Evaluation of the Safety of Neauvia Stimulate Injectable Product in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases Based on Histopathological Examinations and Retrospective Analysis of Medical Records.

The aim of this study was to test the effect of hyaluronic acid cross-linked with polyethylene glycol containing micronized portions of calcium hydroxyapatite (Neauvia Stimulate) on both local tissue and systemic consequences, which are crucial from the perspective of long-term safety, in patients suffering from Hashimoto's disease. This most common autoimmune disease is a frequently mentioned contraindication to the use of fillers based on hyaluronic acid as well as biostimulants based on calcium hydroxyapatite. Broad-spectrum aspects of histopathology were analyzed to identify key features of inflammatory infiltration before the procedure and 5, 21, and 150 days after the procedure. A statistically significant effect on the reduction of the intensity of the inflammatory infiltration in the tissue in relation to the state before the procedure was demonstrated, combined with a reduction in the occurrence of both antigen-recognizing (CD4) and cytotoxic (CD8) T lymphocytes. With complete statistical certainty, it was demonstrated that the treatment with Neauvia Stimulate had no effect on the levels of these antibodies. All this corresponds with the risk analysis that showed no alarming symptoms during the time of observation. The choice of hyaluronic acid fillers cross-linked with polyethylene glycol should be considered justified and safe in the case of patients suffering from Hashimoto's disease.

HA PEGylated Filler in Association with an Infrared Energy Device for the Treatment of Facial Skin Aging: 150 Day Follow-Up Data Report.

BACKGROUND: The face is the area most exposed to the normal course of skin aging, both intrinsically and extrinsically. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cellular and clinical response of a therapeutic protocol aimed at countering facial skin aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty female patients with facial skin laxity and photodamage underwent combined therapy including mesotherapy using non-cross-linked hyaluronic acid with calcium hydroxyapatite and an infrared energy-based device treatment with subsequent implementation of PEG-cross-linked hyaluronic acid soft tissue fillers. To evaluate the benefits, patients underwent histological, immunological, and biomechanical evaluations before the treatment and at 21 and 150 days after the treatment. RESULTS: The histological results at 21 days and 150 days after the procedure showed an increase in the number of fibroblasts and angiogenesis. As for the immunological aspect, it was shown that the treatment has an immunomodulating action, avoiding the activation of CD4 and CD8 cells. Biomechanical data showed that, at 150 days after treatment, the average changes in skin elasticity increased by 72% and the skin hydration increased by 49%. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of an infrared energy-based device treatment with both non-cross-linked hyaluronic acid and novel PEG-cross-linked hyaluronic acid leads to numerous positive cutaneous changes after histological, immunological, and biomechanical evaluations.

Assessing the Information Potential of MIR Spectral Signatures for Prediction of Multiple Soil Properties Based on Data from the AfSIS Phase I Project.

The aim of the study was to assess the predictive potential of mid-infrared (MIR) spectral response in the estimation of 60 soil properties. It is important to know the accuracy limitations in estimating various soil characteristics using various models in conditions of high spatial variability of the environment. To fully assess this potential, three types of algorithms were used in modeling, i.e., partial least squares (PLSR), one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN), and generalized regression neural network (GRNN). The research used data from 19 sub-Saharan African countries collected as part of the Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS) Phase I project. The repositories provide 18,250 MIR reflectance recordings and nearly two thousand analytical data records from the determination of many soil properties by reference methods. The modeled subset of these properties included texture (three variables), bulk density, moisture content at soil water characteristic curves (SWCC, 4 variables), total and organic C and total N content (3 variables), total elemental content (32 variables), elemental content in bioavailable forms (12 variables), electrical conductivity, exchangeable acidity, exchangeable bases, pH, and phosphorus sorption index. It is not possible to indicate a universal optimal prediction model for all soil variables. The best prediction results are provided by all regression models for total and organic C, total Fe, total Al and bioavailable Al content, and pH. For bulk density, total N and total K content satisfactory results are provided by specific model type. Many other properties, i.e., texture, SWCC, total Ga, Rb, Na, Ca, Cu, Pb, Hg content, and bioavailable Ca and K content, can be predicted with accuracies sufficient for some less demanding tasks.

