de vida. Resultados. La prevalencia de cardiopatías congénitas fue de 15,1 por cada 10.000 recién nacidos en todo el período, pero se evidenciaron valores por encima de 20 por 10.000 en los tresaños anteriores. Del total de recién nacidos evaluados, 46 % correspondió al sexo femenino, 53,16 % al sexo masculino y 0,33 % a sexo indeterminado. De los nacidos con malformaciones, 397 cardiopatías se clasificaron como aisladas, 142 se asociaron con otras malformaciones extracardiacas y 74 se consideraron complejas. Conclusiones. Las cardiopatías tienen gran impacto en la salud de la población infantil y, aunque la prevalencia es menor que en otros países, ello puede deberse al subregistro a nivel nacional. Se notó un aumento en la prevalencia en los tresaños anteriores, lo cual puede deberse a la implementación de los programas de vigilancia nacional y local. Sugerimos continuar desarrollando programas que incrementen e incentiven la tamización y el registro de estas enfermedades.

Abstract Introduction: Congenital heart diseases are functional and structural alterations of the heart, circulatory system, and large vessels, which develop during cardiac embryogenesis. These defects are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Objective: To determine the prevalence of congenital heart diseases in Bogotá, Colombia, through the period 2001 to 2014 and evaluate the trend in time. Materials and methods: We analyzed 405,408 births from the Programa de Vigilancia y Seguimiento de Niños con Anomalías Congénitas de la Secretaría Distrital de Salud de Bogotá. We calculated the prevalence of congenital heart diseases through a daily registry of births, the clinical evaluation, and the work-up. Congenital heart diseases were classified as isolated, complex or associated. We estimated the prevalence per year and the mortality in the first hours of life. Results: The total prevalence of congenital heart diseases was 15.1 per 10,000 newborns; however, we obtained values above 20 per 10,000 newborns in the previous 3 years. Of the newborns analyzed, 46% were females, 53.16% were males, and 0.33% undetermined. Out of the newborns with congenital anomalies, 397 had congenital heart diseases, 142 of which were classified as associated and 74as complex. Conclusion: Congenital heart diseases have a significant impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. Although the prevalence continues to be low compared to other countries, this could be due to under registry nationwide. There was an increase in prevalence during the previous three years, which might be explained by the implementation of local and national programs. Therefore, we suggest continuing the development and promotion of such programs aimed at increasing screening and registration of these anomalies.

Raised Frequency of Microcephaly Related to Zika Virus Infection in Two Birth Defects Surveillance Systems in Bogotá and Cali, Colombia.

Zika virus infection during pregnancy is now known to cause congenital microcephaly and severe brain defects. In 2016, rates of microcephaly appeared to start increasing around May, peaking in July, and declining through December. The occurrence of microcephaly appears to have increased nearly 4-fold in 2 large cities in Colombia, concurrently with the reported Zika virus epidemic in the country.

[Ultrasound detection of congenital anomalies in 76,155 births in the cities of Bogotá and Cali, 2011-2012]. / Detección ecográfica de anomalías congénitas en 76.155 nacimientos en Bogotá y Cali, 2011-2012.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital anomalies affect 2 to 3% of live births in Colombia and they are currently the leading cause of death in children under 1 year of age in Bogotá, and the third cause of death in children under 1 year of age in Cali. Congenital anomalies are a major factor contributing to fetal and infant mortality and morbidity in the world. Some congenital anomalies can be detected by obstetric ultrasonography, thus helping to decide on the best way to manage them. OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of detection of congenital anomalies by obstetric ultrasound and the false positive rate comparing infants born with birth defects in Bogota and Cali treated at health care facilities of different levels of complexity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We monitored 76,155 births in the cities of Cali and Bogotá based on a case-control model following the methodology of the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) from January 2011 to December 2012. RESULTS: The rate of malformed infants was 2.08%. The detection rate of diagnosable congenital anomalies was 31.45% among cases that had information about prenatal care. This rate is lower than that reported in the literature. Most of the congenital anomalies detected were of the central nervous system and of the genitourinary system. CONCLUSIONS: The low detection rate highlights the need to improve the quality of ultrasound to have greater sensitivity for adequate prenatal diagnosis that will contribute to the reduction of morbidity and mortality and allow for better care of newborns with malformations.

