Improved modeling of human AD with an automated culturing platform for iPSC neurons, astrocytes and microglia.

Advancement in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) neuron and microglial differentiation protocols allow for disease modeling using physiologically relevant cells. However, iPSC differentiation and culturing protocols have posed challenges to maintaining consistency. Here, we generated an automated, consistent, and long-term culturing platform of human iPSC neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Using this platform we generated a iPSC AD model using human derived cells, which showed signs of Aß plaques, dystrophic neurites around plaques, synapse loss, dendrite retraction, axon fragmentation, phospho-Tau induction, and neuronal cell death in one model. We showed that the human iPSC microglia internalized and compacted Aß to generate and surround the plaques, thereby conferring some neuroprotection. We investigated the mechanism of action of anti-Aß antibodies protection and found that they protected neurons from these pathologies and were most effective before pTau induction. Taken together, these results suggest that this model can facilitate target discovery and drug development efforts.

A Novel "Cut and Paste" Method for In Situ Replacement of cMyBP-C Reveals a New Role for cMyBP-C in the Regulation of Contractile Oscillations.

RATIONALE: cMyBP-C (cardiac myosin-binding protein-C) is a critical regulator of heart contraction, but the mechanisms by which cMyBP-C affects actin and myosin are only partly understood. A primary obstacle is that cMyBP-C localization on thick filaments may be a key factor defining its interactions, but most in vitro studies cannot duplicate the unique spatial arrangement of cMyBP-C within the sarcomere. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to validate a novel hybrid genetic/protein engineering approach for rapid manipulation of cMyBP-C in sarcomeres in situ. METHODS AND RESULTS: We designed a novel cut and paste approach for removal and replacement of cMyBP-C N'-terminal domains (C0-C7) in detergent-permeabilized cardiomyocytes from gene-edited Spy-C mice. Spy-C mice express a TEVp (tobacco etch virus protease) cleavage site and a SpyTag (st) between cMyBP-C domains C7 and C8. A cut is achieved using TEVp which cleaves cMyBP-C to create a soluble N'-terminal γC0C7 (endogenous [genetically encoded] N'-terminal domains C0 to C7 of cardiac myosin binding protein-C) fragment and an insoluble C'-terminal SpyTag-C8-C10 fragment that remains associated with thick filaments. Paste of new recombinant (r)C0C7 domains is achieved by a covalent bond formed between SpyCatcher (-sc; encoded at the C'-termini of recombinant proteins) and SpyTag. Results show that loss of γC0C7 reduced myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and increased cross-bridge cycling (ktr) at submaximal [Ca2+]. Acute loss of γC0C7 also induced auto-oscillatory contractions at submaximal [Ca2+]. Ligation of rC0C7 (exogenous [recombinant] N'-terminal domains C0 to C7 of cardiac myosin binding protein-C)-sc returned pCa50 and ktr to control values and abolished oscillations, but phosphorylated (p)-rC0C7-sc did not completely rescue these effects. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a robust new approach for acute removal and replacement of cMyBP-C in situ. The method revealed a novel role for cMyBP-C N'-terminal domains to damp sarcomere-driven contractile waves (so-called spontaneous oscillatory contractions). Because phosphorylated (p)-rC0C7-sc was less effective at damping contractile oscillations, results suggest that spontaneous oscillatory contractions may contribute to enhanced contractility in response to inotropic stimuli.