[Concomitance of depressive disorders and enduring personality change after catastrophic experience in repression victims in the years 1940-1956]. / Wspólwystepowanie zaburzen depresyjnych i zespolu trwalej zmiany osobowosci po katastrofach u osób represjonowanych w latach 1940-1956.

AIM: The aim of the research project was to assess the incidence of depressive disorders and enduring personality change in the victims of the WWII combatants and repression victims in the years 1940-1956. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consists of 57 members of combatant organizations in the Lodz Voivodeship. Two groups are discerned. Group one comprises individuals with depressive disorders and group two is made up of individuals without depressive disorders. The Beck Depression Inventory and Medical Socio-demographic Questionnaire were applied. RESULTS: The group one (with depressive disorders) is characterized by a high incidence of mental disorders whereas the group two (without the disorders) demonstrates a high prevalence of psychosomatic disorders. Mental disorders related to enduring personality change following exposure to catastrophic stress are more common in the group with depressive disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The researchers wish to point to the need of thorough examination of various combatants and repression victims since the symptoms of enduring personality change following a catastrophic experience as well as after depression may coincide.

Psychopathological Predictors of Indirect Self-Destructiveness in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Behaviours causing harm to the individual are generally called self-destructive behaviours. For some time now, direct/acute self-destructiveness has been distinguished from indirect/chronic self-destructiveness. Indirectly self-destructive behaviours occur not only in healthy people (examined in most of the studies) but also in mentally ill individuals, which has not been researched. The aim of this study has been to explore psychopathological (clinical) predictors of indirect self-destructiveness in patients with schizophrenia. Research was conducted among 200 patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia (Sc) (according to ICD-10); average age: 37.15 (27-58) years. To assess indirect self-destructiveness, the Polish version of the "Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale" was applied, whereas, to examine psychopathological characteristics, the Polish version of the "Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2" was used. The correlation-regression procedure was followed. There were many statistically significant correlations, among which the strongest association occurred between indirect self-destructiveness and Sc and paranoia (Pa) scales (0.522 and 0.435 respectively). Significant predictors were found to be schizophrenia (Sc; R: 0.545; ß: 0.412), lack of ego mastery, conative (Sc2b; R: 0.633; ß: 0.632), and persecutory ideas (Pa1; R: 0.506; ß: 0.335). schizophrenic disorders were a predictor explaining the indirect self-destructiveness syndrome in the patients. That aspect of psycho(patho)logical functioning, i.e. indirect self-destructiveness, which is strongly associated with schizophrenic and paranoid symptoms/disorders, should be considered in therapeutic work as well.

Differentiation of indirect self-destructiveness due to sex (gender) in individuals after suicide attempts.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the sex (gender) differentiation of indirect self-destructiveness as a generalised behavioural tendency and its manifestations in individuals who attempted suicides. METHODS: 147 individuals (114 females and 33 males) after suicide attempts were studied; the reference group consisted of 558 individuals (399 females and 159 males). Indirect self-destructiveness was examined by means of the Polish version of the Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale (CS-DS) including Transgression and Risk (A1), Poor Health Maintenance (A2), Personal and Social Neglects (A3), Lack of Planfulness (A4) and Helplessness, Passiveness in the Face of Problems/Difficulties (A5). RESULTS: Sex (gender) and suicide attempt significantly differentiate scores of the subjects on all indices/scales of indirect self-destructiveness. Scores of individuals after suicide attempts are considerably higher on almost all scales. In that group, significant differences between females and males occurred on the A2-Poor Health Maintenance, A3-Personal and Social Neglects, A4-Lack of Planfulness and A5-Helplessness scales. It was only on the A2-Poor Health Maintenance scale that females achieved higher scores. CONCLUSIONS: The intensity of indirect self-destructiveness in females who attempted suicides achieved the level observed in males who attempted suicides. Poor health maintenance was also more intense in them than in the group of males. Males after suicide attempts displayed the lowest poor health maintenance. Results of this study may have preventive and therapeutic implications.