Detección ecográfica de anomalías congénitas en 76.155 nacimientos en Bogotá y Cali, 2011-2012 / Ultrasound detection of congenital anomalies in 76,155 births in the cities of Bogotá and Cali, 2011-2012

Introducción. Las anomalías congénitas afectan de 2 a 3 % de los nacidos vivos en Colombia y, actualmente, son la principal causa de mortalidad en menores de un año en Bogotá y la tercera causa de mortalidad en menores de un año en Cali; en el mundo son causa importante de mortalidad y morbilidad fetal e infantil. Algunas anomalías congénitas pueden detectarse por la ecografía obstétrica, lo que permite establecer su manejo. Objetivo. Determinar la tasa de detección de anomalías congénitas mediante ecografía obstétrica y la tasa de falsos positivos, comparando poblaciones de Bogotá y Cali atendidas en servicios de salud de diferentes niveles de complejidad. Materiales y métodos. Se vigilaron 76.155 nacimientos en las ciudades de Cali y Bogotá en la modalidad de caso control basada en la metodología del Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECLAMC), durante el periodo de enero de 2011 a diciembre de 2012. Resultados. Se encontró una tasa de infantes malformados de 2,08 %. La tasa de detección de anomalías congénitas diagnosticables fue de 31,45 % en los casos sobre los que se tenía información de control prenatal. La tasa encontrada fue menor a las reportadas en la literatura científica. Las anomalías congénitas más detectadas fueron las del sistema nervioso central y las urogenitales. Conclusiones. La baja tasa de detección evidencia la necesidad de mejorar la calidad de la ecografía para tener mayor sensibilidad y un diagnóstico prenatal adecuado que contribuya a la disminución de la morbilidad y la mortalidad, y a brindar una mejor atención al recién nacido con malformaciones.

Introduction: Congenital anomalies affect 2 to 3% of live births in Colombia and they are currently the leading cause of death in children under 1 year of age in Bogotá, and the third cause of death in children under 1 year of age in Cali. Congenital anomalies are a major factor contributing to fetal and infant mortality and morbidity in the world. Some congenital anomalies can be detected by obstetric ultrasonography, thus helping to decide on the best way to manage them. Objective: To determine the rate of detection of congenital anomalies by obstetric ultrasound and the false positive rate comparing infants born with birth defects in Bogota and Cali treated at health care facilities of different levels of complexity. Materials and methods: We monitored 76,155 births in the cities of Cali and Bogotá based on a case-control model following the methodology of the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) from January 2011 to December 2012. Results: The rate of malformed infants was 2.08%. The detection rate of diagnosable congenital anomalies was 31.45% among cases that had information about prenatal care. This rate is lower than that reported in the literature. Most of the congenital anomalies detected were of the central nervous system and of the genitourinary system. Conclusions: The low detection rate highlights the need to improve the quality of ultrasound to have greater sensitivity for adequate prenatal diagnosis that will contribute to the reduction of morbidity and mortality and allow for better care of newborns with malformations.

Congenital malformations of pediatric surgical interest: prevalence, risk factors, and prenatal diagnosis between 2005 and 2012 in the capital city of a developing country. Bogotá, Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Congenital anomalies (CAs) cause nearly one third of infant deaths worldwide. Various surveillance systems have been established, such as the Bogota Congenital Malformations Surveillance Program (BCMSP). Some CAs are of special interest to pediatric surgeons: omphalocele, gastroschisis, intestinal and esophageal atresia, anorectal malformations, vascular anomalies, diaphragmatic hernias, hypospadias and cryptorchidism. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of such CAs, and identify possible risk factors. METHODS: Data from the BCMSP were collected between January 2005 and April 2012. CAs were classified in accordance with the ICD-10 and grouped for analysis purposes. Data on CA frequencies were obtained from the BCMSP. Association analyses were performed using the case-control methodology. RESULTS: 282,523 births were registered. 4682 (1.66%) had one or more CAs at birth. The prevalence of CAs requiring pediatric surgery was 1 in 1000. The most frequent CAs were vascular anomalies, hypospadias, and anorectal malformations. Exposure to external factors was significantly associated with selected CAs. 51% of selected birth defects were not diagnosed in prenatal ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of evaluating the local prevalence of congenital malformations. We propose the creation of specialized centers in Bogota to manage patients with CAs.

