Solubility and stability of dalcetrapib in vehicles and biological media.

Dalcetrapib solubility was determined in aqueous and in non-aqueous vehicles and in biorelevant media. In a pure aqueous environment the solubility was low but could be increased by addition of surfactants or complexing agents. This was also reflected in the solubility seen in simulated gastrointestinal (GI) fluids, with almost no solubility in simulated gastric fluid, but reasonable solubilisation in simulated intestinal fluids containing lecithin and bile salt. Additionally, the stability of dalcetrapib was determined in simulated GI fluids with and without pancreatic lipase. In solutions without lipase, dalcetrapib was slowly hydrolysed, but in the presence of lipase the hydrolysis rate was significantly faster depending on pH and enzyme activity. In biological fluids, dissolved dalcetrapib appeared to behave similarly being rapidly hydrolysed in human intestinal fluids with a half-life below 20s with no degradation observed in human gastric fluids at low pH. The results provide supportive evidence that absorption is higher under fed conditions and indicate lipase inhibitors might interfere with oral absorption of dalcetrapib.

Evidence of a drug-drug interaction linked to inhibition of ester hydrolysis by orlistat.

: Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor taken with meals at doses of 60 mg (available over-the-counter) or 120 mg (prescription only) for treatment of obesity, is known to impair the absorption of fat-soluble molecules. Dalcetrapib, a modulator of cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity, is a lipophilic thioester prodrug. Lipase-induced and pancreatin-induced hydrolysis of dalcetrapib in biorelevant media in vitro was very efficiently inhibited by orlistat. Thus, the potential for orlistat to affect the bioavailability of concomitantly administered dalcetrapib was studied in an open-label 2-cohort study in 24 healthy volunteers as follows: single 600-mg doses of dalcetrapib were administered with increasing doses of orlistat (cohort A: 10, 40, 120 mg; cohort B: 20, 60, 120 mg). Exposure to the active form of dalcetrapib was more than 50% lower when taken with orlistat 60 mg or 120 mg than when taken alone. Similar trends were observed with lower orlistat doses (20 mg and 40 mg). Concomitant administration of orlistat also reduced the pharmacodynamic effects of dalcetrapib treatment on cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity. The interaction exceeds that predicted on the basis of dalcetrapib lipophilicity. These findings demonstrate the potential for large interactions between orlistat and esters that undergo de-esterification in the gastrointestinal tract, independent of lipophilicity.

Determination of dalcetrapib by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The cholesteryl ester transfer protein modulator dalcetrapib is currently under development for the prevention of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Dalcetrapib, a thioester, is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo to the corresponding thiophenol which in turn is further oxidized to the dimer and mixed disulfides (where the thiophenol binds to peptides, proteins and other endogenous thiols). These forms co-exist in an oxidation-reduction equilibrium via the thiol and cannot be stabilized without influencing the equilibrium, hence specific determination of individual components, i.e., in order to distinguish between the free thiol, the disulfide dimer and mixed disulfide adducts, was not pursued for routine analysis. The individual forms were quantified collectively as dalcetrapib-thiol (dal-thiol) after reduction under basic conditions with dithiothreitol to break disulfide bonds and derivatization with N-ethylmaleimide to stabilize the free thiol. The S-methyl and S-glucuronide metabolites were determined simultaneously with dal-thiol with no effect from the derivatization procedure. Column-switching liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry provided a simple, fast and robust method for analysis of human and animal plasma and human urine samples. Addition of the surfactant Tween 80 to urine prevented adsorptive compound loss. The lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) were 5 ng/mL for dal-thiol, and 5 ng/mL for the S-methyl and 50 ng/mL for the S-glucuronide metabolites. Using stable isotope-labeled internal standards, inter- and intra-assay precisions were each <15% (<20% at LLOQ) and accuracy was between 85 and 115%. Recovery was close to 100%, and no significant matrix effect was observed.

Free zinc ions outside a narrow concentration range are toxic to a variety of cells in vitro.

The zinc(II) ion has recently been implicated in a number of novel functions and pathologies in loci as diverse as the brain, retina, small intestine, prostate, heart, pancreas, and immune system. Zinc ions are a required nutrient but elevated concentrations are known to kill cells in vitro. Paradoxical observations regarding zinc's effects have appeared frequently in the literature, and often their physiological relevance is unclear. We found that for PC-12, HeLa and HT-29 cell lines as well as primary cultures of cardiac myocytes and neurons in vitro in differing media, approximately 5 nmol/L free zinc (pZn = 8.3, where pZn is defined as--log(10) [free Zn(2+)]) produced apparently healthy cells, but 20-fold higher or (in one case) lower concentrations were usually harmful as judged by multiple criteria. These results indicate that (1) the free zinc ion levels of media should be controlled with a metal ion buffer; (2) adding zinc or strong zinc ligands to an insufficiently buffered medium may lead to unpredictably low or high free zinc levels that are often harmful to cells; and (3) it is generally desirable to measure free zinc ion levels due to the presence of contaminating zinc in many biochemicals and unknown buffering capacity of many media.