Indirect self-destructiveness in homosexual individuals.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to comprehensively examine the syndrome of indirect self-destructiveness in homosexual individuals. METHODS: 156 homosexual individuals (111 males, 45 females) aged 25-35 (mean age of 29.6) and 561 heterosexual individuals (400 males, 161 females) aged 24-36 (mean age of 28.2) were studied with regard to indirect self-destructiveness. The research instrument was the Polish version of the Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale (CS-DS) including: Transgression and Risk (A1), Poor Health Maintenance (A2), Personal and Social Neglects (A3), Lack of Planfulness (A4) and Helplessness and Passiveness in the face of problems (A5). RESULTS: Homosexual individuals obtained significantly higher scores than heterosexual ones in numerous scales: Indirect Self-Destructiveness - global (general) index (p<0.001), A1-Transgression and Risk (p<0.001), A4-Lack of Planfulness (p<0.001) and A5-Helplessness, Passiveness (p=0.04) There were no significant differences in the Poor Health Maintenance scale (A2). They also achieved significantly higher scores in the subscales assessing using of psychoactive substances. Factor analysis revealed the presence of only one factor both in the group of homosexual and heterosexual individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The research results indicate that, as compared with the group of heterosexual individuals, in the group of homosexuals there occurs a worsening in psychological functioning, which may be also manifested by an increased indirect self-destructiveness index. The increased intensity of indirect self-destructiveness in homosexual individuals may be considered a manifestation of worsened psychological functioning. The homosexual individuals look after their health similarly to heterosexuals.

Anxiety and styles of coping with occupational stress resulting from work with 'dangerous' prisoners in prison service officers.

OBJECTIVE: Prisoners categorised as 'dangerous' are a category of prisoners that require and/or force into using special measures of caution, protection and security. The aim of the study was to examine the intensity of anxiety (as a state and as a trait) experienced by officers working with 'dangerous' prisoners and styles of coping with stress they adopt. METHODS: A total of 40 officers working with 'dangerous' prisoners (the study group, SG) and 60 officers of the security department not working with 'dangerous' prisoners (the reference group, RG) were studied. The intensity of anxiety was assessed applying the Polish version of 'State-Trait Anxiety Inventory' (STAI); styles of coping with stress were explored employing the Polish version of 'Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations' (CISS) and the author's own questionnaire. Data were analysed using the mean, standard deviation, difference testing (the Mann-Whitney U test), correlation-regression procedure (Kendall's tau, τ correlation coefficient and forward stepwise multiple regression). RESULTS: Officers in the SG faced verbal and physical aggression; nevertheless, scores of officers in both the groups were within the interval of mean scores for all the studied STAI and CISS variables. Officers in the SG achieved significantly higher scores on the state-anxiety scale and the Emotion-Oriented Style (EOS), and lower scores on the Task-Oriented Style (TOS) and Social Diversion (SD). The correlation-regression procedure indicated that there were relationships between anxiety and styles of coping with stress but they differed slightly between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Officers in the SG feel state anxiety stronger and display a stronger preference for the EOS than officers in the RG. Officers in the RG more strongly prefer the TOS and SD. State anxiety is a variable negatively explaining the TOS in the SG, whereas anxiety as a trait is a variable explaining the EOS in both the groups. The coping styles of warders dealing with dangerous prisoners are different and may need specific psychological counselling and training programmes.

[Indirect self-destructiveness and psychological gender]. / Autodestruktywnosc posrednia a plec psychologiczna.

AIM: Behaviours causing harm to a subject are generally called self-destructive behaviours. For some time now direct/acute self-destructiveness and indirect/chronic self-destructiveness have been distinguished. Human activity is determined to a large degree by not only biological (somatic) sex but also psychological gender. The aim of the study was to examine relationships between indirect self-destructiveness and types of psychological gender. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 558 individuals (399 females and 159 males) aged 19-25 were studied (mean age: 22.6). The age of the females ranged from 19 to 24 (mean age: 22.4) and of the males - from 19 to 25 (mean age: 22.8). In order to examine the intensity of indirect self-destructiveness, the Polish version of the Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale by Kelley (CS-DS), as adapted by Suchanska, was applied. The psychological gender was examined by means of the Polish version of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) by Bem, as adapted by Kuczynska. RESULTS: The highest scores on indirect self-destructiveness were achieved by non-sex-typed individuals, lower- by sex-typed and cross-sex-typed individuals (very similar scores). In females, indirect self-destructiveness positively correlates with the masculinity scale, whereas in males, it negatively correlates with the femininity scale. CONCLUSIONS: Biological sex and psychological gender are qualitative variables that differentiate the intensity of indirect self-destructiveness. Psychological gender opposite to biological sex is of significance to the intensity of indirect self-destructiveness. The psychological dimension of femininity protects against indirect self-destructiveness, while the psychological dimension of masculinity predisposes to it.

