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Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are found in a variety of marine cold-water fishes where they prevent freezing by binding to nascent ice crystals. Their diversity (types I, II, III and antifreeze glycoproteins), as well as their scattered taxonomic distribution hint at their complex evolutionary history. In particular, type I AFPs appear to have arisen in response to the Late Cenozoic Ice Age that began ~ 34 million years ago via convergence in four different groups of fish that diverged from lineages lacking this AFP. The progenitor of the alanine-rich α-helical type I AFPs of sculpins has now been identified as lunapark, an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. Following gene duplication and loss of all but three of the 15 exons, the final exon, which encoded a glutamate- and glutamine-rich segment, was converted to an alanine-rich sequence by a combination of frameshifting and mutation. Subsequent gene duplications produced numerous isoforms falling into four distinct groups. The origin of the flounder type I AFP is quite different. Here, a small segment from the original antiviral protein gene was amplified and the rest of the coding sequence was lost, while the gene structure was largely retained. The independent origins of type I AFPs with up to 83% sequence identity in flounder and sculpin demonstrate strong convergent selection at the level of protein sequence for alanine-rich single alpha helices that bind to ice. Recent acquisition of these AFPs has allowed sculpins to occupy icy seawater niches with reduced competition and predation from other teleost species.
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Bacterial adhesins attach their hosts to surfaces that the bacteria will colonize. This surface adhesion occurs through specific ligand-binding domains located towards the distal end of the long adhesin molecules. However, recognizing which of the many adhesin domains are structural and which are ligand binding has been difficult up to now. Here we have used the protein structure modeling program AlphaFold2 to predict structures for these giant 0.2- to 1.5-megadalton proteins. Crystal structures previously solved for several adhesin regions are in good agreement with the models. Whereas most adhesin domains are linked in a linear fashion through their N- and C-terminal ends, ligand-binding domains can be recognized by budding out from a companion core domain so that their ligand-binding sites are projected away from the axis of the adhesin for maximal exposure to their targets. These companion domains are "split" in their continuity by projecting the ligand-binding domain outwards. The "split domains" are mostly ß-sandwich extender modules, but other domains like a ß-solenoid can serve the same function. Bioinformatic analyses of Gram-negative bacterial sequences revealed wide variety ligand-binding domains are used in their Repeats-in-Toxin adhesins. The ligands for many of these domains have yet to be identified but known ligands include various cell-surface glycans, proteins, and even ice. Recognizing the ligands to which the adhesins bind could lead to ways of blocking colonization by bacterial pathogens. Engineering different ligand-binding domains into an adhesin has the potential to change the surfaces to which bacteria bind.
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Adesinas Bacterianas , Modelos Moleculares , Domínios Proteicos , Adesinas Bacterianas/química , Adesinas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Ligação Proteica , Aderência Bacteriana , Ligantes , Cristalografia por Raios XRESUMO
Although male-focused sexual and relationship violence (SRV) prevention programs are widely promulgated, limited guidance concerning how programs should be implemented for rigorous evaluation exists. To help develop evidence for such guidance, this paper reports on 20 interviews with leaders at youth-serving community-based organizations (CBOs) and educational institutions, which are sites for male-focused SRV prevention programs. This study examined: (1) how programs can be designed to engage male participants; and (2) how youth-serving CBOs and educational institutions can partner with researchers for evaluations. Findings underscore the importance of attending to the unique needs of program participants, their parents/guardians, and host organizations.
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Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) bind to ice crystals to prevent organisms from freezing. A diversity of AFP folds has been found in fish and insects, including alpha helices, globular proteins, and several different beta solenoids. But the variety of AFPs in flightless arthropods, like Collembola, has not yet been adequately assessed. Here, antifreeze activity was shown to be present in 18 of the 22 species of Collembola from cold or temperate zones. Several methods were used to characterize these AFPs, including isolation by ice affinity purification, MALDI mass spectrometry, amino acid composition analysis, tandem mass spectrometry sequencing, transcriptome sequencing, and bioinformatic investigations of sequence databases. All of these AFPs had a high glycine content and were predicted to have the same polyproline type II helical bundle fold, a fold unique to Collembola. These Hexapods arose in the Ordovician Period with the two orders known to produce AFPs diverging around 400 million years ago during the Andean-Saharan Ice Age. Therefore, it is likely that the AFP arose then and persisted in many lineages through the following two ice ages and intervening warm periods, unlike the AFPs of fish which arose independently during the Cenozoic Ice Age beginning ~ 30 million years ago.