Mortalidad por homicidio en Medellín, 1980-2007 / Deaths by homicide in Medellin, 1980-2007

La ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, ha enfrentado un grave problema de violencia, particularmente homicida. Para avanzar en el conocimiento de la magnitud, distribución, principales características y posibles explicaciones de este problema, se realizó un estudio descriptivo-analítico retrospectivo para el período 1980-2007. Se revisaron bases de datos oficiales y registros hospitalarios; se realizó un grupo focal y se revisó la bibliografía disponible. Se encontró que la ciudad vivió una escalada de violencia homicida en el período, sumando un total de 84.863 homicidios. El 93% de las víctimas fue de sexo masculino y el 7% femenino. El grupo de edad más afectado fue el de 20-29 años. Los hombres de este grupo de edad registraron en 1991, el peor del período, una tasa sorprendente: 1.709 /100.000. Le siguió el subgrupo de 15-19 años, pero aún los grupos de edad de los extremos de la vida registraron tasas preocupantes. Las principales víctimas fueron los hombres jóvenes, de estratos medio-bajo y bajo, como se ha observado en otras ciudades y países de la región. Se identificaron las principales causas, los problemas de información y atención y las consecuencias del problema sobre el personal y los servicios de salud. Al final se plantean algunas tareas del sector salud en el enfrentamiento de la violencia homicida.

The Colombian city of Medellin has faced a severe problem of violence and homicide. The goal of this retrospective, descriptive-analytical study was to assess the magnitude, distribution, most salient characteristics and possible explanations for the problem between 1980 and 2007. Data were obtained from official databases, hospital records and the available literature, and a focus group was set up. There was a dramatic rise in homicides in the city in the time interval studied, with a total of 84,863 documented murders. Ninety-three percent of the victims were male. The 20 to 29 year-old age group was the most affected. Males in this age group, during the worst year of the period (1991), registered an astounding murder rate of 1,709 per 100,000. Even males in the 15 to 19 year age group and the older brackets saw high murder rates. The most common victims were from the lower and lower-middle socioeconomic strata, as has been observed elsewhere in the region. Serious problems were identified in information and in the provision of services. The impact of homicide on the delivery of healthcare services is discussed and a series of tasks for the healthcare sector in the control of this type of violence is proposed.

[Deaths by homicide in Medellin, 1980-2007]. / Mortalidad por homicidio en Medellín, 1980-2007.

The Colombian city of Medellin has faced a severe problem of violence and homicide. The goal of this retrospective, descriptive-analytical study was to assess the magnitude, distribution, most salient characteristics and possible explanations for the problem between 1980 and 2007. Data were obtained from official databases, hospital records and the available literature, and a focus group was set up. There was a dramatic rise in homicides in the city in the time interval studied, with a total of 84,863 documented murders. Ninety-three percent of the victims were male. The 20 to 29 year-old age group was the most affected. Males in this age group, during the worst year of the period (1991), registered an astounding murder rate of 1,709 per 100,000. Even males in the 15 to 19 year age group and the older brackets saw high murder rates. The most common victims were from the lower and lower-middle socioeconomic strata, as has been observed elsewhere in the region. Serious problems were identified in information and in the provision of services. The impact of homicide on the delivery of healthcare services is discussed and a series of tasks for the healthcare sector in the control of this type of violence is proposed.