Raw and processed data used in the simultaneous analysis of electrical characteristics and microstructure of crystallised PEDOT:PSS based OECTs under strain.

Here is presented raw and analysed data collected during study of the evolution, with uniaxial stretching, of the electrical and microcrystalline characteristics of polystyrene sulfonate doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT:PSS) organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). X-ray diffraction data from GIWAXS measurements of the PEDOT:PSS material, performed at the SOLEIL light source are presented in raw and partially analysed forms. Current-voltage data, collected concurrently with the GIWAXS data, are also presented, and the evolution of the transconductance of the OECT devices with stretching is shown. GIWAXS data are only examined along the qz specular reflection ridge, and scans along this ridge are extracted and presented. However, the off-specular data may also be of interest to readers and is therefore made available here in its entirety.

Local scale structural changes of working OFET devices.

We present an in situ nanobeam grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (nanoGIXD) study of real-sized organic field effect transistors (OFET) under applied voltage. The nano-sized beam allows for spatially resolved monitoring of the structural behavior across the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) polymer channel and the interfacial regions of the source and drain gold electrodes before and after the operation cycle. We observe major alterations of the gold contacts, in particular diffusion of Au atoms into the polymer channel and a local reorientation of the recrystallized Au nanocrystallites quantified by Hermans' orientation factors. Therefore, the initially sharp electrode-polymer interfaces are significantly modified as a result of device operation. Our findings demonstrate that nanoGIXD has a high potential to probe functionality and reliability of working organic devices.

[The mechanism of stimforte action on herpesvirus infection.]

Increased protease activity and a significant amount of granzyme B were observed in in organs of mice infected with acute herpes simplex virus HSV-1 with the introduction of Stimforte (100 or 250 µg/mouse). Thus, this drug activates killer cells, which play an extremely important role in the suppression of HSV-1 infection. Although the administration of Stimforte (100 µg/mouse) to intact mice results in the activation of IFN-ß production and does not activate the production of IFN-λ, Stimforte administration to animals infected with HSV-1 reduces production of IFN-ß in serum, brain and lungs, whereas the production of IFN-λ considerably increases as the result of administration of 100 µg/mouse of Stimforte.

Impact of the solubility of organic semiconductors for solution-processable electronics on the structure formation: a real-time study of morphology and electrical properties.

The control of structure formation in the active layers of organic solar cells allows for improvement in their processability and enhancement of the efficiency of the final devices. In the present work, in situ studies of film formation from binary toluene solutions of an electron donor, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and an electron acceptor such as [6,6]-phenyl-C-61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) or indene-C60 bisadduct (ICBA) have been conducted. These experiments were carried out using GIWAXS with simultaneous electric current measurements. The comparative analysis of the intensity of the amorphous halo, and the 100 and 020 peaks of P3HT reveals the development of the semicrystalline morphology of the donor through a partly-ordered phase. The experiments show the impact of the chemical structure of the acceptor, as well as that of the donor : acceptor ratio on the kinetics of drying and crystallization. The optimal bulk heterojunction morphology was achieved for P3HT : ICBA 1 : 1, which exhibited the highest value of current. A more efficient phase separation in non-annealed P3HT:ICBA films as compared to P3HT:PCBM was accounted for by the differences in solubility of the components in toluene. The structure formation during solvent evaporation can be subdivided into three stages, including the ordering of the polymer in solution, phase separation during precipitation, and the perfectioning of P3HT crystals in the dry film.

High-Mobility, Ultrathin Organic Semiconducting Films Realized by Surface-Mediated Crystallization.

The functionality of common organic semiconductor materials is determined by their chemical structure and crystal modification. While the former can be fine-tuned via synthesis, a priori control over the crystal structure has remained elusive. We show that the surface tension is the main driver for the plate-like crystallization of a novel small organic molecule n-type semiconductor at the liquid-air interface. This interface provides an ideal environment for the growth of millimeter-sized semiconductor platelets that are only few nanometers thick and thus highly attractive for application in transistors. On the basis of the novel high-performance perylene diimide, we show in as-grown, only 3 nm thin crystals electron mobilities of above 4 cm2/(V s) and excellent bias stress stability. We suggest that the established systematics on solvent parameters can provide the basis of a general framework for a more deterministic crystallization of other small molecules.

Different effects of the immunostimulatory drug Stimforte on infections of hepatitis C virus and herpes simplex virus type 1.

Stimforte, an immune response-stimulating preparation, is active with respect to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1). The effects of Stimforte in animals infected with either HCV or HSV-1 are fundamentally different. In mice with acute herpes virus infection, Stimforte administration leads to a higher activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes, and the amount of interferon (IFN) λ grows. In mice infected with HCV, Stimforte administration results in a significant increase in IFN-ß but not IFN-λ in blood and affected organs. Stimforte has been found to affect directly HCV reproduction that causes the infected cell death, but it does not affect HSV-1 reproduction in the Vero cells (V).