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Proteínas Anticongelantes Tipo II , Artrópodes , Animais , alfa-Fetoproteínas , Artrópodes/genética , Artrópodes/metabolismo , Proteínas Anticongelantes/química , Peixes/genética , Peixes/metabolismo , Insetos/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por MatrizRESUMO
By preventing freezing, antifreeze proteins (AFPs) can permit cells and organs to be stored at subzero temperatures. As metabolic rates decrease with decreasing temperature, subzero static cold storage (SZ-SCS) could provide more time for tissue matching and potentially lead to fewer discarded organs. Human kidneys are generally stored for under 24 h and the tubule epithelium is known to be particularly sensitive to static cold storage (SCS). Here, telomerase-immortalized proximal-tubule epithelial cells from humans, which closely resemble their progenitors, were used as a proxy to assess the potential benefit of SZ-SCS for kidneys. The effects of hyperactive AFPs from a beetle and Cryostasis Storage Solution were compared to University of Wisconsin Solution at standard SCS temperatures (4 °C) and at -6 °C for up to six days. Although the AFPs helped guard against freezing, lower storage temperatures under these conditions were not beneficial. Compared to cells at 4 °C, those stored at -6 °C showed decreased viability as well as increased lactate dehydrogenase release and apoptosis. This suggests that this kidney cell type might be prone to chilling injury and that the addition of AFPs to enable SZ-SCS may not be effective for increasing storage times.
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Criopreservação , Soluções para Preservação de Órgãos , Humanos , Criopreservação/métodos , Proteínas Anticongelantes/metabolismo , Túbulos Renais/metabolismoRESUMO
This cross-sectional study investigates intimate partner violence circumstances associated with violent deaths in the US from 2015 to 2019.
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Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Violência , HumanosRESUMO
These proceedings contain presentation summaries and discussion highlights from the University of Maryland Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (M-CERSI) Workshop on Co-processed API, held on July 13 and 14, 2022. This workshop examined recent advances in the use of co-processed active pharmaceutical ingredients as a technology to improve drug substance physicochemical properties and drug product manufacturing process robustness, and explored proposals for enabling commercialization of these transformative technologies. Regulatory considerations were discussed with a focus on the classification, CMC strategies, and CMC documentation supporting the use of this class of materials from clinical studies through commercialization. The workshop format was split between presentations from industry, academia and the FDA, followed by breakout sessions structured to facilitate discussion. Given co-processed API is a relatively new concept, the authors felt it prudent to compile these proceedings to gain further visibility to topics discussed and perspectives raised during the workshop, particularly during breakout discussions. Disclaimer: This paper reflects discussions that occurred among stakeholder groups, including FDA, on various topics. The topics covered in the paper, including recommendations, therefore, are intended to capture key discussion points. The paper should not be interpreted to reflect alignment on the different topics by the participants, and the recommendations provided should not be used in lieu of FDA published guidance or direct conversations with the Agency about a specific development program. This paper should not be construed to represent FDA's views or policies.
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Purpose: Among homicides in the United States, intimate partners kill almost 50% of female and 10% of male victims. Intimate partner violence (IPV) also contributes to an estimated 6% of suicides. These trends suggest that opportunities for IPV interventions prior to the fatalities may have been missed. Thus, researchers must investigate the context and circumstances of IPV-related fatalities to inform effective prevention strategy development. There are two primary national fatality databases that can be used to examine such factors: the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS, homicide and suicides); and the Uniform Crime Reporting-Supplementary Homicide Reports (UCR-SHR, homicides). These datasets include data on many IPV-related violent deaths but are limited by variations in data quality. Method: This critical review summarizes opportunities and challenges when examining IPV-related fatalities using these national datasets. To document how the current literature is conceptualizing IPV, a rapid review on IPV-related homicide and suicide articles was performed (2019-2022). Missingness analyses were conducted to describe limitations in key dataset variables. Results: These datasets enable tracking IPV-related fatalities nationally over time. However, issues with the operationalization of variables that record IPV circumstances, particularly in the UCR-SHR, and high levels of missingness represent significant barriers to research. Novel methodologies can optimize the use of these datasets. Conclusion: National-level datasets enable researchers to examine IPV-related fatalities, evaluate policy differences between states, and monitor trends and disparities. This research can inform key recommendations for interventions to prevent IPV-related fatalities. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10896-022-00487-2.