Thyroid dysfunction during severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. A case report.

Thyroid disorders, both in women who wish to conceive and in gravidas, has become a topic of much interest to numerous researchers. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a potentially life-threatening condition among women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). We present a case of thyroid dysfunction in severe OHSS in a patient diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism before COH. The dose of L-thyroxine (L-T4) was increased before the procedure in order to reach TSH levels below 2.5 mU/L, and from day 1 of the stimulation the dose of L-T4 was increased by 33%. The patient remained clinically and biochemically euthyroid until day 8 after the embriotransfer (ET). Then, the woman developed severe OHSS, with fluid in the pleural and peritoneal cavity and laboratory evidence of severe OHSS. Laboratory thyroid function tests revealed overt hypothyroidism. L-T4 dose was not increased due to serious clinical condition of the patient. Iodine supplementation was initiated instead. After the symptoms subsided, a period of clinical and laboratory euthyroid state was observed, followed by gestational hyperthyroidism. The L-T4 dose was reduced and iodine supplementation was temporarily ceased. The thyroid function stabilized, while maintaining the L-T4 and iodine supplementation, at 20 weeks of gestation. The patient gave birth by a caesarean section at 37 weeks of gestation and returned to the pre-pregnancy dose of L-T4. To the best of our knowledge, this has been the first report about a patient with thyroid dysfunction in severe OHSS in the Polish literature. On the basis of the presented case and a review of the literature on thyroid dysfunction in women undergoing COH and OHSS, we conclude that clinical signs and biochemical parameters need to be taken into consideration while making therapeutic decision in women with thyroid dysfunction in the course of OHSS. Also, further studies are necessary to elucidate the matter.

Gender differentiation in indirect self-destructiveness and suicide attempt methods (gender, indirect self-destructiveness, and suicide attempts).

The objective of this study is to examine the gender (sex) differentiation of indirect self-destructiveness and its manifestations as well as its relationships with suicide attempt methods in females and males. The study was conducted among 147 persons (114 females, 33 males) who attempted suicide. The research instrument was the polish version of the Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale including Transgression and Risk, Poor Health Maintenance, Personal and Social Neglects, Lack of Planfulness, and Helplessness and Passiveness in the face of problems. Differences testing and correlation analyses were applied. Females scored higher on poor health maintenance and males scored significantly higher on personal and social neglects, lack of planfulness, and helplessness. Noteworthy is that the intensity of indirect self-destructiveness in females reached the same magnitude as in males. A number of statistically significant correlations were found between indirect self-destructiveness, or its manifestations, and the methods of suicide attempt in the two groups. Among these categories, the highest contribution was of helplessness and passiveness (both of groups), poor health maintenance (males), and personal and social neglects (females). Results of this study can be useful in the therapeutic efforts and prevention of not only indirectly self-destructive behaviours but also possible suicide attempts. Both preventive and therapeutic activities can take into account the specificity of those phenomena resulting from one's sex/gender. It is important to adapt preventive and therapeutic measures to psychological (personal) features that arise from an individual's sex/gender.

[Comorbidity in organic depressive disorders in patients Specialist Hospital Dr. J. Babinski in Cracow in the years 2008-2010]. / Wspólchorobowosc w organicznych zaburzeniach depresyjnych u pacjentów Szpitala Specjalistycznego im. Dr. J. Babinskiego w Krakowie w latach 2008-2010.