Cation-Controlled Excimer Packing in Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Hemicyanine Amphiphilic Chromoionophores.

Supramolecular structure of ultrathin films of hemicyanine dye bearing a crown ether group (CrHCR) was tuned by lateral pressure and investigated by means of compression isotherms, UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies, and X-ray reflectivity. Two different types of aggregation were revealed, depending on the absence or the presence of metal cations in the water subphase. While CrHCR forms at high surface pressures head-to-tail stacking aggregates on pure water, changing the subphase to a metal-cation-containing one leads to the appearance of well-defined excimers with head-to-head orientation. The structure of monolayers transferred onto solid supports by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique was examined by use of X-ray reflectivity measurements and molecular modeling. A model of cation-induced excimer formation in hemicyanine Langmuir monolayers is proposed. Finally, fluorescence emission properties of LB films of CrHCR can be managed by appropriate changes in the subphase composition, this last one determining the type of chromophore aggregation.

[Substances from pyrolised tissues of reptile carcases differently modulate immunity of mammals of both sexes].

Substances with gender action on immunity were detected in water soluble hydrolised matter from reptile carcases. The gender action was shown on isolated blood neutrophils, whole blood and in vivo by the antiviral activity on experimental animals, contaminated with three types of viruses: Herpes simplex type 1, the virus of encephalomyocarditis and the virus of hepatitis of mice. The possible mechanism of the inhibitory action on the male immunity was associated with the protein kinase cascade, including protein kinase C, activated by phorbolmyristate in the cells of the immune system.

[Interferon inductor activity and interferon production under the action of acridonacetic acid salts].

Peculiarities of the kinetics of accumulation and duration of circulation of three types of interferon under the action of acridonacetic acid salts have been studied. Optimum doses of meglumine salt of acridonacetic acid are established, which ensure efficient and consistent induction of three interferon types, ensuring their prolonged circulation in the blood.

[Cycloferon in therapy of hyperplastic laryngitis for decrease of the number of relapses].

The article describes the clinical forms of chronic hyperplastic laryngitis, characterized by persistent and recurrent course, a tendency to the formation of oncological pathology, at the expense of hyperplastic changes in the larynx, leading to a malignancy of the inflammatory process. It was demonstrated the bacterization of larynx by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Mycoplasma in imbalance of system of interferon. Clinical recovery, depending on the clinical form of the disease, using cycloferon, was observed in 57.4% of patients. The inclusion in the complex of the medical support of chronic hyperplastic laryngitis inducer of interferon - cycloferon, provided the reduction of the number of relapses.

[Cycloferon in complex therapy management of chronic laryngitis].

The clinical course of various forms of chronic laryngitis, including contact granulomas not only persistant and relapsing, but also inclined to oncologic pathology due to hyperplastic changes in the larynx resulting in malignization was described. Inhibition of the leukocyte interferon-synthesizing activity was observed in more than 88.1% of the subjects. Pathogenic viruses were isolated from 48.2% of the patients, EBV and mycoplasma prevailing. High direct correlation between chronic laryngitis and Herpes viruses was shown. The presence of three-component virus associations in the larynx mucosa was likely indicative of the bening process malignancy. The use of the interferon inductor cycloferon in the complex surgical and medicamentous management of chronic laryngitis was shown valid. The rate of the relapses lowered to 1.7 episodes a year.

[Cycloferon as an agent for the anti-relapse therapy in patients with chronic hyperplastic sinusitis].

The data on the efficacy of cycloferon as an agents of antirelapsing therapy in management of 123 patients with chronic hyperplastic sinusitis are presented. The drug induction of endogenous interferons was validated by the properties of the local mucosal immunity, virus invasion and virus persistence in the nasal an d accessory nasal sinuses mucosa, as well as by different levels ofthe interferon production deficiency. The clinical efficacy was stated in 53% of the cases. The relapses were recorded in 13.1% of the patients treated with cycloferon vs. 33.3% of the patients under the local corticosteroid therapy.

[Up-to-date approach to treatment of inflammatory infections in the maxillofacial region].

Cycloferon, a prospective interferon inductor, and the mechanism of its action were characterized. Its formulation for external use as liniment was developed. The pharmacotherapeutic effect of the drug in the treatment of paradontitis was shown. The drug efficacy in herpetic lesions of the mouth and lips mucosa was observed. The use of cycloferon in the treatment of the buccal mucosa affections in HIV-infected subjects was substantiated.

Small-cell tumors of the liver: a cytological study of 91 cases and a review of the literature.