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Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) inhibit ice growth within fish and protect them from freezing in icy seawater. Alanine-rich, alpha-helical AFPs (type I) have independently (convergently) evolved in four branches of fishes, one of which is a subsection of the righteye flounders. The origin of this gene family has been elucidated by sequencing two loci from a starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, collected off Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The first locus had two alleles that demonstrated the plasticity of the AFP gene family, one encoding 33 AFPs and the other allele only four. In the closely related Pacific halibut, this locus encodes multiple Gig2 (antiviral) proteins, but in the starry flounder, the Gig2 genes were found at a second locus due to a lineage-specific duplication event. An ancestral Gig2 gave rise to a 3-kDa "skin" AFP isoform, encoding three Ala-rich 11-a.a. repeats, that is expressed in skin and other peripheral tissues. Subsequent gene duplications, followed by internal duplications of the 11 a.a. repeat and the gain of a signal sequence, gave rise to circulating AFP isoforms. One of these, the "hyperactive" 32-kDa Maxi likely underwent a contraction to a shorter 3.3-kDa "liver" isoform. Present day starry flounders found in Pacific Rim coastal waters from California to Alaska show a positive correlation between latitude and AFP gene dosage, with the shorter allele being more prevalent at lower latitudes. This study conclusively demonstrates that the flounder AFP arose from the Gig2 gene, so it is evolutionarily unrelated to the three other classes of type I AFPs from non-flounders. Additionally, this gene arose and underwent amplification coincident with the onset of ocean cooling during the Cenozoic ice ages.
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Mudança Climática , Linguado , Animais , Proteínas Anticongelantes/metabolismo , Peixes/genética , Peixes/metabolismo , Linguado/genética , Linguado/metabolismo , Congelamento , alfa-FetoproteínasRESUMO
It remains unclear how often and under what circumstances intimate partner violence (IPV) precedes suicide. Available research on IPV and suicide focuses largely on homicide-suicide, which is a rare event (<2% of suicides). We focus instead on single suicides (i.e., suicides unconnected to other violent deaths), which are the most common type of fatal violence in the US. Unfortunately, information about IPV circumstances is often unavailable for suicides. To address this gap, we sought to identify the proportion of single suicides that were preceded by IPV in North Carolina (NC), to describe the prevalence of IPV victimization and perpetration as precursors to suicide, and to explore how IPV-related suicides differ from other suicides. We used data from the NC Violent Death Reporting System (2010-2017, n = 9682 single suicides) and hand-reviewed textual data for a subset of cases (n = 2440) to document IPV circumstances. We had robust inter-rater reliability (Kappa: 0.73) and identified n = 439 IPV-related suicides. Most were males who had perpetrated nonfatal IPV (n = 319, 72.7%) prior to dying by suicide. Our findings suggest that IPV was a precursor for at least 4.5% of single suicides. Next, we conducted logistic regression analyses by sex comparing IPV-related suicides to other suicides. For both men and women, IPV was more common when the person who died by suicide had recently disclosed suicidal intent, was younger, used a firearm, and was involved with the criminal legal system, even after controlling for covariates. We also found sex-specific correlates for IPV circumstances in suicide. Combined with homicide-suicide data (reported elsewhere), IPV is likely associated with 6.1% or more of suicides overall. Results suggest clear missed opportunities to intervene for this unique subpopulation, such as suicide screening and referral in IPV settings (e.g., batterer intervention programs, Family Justice Centers) that is tailored by sex.
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INTRODUCTION: Little is known about intimate partner violence-related fatalities among young people. This study comprehensively identifies and describes intimate partner violence-related homicides, homicide-suicides, legal intervention deaths, and suicides among young people. METHODS: Data from the 2014-2018 National Violent Death Reporting System were analyzed for all decedents aged 0-24 years in 38 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico with known circumstances of death (n=29,702). Intimate partner violence-related deaths were identified using National Violent Death Reporting System variables across all manners of death and supplementary narrative review for suicides. This article reports the proportion of intimate partner violence versus non-intimate partner violence-related deaths by manner of death, descriptive statistics, and rate of intimate partner violence-related death per 100,000 person years. To examine disparities in intimate partner violence-related deaths, generalized estimating equations were used with robust standard errors to account for clustering of deaths within states and fixed effects for years. Statistical analyses were conducted May and August 2021. RESULTS: A total of 1,927 intimate partner violence-related deaths were identified, which represents 6.5% of violent deaths with known circumstances, at a rate of 0.35 per 100,000 person years. Supplementary narrative review identified 44.7% of all intimate partner violence-related deaths. There were significant differences by race/ethnicity and whether a firearm inflicted the fatal injury for male and female decedents by manner of death. CONCLUSIONS: If the National Violent Death Reporting System does not assess whether intimate partner violence was a precipitating factor across all death manners, the true magnitude of intimate partner violence's contribution to violent death will be underestimated. Future research that identifies factors associated with all manners of intimate partner violence-related deaths among young people will help inform intervention and prevention strategies to save young lives.