UNLABELLED: With age occurs the aging central nervous system, and therefore increases the risk of mental disorders in this medium, including depressive disorders. In particular, a large proportion of depressive disorders in the organic substrate is observed in people over 65 years of age. Literature says that in this age group as 15-30% of people receiving assistance from family doctors have diagnosed depression. THE AIM OF THE STUDY was to investigate the comorbidity in patients with a diagnosis of organic depression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 227 medical records of diagnosed depressive disorders coexisting with other organic mental disorders in patients hospitalized in 2008-2010 in the Specialist Hospital Dr. J. Babinski in Cracow. We analyzed the medical records of outpatient treatment of the above. Analyses were made medical history by questionnaire of our own design. RESULTS: It has been shown that in the organic comorbidity depressive disorders related in most men, between 60 and 70 years of age. Most were people about the origin of the workers and peasants, mainly in vocational education. Every second person was unmarried. The subjects usually receive disability benefits and retirement. The organic depressive disorders frequently co-exist: the teams dementia, anxiety, personality disorders, delusional teams. The subjects were mainly dependent on alcohol and sedative drugs from the group of benzodiazepines. In every other test persons experienced cardiovascular disease. Among patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence disorder typical of taking psychoactive substances such as liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract. The treatment was particularly detrimental in people addicted to drugs. CONCLUSIONS: In the study population were two main groups of comorbid namely to psychoactive drugs and mental disorders not related with dependence on psychoactive substances. Comparative analysis of the dynamics of the disease has a significant adverse course and prognosis in children with addiction. In both groups, somatic concern comorbidity cardiovascular disease and in the control group significantly frequent somatic disorders typical of alcoholics (liver, pancreas).

Gender differentiation of indirect self-destructiveness.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine the sex (gender) differentiation of indirect self-destructiveness intensity and its manifestations, as well as relationships between indirect self-destructiveness and its manifestations (categories) and the psychological dimensions of masculinity and femininity, also from the point of view of assessing occupational health and safety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A population of 558 individuals (399 females and 159 males) aged 19-25 (mean age: 22.6) was studied. The Polish version of the "Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale" (CS-DS) by Kelley adapted by Suchanska was used in order to examine indirect self-destructiveness and its manifestations. Gender testing applied the Polish version of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) by Bem in its adaptation by Kuczynska. RESULTS: Males' scores are significantly higher than those of females for the majority of CS-DS scales/indices: Indirect Self-Destructiveness (general index), Poor Health Maintenance (A2), Lack of Planfulness (A4), and Helplessness, Passiveness (A5). Moreover, there are statistically significant correlations between CS-DS scales and the masculinity dimension (positive) as well as the femininity dimension (negative). CONCLUSIONS: Masculinity is a factor that may predispose towards indirectly self-destructive behaviors, while femininity is a factor protecting against those. The study results may prove useful in preventing indirectly and directly self-destructive behaviors as well as in therapy work with the individuals who display such tendencies or have made attempts on their own lives, in particular taking into account their being of a specific sex/gender and in the context of work (especially in difficult or dangerous conditions or both).

Manifestations of indirect self-destructiveness and methods of suicide attempts.

The method of suicide attempt is related to motivational processes and the psycho(patho)logical mechanisms and traits of an individual. Indirect self-destructiveness is related to direct self-destructiveness. It is presumed that it can transform to the latter thus leading to suicide attempts or death by suicide. The study objective was to examine the relationship between individual manifestations of indirect self-destructiveness and the methods of suicide attempt as well as to explore the indirect predictors of particular suicide methods. The study was conducted among 147 persons (114 females, 33 males) who attempted suicide. The research instrument was the Polish version of the "Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale" (CS-DS), including Transgression and Risk, Poor Health Maintenance, Personal and Social Neglects, Lack of Planfulness, and Helplessness and Passiveness in the face of problems. Correlation and regression analyses were applied. A number of statistically significant correlations were found between indirect self-destructiveness, or its manifestations, and the methods of suicide attempt. Moreover, the particular categories of indirect self-destructive behaviour were found to largely determine the choice of the method of suicide attempt. Among these categories, the strongest predictor appeared to be Helplessness and Passiveness in the face of problems. The method of suicide attempt is a variable related to psychosocial determinants of suicidal behaviour. The findings of this study may prove useful in the design and implementation of therapeutic activities focused on persons who attempted suicide. Recognising the particular manifestations of indirect self-destructive behaviours of an attempter can guide implementation of therapeutic measures, for him/her e.g. via strengthening coping skills and eliminating risk factors for self-harm.

Gender differentiation in methods of suicide attempts.