This study was designed to consider the cytomorphological spectrum, differential diagnosis, and the role of ancillary studies in small-cell tumors of the liver. Three independent pathologists reviewed cytological slides from 91 cases of small-cell tumors of the liver. The results were compared with the findings of three recently published studies (Cytopathology 11 (2000) 262-267; Diagn Cytopathol 19 (1998) 29-32; and Acta Cytol 40 (1996) 937-947). The role of immunohistochemistry in reaching timely and specific diagnoses was also examined. The diagnostic categories included 44 cases of metastatic small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma, 15 cases of metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma, 10 cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma, 7 cases of malignant lymphoma, 4 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma with small-cell features, 2 cases of cholangiocarcinoma, 1 case of poorly differentiated carcinoma, and 8 cases of rare tumors including granulosa cell tumor (2 cases), sarcoma (4 cases), malignant melanoma with small-cell features (1 case), and meningioma with small-cell features (1 case). Metastatic granulosa cell-tumor, metastatic melanoma, and metastatic meningioma should be included in the differential diagnoses of small-cell malignancies found in the liver.

[A drop in "apparent" blood viscosity due to administration of high-molecular polymer capable of augmenting viscosity].

Influence of a high-molecular compound capable of augmenting viscosity, namely: polyethylene oxide Polyox WSR-301, on hemodynamic parameters in rat mesenteric microvessels was investigated. A substantial decrease in the arteriolar hemodynamic resistance caused by the polymer was revealed. Special research has shown that this reaction is not connected with a vasodilatation and, therefore, is caused by a reduction in the "apparent" viscosity of the blood, i.e., it is a consequence of changed properties of the blood flow.

[Surgical aspects of periodic disease abdominal paroxysms]. / Khirurgicheskie aspekty abdominal'nykh paroksizmov periodicheskoi bolezni.

Thorough investigation of abdomenalgia symptoms in 220 patients allowed to reveal a number of peculiarities of the periodic disease (PD) promoting the correct diagnosis. The case history data, pain localization, fever and great potentialities of diagnostic laparoscopy carried on during the acute paroxysm of the abdominal form of PD are of great significance. The differential diagnosis of PD acute paroxysm and urgent pathology of the organs of the abdominal cavity are considered by the author to be possible when using diagnostic laparoscopy in difficult situations.

[The influence of examination stress on psychophysiological characteristics and heart rate in students]. / Vliianie ékzamenatsionnogo stressa na psikhofiziologicheskie pokazateli i ritm serdtsa studentov.

With the aim to assess the influence of pre-examination psychoemotional stress on the level of centralization of the heart rate control, mathematical analysis of ECG of students was performed in normal condition (a common day of academic semester), before, and after an examination. The ECG was recorded and processed with the help of IBM-486 PC. R-R cardiointevalograms were processed by the method of variational pulsometry after Baevsky. Common quantitative heart rate indices were studied. The level of anxiety of students was assessed by Spilberger, and subjective estimations of general condition, activity and mood were obtained from the respective questionnaire. Three types of heart rate reactions on the examination stress were revealed. The reactions depended on the individual typological characteristics and the state of autonomic nervous system.

[Changes in psychophysiological variables in students during examinations]. / Izmeneniia nekotorykh psikhofiziologicheskikh pokazatelei studentov v period ékzaminatsionnoi sessii.

Current psychological tests and classic methods for recording and calculating autonomic correlates were used to study changes in students' psychophysiological indices during examinations. During this period, the students were found to develop emotional stress characterized by a complex of psychophysiological and autonomic changes. The nature and direction of the latter were determined by the individual and typological properties the examinees, by the significance of the emotional and stress situation of the autonomic nervous system and its responsiveness.

[Interferon status of patients with non-specific ulcerous colitis and its correction with interferon inducers]. / Interferonovyi status bol'nykh nespetsificheskim iazvennym kolitom i ego korrektsiia induktorami interferona.

AIM: To examine validity of using interferon inductors (amixin and cycloferon) in combined treatment of patients with non-specific ulcerous colitis (NUC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 113 NUC patients received basic antiinflammatory therapy (glucocorticoids and preparations of 5-aminosalycylic acid). Patients of groups 1 and 2 received interferon inductors (amixin and cycloferon in tables), respectively. Patients of groups 1a and 2a received placebo. All the patients were examined clinically with evaluation of interferon status and cellular immunity before and after the treatment. Colon mucosa biopsies obtained endoscopically were studied histologically. RESULTS: Alpha- and gamma-interferon production by leukocytes was substantially suppressed in all the examinees against normal levels of serum and spontaneous interferon. The interferon inductors stimulated relief of clinical symptoms and eliminated endoscopic signs of the disease. Amixin and cycloferon normalized interferon status in 36.3 and 33.3% of the treated patients, respectively. No response was registered in 9.1 and 8.4%, respectively. Improvement was seen in 54.6 and 58.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cycloferon and amixin, interferon inductors, are effective in the treatment of NUC.