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Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Suicídio , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Causas de Morte , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Homicídio , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Vigilância da População , Distribuição por Sexo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Violência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Theories play an important role in guiding intimate partner homicide (IPH) prevention research and practice. This study is the first systematic review of theories employed to explain why someone might kill their intimate partner. This review used rigorous methods to locate and synthesize literature that described explanatory theories of IPH perpetration. Using set search terms, we systematically searched 15 databases and repositories for theory-focused documents (i.e., theory papers or analyses) published in English from 2003 to 2018. Eighteen documents met these inclusion criteria and identified 22 individual theories that seek to explain why people might kill their intimate partners. These theories fell within four broader theoretical perspectives: feminist, evolutionary, sociological/criminological, and combined. Key tenets and focal populations of these 22 theories were identified and organized into a compendium of explanatory theories of IPH perpetration. Potential strengths and limitations of each of the four perspectives were described. Review findings underscored the likely importance of addressing gender as well as risk and protective factors at all levels of the social ecological model in efforts to understand IPH perpetration. The review findings highlighted the need for both integrated theories and a broader conceptual organizing framework to guide work aimed at IPH perpetration prevention to leverage the strengths of disparate theoretical perspectives. With the goal of informing future research, a preliminary iteration of such a framework is presented.
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Homicídio , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Feminismo , Humanos , Fatores de Proteção , Parceiros SexuaisRESUMO
The recent assembly of the herring genome suggests this fish acquired its antifreeze protein gene by horizontal transfer and then passed a copy on to the smelt. The direction of gene transfer is confirmed by some accompanying transposable elements and by the breakage of gene synteny.
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Proteínas Anticongelantes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Peixes/genética , Transferência Genética Horizontal , Animais , Genoma , Vertebrados/genéticaRESUMO
Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) inhibit the growth of ice through surface adsorption. In some freeze-resistant fishes and insects, circulating IBPs serve as antifreeze proteins to stop ice growth by lowering the freezing point. Plants are less able to avoid freezing and some use IBPs to minimize the damage caused in the frozen state by ice recrystallization, which is the growth of large ice grains at the expense of small ones. Here we have accurately and reproducibly measured the ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity of over a dozen naturally occurring IBPs from fishes, insects, plants, and microorganisms using a modified 'splat' method on serial dilutions of IBPs whose concentrations were determined by amino acid analysis. The endpoint of IRI, which was scored as the lowest protein concentration at which no recrystallization was observed, varied for the different IBPs over two orders of magnitude from 1000 nM to 5 nM. Moreover, there was no apparent correlation between their IRI levels and reported antifreeze activities. IBPs from insects and fishes had similar IRI activity, even though the insect IBPs are typically 10x more active in freezing point depression. Plant IBPs had weak antifreeze activity but were more effective at IRI. Bacterial IBPs involved in ice adhesion showed both strong freezing point depression and IRI. Two trends did emerge, including that basal plane binding IBPs correlated with stronger IRI activity and larger IBPs had higher IRI activity.
