HASTY, the Arabidopsis EXPORTIN5 ortholog, regulates cell-to-cell and vascular microRNA movement.

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) guide cytosolic post-transcriptional gene silencing of sequence-complementary transcripts within the producing cells, as well as in distant cells and tissues. Here, we used an artificial miRNA-based system (amiRSUL) in Arabidopsis thaliana to explore the still elusive mechanisms of inter-cellular miRNA movement via forward genetics. This screen identified many mutant alleles of HASTY (HST), the ortholog of mammalian EXPORTIN5 (XPO5) with a recently reported role in miRNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis. In both epidermis-peeling and grafting assays, amiRSUL levels were reduced much more substantially in miRNA-recipient tissues than in silencing-emitting tissues. We ascribe this effect to HST controlling cell-to-cell and phloem-mediated movement of the processed amiRSUL, in addition to regulating its biogenesis. While HST is not required for the movement of free GFP or siRNAs, its cell-autonomous expression in amiRSUL-emitting tissues suffices to restore amiRSUL movement independently of its nucleo-cytosolic shuttling activity. By contrast, HST is dispensable for the movement and activity of amiRSUL within recipient tissues. Finally, HST enables movement of endogenous miRNAs that display mostly unaltered steady-state levels in hst mutant tissues. We discuss a role for HST as a hitherto unrecognized regulator of miRNA movement in relation to its recently assigned nuclear function at the nexus of MIRNA transcription and miRNA processing.

A universal method for the rapid isolation of all known classes of functional silencing small RNAs.

Diverse classes of silencing small (s)RNAs operate via ARGONAUTE-family proteins within RNA-induced-silencing-complexes (RISCs). Here, we have streamlined various embodiments of a Q-sepharose-based RISC-purification method that relies on conserved biochemical properties of all ARGONAUTEs. We show, in multiple benchmarking assays, that the resulting 15-min benchtop extraction procedure allows simultaneous purification of all known classes of RISC-associated sRNAs without prior knowledge of the samples-intrinsic ARGONAUTE repertoires. Optimized under a user-friendly format, the method - coined 'TraPR' for Trans-kingdom, rapid, affordable Purification of RISCs - operates irrespectively of the organism, tissue, cell type or bio-fluid of interest, and scales to minute amounts of input material. The method is highly suited for direct profiling of silencing sRNAs, with TraPR-generated sequencing libraries outperforming those obtained via gold-standard procedures that require immunoprecipitations and/or lengthy polyacrylamide gel-selection. TraPR considerably improves the quality and consistency of silencing sRNA sample preparation including from notoriously difficult-to-handle tissues/bio-fluids such as starchy storage roots or mammalian plasma, and regardless of RNA contaminants or RNA degradation status of samples.

Nucleo-cytosolic Shuttling of ARGONAUTE1 Prompts a Revised Model of the Plant MicroRNA Pathway.

Unlike in metazoans, plant microRNAs (miRNAs) undergo stepwise nuclear maturation before engaging cytosolic, sequence-complementary transcripts in association with the silencing effector protein ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1). Since their discovery, how and under which form plant miRNAs translocate to the cytosol has remained unclear, as has their sub-cellular AGO1 loading site(s). Here, we show that the N termini of all plant AGO1s contain a nuclear-localization (NLS) and nuclear-export signal (NES) that, in Arabidopsis thaliana (At), enables AtAGO1 nucleo-cytosolic shuttling in a Leptomycin-B-inhibited manner, diagnostic of CRM1(EXPO1)/NES-dependent nuclear export. Nuclear-only AtAGO1 contains the same 2'O-methylated miRNA cohorts as its nucleo-cytosolic counterpart, but it preferentially interacts with the miRNA loading chaperone HSP90. Furthermore, mature miRNA translocation and miRNA-mediated silencing both require AtAGO1 nucleo-cytosolic shuttling. These findings lead us to propose a substantially revised view of the plant miRNA pathway in which miRNAs are matured, methylated, loaded into AGO1 in the nucleus, and exported to the cytosol as AGO1:miRNA complexes in a CRM1(EXPO1)/NES-dependent manner.

Functional divergence of SIR2 orthologs between trypanosomatid parasites.

SIR2 proteins are NAD+-dependent deacetylases involved in epigenetic control of gene expression and metabolic regulation through post-translational modification of diverse target proteins. In pathogens, these enzymes are considered as attractive drug targets involved in key aspects of the infectious cycle. Leishmania infantum LiSIR2rp1 was among the first non-nuclear and essential SIR2 deacetylases described in eukaryotes. Here, we show that the two other LiSIR2rp2 and LiSIRrp3 paralogs are both located in mitochondria. Gene deletion experiments show that LiSIR2rp3 is not required for parasite survival. Surprisingly, multiple extrachromosomal amplicons bearing the LiSIR2rp2 gene are constitutively produced in wild type strains. Consequently, a knockout of this gene could not be obtained, even after episomal rescue experiments. We further provide genetic and biochemical evidence showing that SIR2rp2 protein directly affects parasite proliferation in relation to NAD+ bioavailability. Together, these results highlight unexpected genus-specific divergence of the SIR2 machinery among trypanosomatid parasites.

Aubergine iCLIP Reveals piRNA-Dependent Decay of mRNAs Involved in Germ Cell Development in the Early Embryo.

The Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway plays an essential role in the repression of transposons in the germline. Other functions of piRNAs such as post-transcriptional regulation of mRNAs are now emerging. Here, we perform iCLIP with the PIWI protein Aubergine (Aub) and identify hundreds of maternal mRNAs interacting with Aub in the early Drosophila embryo. Gene expression profiling reveals that a proportion of these mRNAs undergo Aub-dependent destabilization during the maternal-to-zygotic transition. Strikingly, Aub-dependent unstable mRNAs encode germ cell determinants. iCLIP with an Aub mutant that is unable to bind piRNAs confirms piRNA-dependent binding of Aub to mRNAs. Base pairing between piRNAs and mRNAs can induce mRNA cleavage and decay that are essential for embryonic development. These results suggest general regulation of maternal mRNAs by Aub and piRNAs, which plays a key developmental role in the embryo through decay and localization of mRNAs encoding germ cell determinants.

A user-friendly chromatographic method to purify small regulatory RNAs.

The discovery of the small regulatory RNAs has changed our vision of cellular regulations. Indeed, when loaded on Argonaute proteins they form ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) that target complementary sequences to achieve widespread silencing mechanisms conserved in most eukaryotes. The recent development of deep sequencing approaches highly contributed to their detection. Small RNA isolation from cells and/or tissues remains a crucial stage to generate robust and relevant sequencing data. In 2006, a novel strategy based on anion-exchange chromatography has been proposed as an alternative to the standard size-isolation purification procedure. Using bioinformatic comparative analysis, we here demonstrate that anion-exchange chromatographic RNP purification prior to small RNA extraction unbiasedly enriches datasets in bona fide reads (small regulatory RNA sequences) and depletes endogenous contaminants (ribosomal RNAs and degradation RNA products). The resulting increase in sequencing depth provides a major benefit to study rare populations. We then developed a fast and basic manual procedure to purify such small non-coding RNAs using anion-exchange chromatography at the bench. We validated the efficiency of this new method and used this strategy to purify small RNAs from various tissues and organisms. We moreover determined that our manual purification increases the output of the previously described anion-exchange chromatography procedure.

Fast and accurate method to purify small noncoding RNAs from Drosophila ovaries.

The recent development of High Throughput Sequencing technology has boosted the study of small regulatory RNA populations. A critical step prior to cloning and sequencing is purification of small RNA populations. Here, we report the optimization of an anion-exchange chromatography procedure in order to purify small regulatory RNAs bound on proteins. We developed this procedure to make it less time-consuming since our improved method no longer requires specific equipment and can easily be performed at the bench. We believe that our procedure will increase the robustness and accuracy of small RNA libraries in the future.

Maternally deposited germline piRNAs silence the tirant retrotransposon in somatic cells.

Transposable elements (TEs), whose propagation can result in severe damage to the host genome, are silenced in the animal gonad by Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). piRNAs produced in the ovaries are deposited in the embryonic germline and initiate TE repression in the germline progeny. Whether the maternally transmitted piRNAs play a role in the silencing of somatic TEs is however unknown. Here we show that maternally transmitted piRNAs from the tirant retrotransposon in Drosophila are required for the somatic silencing of the TE and correlate with an increase in histone H3K9 trimethylation an active tirant copy.

piRNA-mediated transgenerational inheritance of an acquired trait.

The maintenance of genome integrity is an essential trait to the successful transmission of genetic information. In animal germ cells, piRNAs guide PIWI proteins to silence transposable elements (TEs) in order to maintain genome integrity. In insects, most TE silencing in the germline is achieved by secondary piRNAs that are produced by a feed-forward loop (the ping-pong cycle), which requires the piRNA-directed cleavage of two types of RNAs: mRNAs of functional euchromatic TEs and heterochromatic transcripts that contain defective TE sequences. The first cleavage that initiates such an amplification loop remains poorly understood. Taking advantage of the existence of strains that are devoid of functional copies of the LINE-like I-element, we report here that in such Drosophila ovaries, the initiation of a ping-pong cycle is exclusively achieved by secondary I-element piRNAs that are produced in the ovary and deposited in the embryonic germline. This unusual secondary piRNA biogenesis, detected in the absence of functional I-element copies, results from the processing of sense and antisense transcripts of several different defective I-element. Once acquired, for instance after ancestor aging, this capacity to produce heterochromatic-only secondary piRNAs is partially transmitted through generations via maternal piRNAs. Furthermore, such piRNAs acting as ping-pong initiators in a chromatin-independent manner confer to the progeny a high capacity to repress the I-element mobility. Our study explains, at the molecular level, the basis for epigenetic memory of maternal immunity that protects females from hybrid dysgenesis caused by transposition of paternally inherited functional I-element.

Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana (MHOM/PE/LCA08): comparison of THP-1 cell and murine macrophage susceptibility to axenic amastigotes for the screening of leishmanicidal compounds.

This study, undertaken to compare the susceptibility of THP-1 cells and murine peritoneal macrophages to Leishmania peruviana amastigotes, obtained THP-1 infection with 10 parasites/cell compared to 2 parasites/murine macrophage. The parasite burden was maximal at 72 h post-infection (h.p.i.) for THP-1 cells, while it was still increasing at 120 h.p.i. for murine macrophages. Since in both cases the infection with L. peruviana affected cell viability, we recommend evaluating any leishmanicidal activity at 72 h.p.i. Amphotericin B reduced Leishmania infection by 50% at concentrations of 0.1 microM in THP-1 and murine macrophages at 72 h.p.i. Our results demonstrate that amastigotes of L. peruviana can infect THP-1 cells and murine macrophages and indicate the suitability of this model to screen compounds for leishmanicidal activity.