Minimal ionizing radiation sensitivity in a large cohort of xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts.

We have examined our ionizing radiation survival data for 33 xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) primary fibroblast lines and compared the data to that of 53 normal fibroblast lines, 7 Cockayne syndrome (CS) lines, 4 combined XP/CS lines and 8 ataxia-telangiectasia fibroblast lines. Although there are differences in radiosensitivity between cell lines within each class, we have no convincing evidence that XP lines as a group are more sensitive to ionizing radiation than the general population. However, because the XP phenotype may lead to premature ageing, especially of sun-exposed tissues, we would still advocate caution when XP patients come to radiotherapy. Our results confirm the extreme ionizing radiation hypersensitivity of ataxia-telangiectasia; they are also consistent with a tendency for slight hypersensitivity in CS, but not (necessarily) in combined XP/CS.

Clinical and cellular ionizing radiation sensitivity in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum.

XP14BR is a cell line derived from a xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patient from complementation group C. The patient was unusual in presenting with an angiosarcoma of the scalp, treated by surgical excision and radiotherapy. Following 38 Gy in 19 fractions with 6 MEV electrons, a severe desquamation and necrosis of the underlying bone ensued, and death followed 4 years later. The cell line was correspondingly hypersensitive to the lethal effects of gamma irradiation. We had previously shown that this sensitivity could be discriminated from that seen in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). The cellular response to ultraviolet radiation below 280 nm (UVC) was characteristic of XP cells, indicating the second instance, in our experience, of dual cellular UVC and ionizing radiation hypersensitivity in XP. We then set out to evaluate any defects in repair of ionizing radiation damage and to verify any direct contribution of the XPC gene. The cells were defective in repair of a fraction of double strand breaks, with a pattern reminiscent of A-T. The cell line was immortalized with the vector pSV3neo and the XPC cDNA transfected in to correct the defect. The progeny derived from this transfection showed the presence of the XPC gene product, as measured by immunoblotting. A considerable restoration of normal UVC, but not ionizing radiation, sensitivity was observed amongst the clones. This differential correction of cellular sensitivity is strong evidence for the presence of a defective radiosensitivity gene, distinct from XPC, which is responsible for the clinical hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation. It is important to resolve how widespread ionizing radiation sensitivity is amongst XP patients.

Molecular cytogenetic insights into the ageing syndrome Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria (HGPS).

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) is an extremely rare genetic disorder characterized by premature ageing in childhood and serves as a valuable model for the human ageing process in general. Most recently, point mutations in the lamin A (LMNA) gene on chromosome 1q have been associated with the disease, however how these mutations relate to the complex phenotype of HGPS remains to be established. It has been shown that fibroblasts from HGPS patients are frequently resistant to immortalization with telomerase (hTERT), consistent with the idea that the loss of a dominant acting HGPS gene is a pre-requisite for immortalization. In this study we report the first detailed cytogenetic analysis of hTERT-immortalised HGPS cell lines from three patients and one corresponding primary fibroblast culture. Our results provide evidence for a cytogenetic mosaicism in HGPS with a distinctive pattern of chromosome aberrations in all the HGP clones. Chromosome 11 alterations were observed at a high frequency in each immortalised HGPS cell line but were also present at a lower frequency in the corresponding primary cells. Moreover, we were able to identify the 11q13-->q23 region as a potential site of breakage. Our results are therefore consistent with a role of chromosome 11 alterations in the escape from senescence observed in HGPS cells. In addition to this defined rearrangement, we consistently observed complex chromosomal rearrangements, suggesting that HGPS displays features of chromosomal instability.

Camptothecin sensitivity in Werner syndrome fibroblasts as assessed by the COMET technique.

Werner syndrome (WS) is an inherited genetic disease in which individuals display the premature aging of a selected subset of tissues. The disorder results from the loss of function mutations in the wrn gene. Wrn codes for a member of the RecQ helicase family with a unique nuclease domain. There is significant evidence that the role of wrn is to assist in the repair and reinitiation of DNA replication forks that have stalled. Loss of the wrn helicase imposes a distinct set of phenotypes at the cellular level. These include premature replicative senescence (in a subset of cell types), chromosomal instability, a distinct mutator phenotype, and hypersensitivity to a limited number of DNA damaging agents. Unfortunately, most of these phenotypes are not suitable for the rapid assessment of loss of function of the wrn gene product. However, WS cells have been reported to show abnormal sensitivity to the drug camptothecin (an inhibitor of topoisomerase type I). A rapid assay for this sensitivity would be a useful marker of loss of wrn function. The COMET (single-cell gel electrophoresis) assay is a rapid, sensitive, versatile, and robust technique for the quantitative assessment of DNA damage in eukaryotic cells. Using this assay, we have found that a significantly increased level of strand breaks can be demonstrated in WS cells treated with camptothecin compared with normal controls.

Effects of selenium compounds on induction of DNA damage by broadband ultraviolet radiation in human keratinocytes.

Background Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), a ubiquitous environmental genotoxin for the skin, produces DNA damage. The trace element selenium induces synthesis of the glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase enzyme families. These selenoenzymes detoxify a range of toxic compounds generated by free radicals. Objectives To assess the effects of pretreatment of primary human keratinocytes with selenium on UVR-induced DNA damage. Methods Cells were irradiated with UVR from FS-20 lamps and were subjected to comet assay. Results Comet tail length due to UVR-induced T4 endonuclease V-sensitive sites (caused by cyclopyrimidine dimers, CPDs) increased to 35 +/- 4.5 microm (mean +/- SD) immediately after irradiation (time 0 h, 100%). After 4 h, 68% of the damage remained and after 24 h, 23% of the damage was still present. Treatment with up to 200 nmol L-1 selenomethionine or 50 nmol L-1 sodium selenite had no effect on CPD formation or rates of repair, or on the number of excision repair sites as measured by cytosine arabino furanoside and hydroxyurea treatment. However, selenite and selenomethionine protected against oxidative damage to DNA as measured by formation of formamidopyrimidine (FaPy) glycosylase-sensitive sites, which are indicative of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine photoproduct formation. In this assay, irradiation of keratinocytes increased mean +/- SD glycosylase-specific comet tail length from 5 +/- 1.5 microm to 19 +/- 3.3 microm. Preincubation for 18 h with 50 nmol L-1 selenite abolished the UVR-induced increase in comet length. Preincubation with 200 nmol L-1 selenomethionine was similarly protective. Conclusions Selenite and selenomethionine protect keratinocytes from UVR-induced oxidative damage, but not from formation of UVR-induced excision repair sites.