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Proteínas de Transporte , Gelo , Animais , Proteínas Anticongelantes/metabolismo , Criopreservação/métodos , Cristalização , Peixes , Congelamento , InsetosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence can lead to deaths of one or both partners and others (i.e., corollary victims). Prior studies do not enumerate the societal cost of intimate partner violence-related fatalities, exclude corollary victims from most analyses, and do not describe groups who bear the highest societal costs from intimate partner violence. OBJECTIVE: We examine racial/ethnic and gender-based disparities in potential years of life lost (PYLL) among intimate partners and corollary victims of intimate partner violence-related mortality. METHODS: We used 16 US states' 2006-2015 National Violent Death Reporting System data to estimate PYLL among intimate partners (n = 6,282) and corollary victims (n = 1,634) by victims' race/ethnicity and sex. We describe fatalities by sex, race/ethnicity, age, and victim-suspect relationships and used hierarchical linear models to examine PYLL per death differences by victims' sex and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Nearly 290,000 years of potential life were lost by partner and corollary victims as a result of IPV in 16 states during the decade of study. Most partner victims were female (59%); most corollary victims were male (76%). Female intimate partners died 5.1 years earlier (95% CI: 4.4., 5.9) than males, and female corollary victims died 3.6 years (1.9, 5.5) earlier than males. Racial/ethnic minorities died nine or more years earlier than their White counterparts. White males had the lowest PYLL per death of all sex/race groups. IMPLICATIONS: Intimate partner violence-related fatalities exact a high societal cost, and the burden of that cost is disproportionately high among racial/ethnic minorities. Future interventions targeting specific sex and race/ethnic groups might help reduce disparities in intimate partner violence burden.
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Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/estatística & dados numéricos , Distribuição por Idade , Vítimas de Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Homicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Distribuição por Sexo , Estados UnidosRESUMO
A springtail (Collembola) identified as Granisotoma rainieri was collected from snow in Hokkaido, Japan, in late winter when nighttime temperatures were below zero. Extracts of these arthropods showed antifreeze activity by shaping ice crystals and stopping their growth. The glycine-rich proteins responsible for this freezing point depression were isolated by ice-affinity purification and had principal masses of ~ 6.9 and 9.6 kDa. We identified a transcript for a 9.6-kDa component and produced it as a His-tagged recombinant protein for structural analysis. Its crystal structure was solved to a resolution of 1.21 Å and revealed a polyproline type II helical bundle, similar to the six-helix Hypogastrura harveyi AFP, but with nine helices organized into two layers held together by an extensive network of hydrogen bonds. One of the layers is flat, regular, and hydrophobic and likely serves as the ice-binding side. Although this surface makes close protein-protein contacts with its symmetry mate in the crystal, it has bound chains of waters present that resemble those on the basal and primary prism planes of ice. Molecular dynamic simulations indicate most of these crystal waters would preferentially occupy these sites if exposed to bulk solvent in the absence of the symmetry mate. These prepositioned waters lend further support to the ice-binding mechanism in which AFPs organize ice-like waters on one surface to adsorb to ice. DATABASES: Structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession number 7JJV. Transcript data are available in GenBank under accession numbers MT780727, MT780728, MT780729, MT780730, MT780731 and MT985982.
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Proteínas Anticongelantes/química , Proteínas de Artrópodes/química , Artrópodes/metabolismo , Gelo , Peptídeos/química , Água/química , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Simulação de Dinâmica MolecularRESUMO
Among violence prevention educators and researchers, there is growing interest in sexual, dating, and intimate partner violence (SV/DV/IPV) prevention programs for males because of evidence showing that boys and men are more likely than girls and women to perpetrate SV as well as more severe forms of DV/IPV. To date, comprehensive guidance on the content, structure, delivery, and effectiveness of such programs is limited. We reviewed randomized controlled studies that evaluated SV/DV/IPV perpetration prevention programs for boys and men. Searches yielded 5,249 potential documents for review of which 10 met inclusion criteria-representing 9 unique studies of 7 distinct programs. Two reviewers independently reviewed and abstracted data from these studies regarding program setting and target audience; type of violence addressed; number and length of program sessions; program duration, topics, activities, and delivery mode; and implementer details. Study characteristics were also examined (sample size, participant characteristics, recruitment, randomization, comparison/control condition, data collection protocols, attrition, measures of violence perpetration, and perpetration findings). The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used to assess study design quality. Results show considerable heterogeneity among program content and delivery strategies, study designs, and outcome measurement. Study sample size ranged widely, and most used cluster-randomized designs, recruited undergraduate college students, and evaluated a multisession program delivered via group sessions. Only one program reduced men's self-reported SV perpetration. Accordingly, critical gaps exist around "what works" for SV/DV/IPV perpetration prevention programs for boys and men.
