RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The most common first-line treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) is microfracture. Although many patients do well with this procedure, a number fail and require reoperation. The mechanism of failure of microfracture is unknown, and to our knowledge there has been no research characterizing failed microfracture regarding histological and inflammatory makeup of these lesions that may contribute to failure. PURPOSE: To characterize the structural and biochemical makeup of failed microfracture lesions. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Specimens from 8 consecutive patients with symptomatic OLTs after microfracture who later underwent fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation were analyzed. For each patient, the failed microfracture specimen and a portion of the fresh allograft replacement tissue were collected. The allograft served as a control. Histology of the failed microfracture and the allograft replacement was scored using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) system. Surface roughness was also compared. In addition, tissue culture supernatants were analyzed for 16 secreted cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) responsible for inflammation, pain, cartilage damage, and chondrocyte death. RESULTS: The OARSI grade, stage, and total score as well as surface smoothness were significantly worse in the failed microfracture sample, indicating better cartilage and bone morphology for the allografts compared with the failed microfracture lesions. Analyzed cytokines and MMPs were significantly elevated in the microfracture tissue culture supernatants when compared with fresh osteochondral tissue supernatants. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate a significantly rougher cartilage surface, cartilage and subchondral bone histology that more closely resembles osteoarthritis, and elevated inflammatory cytokines and MMPs responsible for pain, inflammation, cartilage damage, and chondrocyte death when compared with fresh osteochondral allografts used as controls.
RESUMO
Bucket-handle meniscus tears are a common athletic injury that occur frequently in the adult population but are extremely rare in young children. A 5-year-old male patient presented with left knee pain after a minor fall to the ground. Complaints of pain with full weight-bearing, locking of the joint during walking, a significant limp, 45° flexion contracture of the knee, and an inability to bring the leg into full extension were noted during examination. MRI showed a large bucket-handle medial meniscal tear. The patient made a full recovery after undergoing arthroscopic repair surgery. Level of evidence Case report, Level IV.