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Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Humanos , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de SaúdeRESUMO
At least one in seven homicides around the world is perpetrated by intimate partners. The danger of intimate partner homicide (IPH) associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) has led to the development of numerous IPV reassault and IPH risk assessment tools. Using 18 electronic databases and research repositories, we conducted a systematic review of IPH or IPV reassault risk assessment instruments. After review, 43 studies reported in 42 articles met inclusion criteria. We systematically extracted, analyzed, and synthesized data on tools studied, sample details, data collection location, study design, analysis methods, validity, reliability, and feasibility of use. Findings indicate that researchers in eight countries have tested 18 distinct IPH or IPV reassault risk assessment tools. The tools are designed for various professionals including law enforcement, first responders, and social workers. Twenty-six studies focused on assessing the risk of male perpetrators, although eight included female perpetrators. Eighteen studies tested tools with people in mixed-sex relationships, though many studies did not explicitly report the gender of both the perpetrators and victims/survivors. The majority of studies were administered or coded by researchers rather than administered in real-world settings. Reliable and valid instruments that accurately and feasibly assess the risk of IPH and IPV reassault in community settings are necessary for improving public safety and reducing violent deaths. Although researchers have developed several instruments assessing different risk factors, systematic research on the feasibility of using these instruments in practice settings is lacking.
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Homicídio , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Feminino , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Parceiros SexuaisRESUMO
Intimate partner violence, nonpartner sexual violence, and physical and sexual violence against children are significant public health issues in South Africa. Theory suggests that experiencing violence in childhood plays a role in propensity to perpetrate violence or vulnerability to violence in adulthood. Most research to date on this topic has been conducted in high-resource countries or within urban or high-risk populations. We explore the relationship between violence in childhood and violence in adulthood in a community-based sample of 18- to 49-year-old adults in rural South Africa using data from a population-based survey (N = 1,044) in North West province in 2014. We measured childhood violence before age 15 years, experience of nonpartner sexual violence in adulthood, and IPV victimization and perpetration in the last 12 months. We conducted multivariate logistic regression; gender was tested as an effect modifier. All estimates are weighted to the subdistrict population. More women (2.7%) than men (0.8%) reported childhood forced sex, whereas fewer women (2.0%) than men (7.9%) reported childhood physical violence. Women and men reported similar rates of IPV victimization (6.8% vs. 5.4%), IPV perpetration (3.3% vs. 4.8%), and forced sex by a nonpartner (1.6% vs. 1.2%). We found that men and women who experienced childhood violence (combined physical and/or sexual) were significantly more likely to experience forced sex by a nonpartner (men: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 5.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.27, 24.0], p < .05; women: aOR = 51.1, 95% CI = [10.58, 246.3], p < .01) compared with those who did not experience childhood violence. They were also 2.5 times as likely to perpetrate recent IPV (aOR = 2.5, 95% CI = [0.97, 6.7], p = .06) or experience recent IPV (aOR = 2.5, 95% CI = [0.9, 6.9], p = .07), although this finding was marginally significant. These results align with the literature from other settings and population groups.
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Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Delitos Sexuais , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Abuso Físico , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento Sexual , Parceiros Sexuais , África do Sul , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In 2015, 1350 people in the US were killed by their current or former intimate partner. Intimate partner violence (IPV) can also fatally injure family members or friends, and IPV may be a risk factor for suicide. Without accounting for all these outcomes, policymakers, funders, researchers and public health practitioners may underestimate the role that IPV plays in violent death. OBJECTIVE: We sought to enumerate the total contribution of IPV to violent death. Currently, no data holistically report on this problem. METHODS: We used Violent Death Reporting System (VDRS) data to identify all IPV-related violent deaths in North Carolina, 2010-2017. These included intimate partner homicides, corollary deaths, homicide-suicides, single suicides and legal intervention deaths. We used the existing IPV variable in VDRS, linked deaths from the same incident and manually reviewed 2440 suicide narratives where intimate partner problems or stalking were a factor in the death. RESULTS: IPV contributes to more than 1 in 10 violent deaths (10.3%). This represents an age-adjusted rate of 1.97 per 100 000 persons. Of the IPV-related violent deaths we identified, 39.3% were victims of intimate partner homicide, 17.4% corollary victims, 11.4% suicides in a homicide-suicide event, 29.8% suicides in a suicide-only event and 2.0% legal intervention deaths. IMPLICATIONS: If researchers only include intimate partner homicides, they may miss over 60% of IPV-related deaths. Our novel study shows the importance of taking a comprehensive approach to prevent IPV and decrease violent deaths. IPV is a risk factor for suicide as well as homicide.