BACKGROUND: Suicide is an important public health problem worldwide, especially due to an increasing rate of suicides committed by violent methods. This study compared and assessed the methods used in suicide attempts (but no completed suicides) as undertaken by men and women and investigated the possible role of gender in the selection of suicide method. MATERIAL/METHODS: The study was conducted among persons who attempted suicide by various methods and were admitted to hospital. The study population comprised 147 participants (33 males and 114 females) aged between 14 and 33 years. RESULTS: The most prevalent methods of suicide attempts were pharmacological drugs abuse (42.31%) and exsanguination (25.64%), and the least frequent were poisoning and throwing oneself under a moving car (1.28%). The findings revealed that the female subjects tended to choose pharmacological drugs overdose and exsanguination as the suicide method, while males more frequently used hanging and asphyxia. Females also used a greater number of different suicide methods. CONCLUSIONS: The study results indicate that women as a group more frequently attempted suicide rather than actually committing it, whereas men were more likely to complete suicides and choose more violent suicide methods; thus, women are the "attempters" and "survivors" of suicide attempts. The study findings may have implications for therapy and prevention of suicide, and suggest that psychotherapeutic activities should be tailored to the psychological and personality traits associated with gender identity.

[Psychological determinants of quality of life in women diagnosed with depressive disorders]. / Psychologiczne wyznaczniki jakosci zycia kobiet z rozpoznana depresja.

UNLABELLED: The essential element of the functioning of patients is the assessment of quality of life and its determinants. Taking into account the depression process and its specific nature this seems to be of special importance. AIM: The aim of this paper was the assessment of importance of psychological determinants of quality of life in women with depressive disorders. METHODS: The tests were carried out on the basis of the analysis of medical documentation, including the psychiatric records. The following criteria were measured: depression level (Beck Hopelessness Scale), quality of life (The Life Satisfaction Questionnaire FLZ according to Fahrenberg), personality model (NEO Five-Factor Inventory), optimism (The Life Orientation Test-Revised LOT-R by M. Scheier, ChS. Carver and M. Bridges adapted by R. Poprawa and Z. Juczynski), purpose in life (The Purpose-in-Life Test developed by Crumbaugh and Maholick according to the authorised translation by Z. Pluzek), social support (The Social Support Questionnaire by Sommer G, Fydrich T, 1989 adapted by Z. Juczynski), health satisfaction (General Health Questionnaire GHQ 28 by David Goldberg). Women diagnosed with depressive disorders were qualified for testing. The tested group of women included 80 patients in the age bracket of 40 to 60 years from the Outpatient Department of Mental Health, Regional Specialised Hospital in Zgierz. The reference group consisted of 30 women showing no symptoms of depressive disorders. RESULTS: The statistical analysis of variables taken into account in the tests showed essential statistical differences between the compared groups with regard to almost all parameters. Significant differences were found in respect of life satisfaction, personality variables, social support, health satisfaction and purpose in life. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results showed significant differences regarding the assessment of quality of life between the group of women with depressive disorders and the group of women without any symptoms of such disorders in respect of the tested psychological determinants. The only exception was the "parent-child relationship satisfaction" where no differences were found.

Indirect (chronic) self-destructiveness and modes of suicide attempts.

INTRODUCTION: Suicides and suicide attempts may be considered as manifestations not only of direct self-destructiveness, but also of indirect (chronic) self-destructiveness. The aim of this work is to assess the relation between intensity of indirect self-destructiveness and suicide attempt modes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was conducted among 147 persons after suicide attempts (114 women and 33 men) aged 14-33 years. The Polish version of the "Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale" by Kelley (CS-DS) in Suchanska's adaptation was used. RESULTS: EXAMINED PERSONS APPLIED SEVERAL MODES OF COMMITTING SUICIDE: pharmacological drugs, exsanguination, hanging, jumping from a height, asphyxia, poisoning, and throwing oneself under a moving car. The most frequent are pharmacological drugs (42.31%) and exsanguination (25.60%); the rarest is throwing oneself under a car (1.28%). Relations between indirect self-destructiveness and the following suicide attempt modes were found: pharmacological drugs (0.366, p = 0.00001), poisoning (0.667, p = 0.01), and throwing oneself under a car (0.542, p = 0.04). There were found three clusters regarding the intensity of indirect self-destructiveness (low, medium and high). The largest differences concerned hanging, jumping from a height (medium CS-DS), poisoning and throwing oneself under a car (high CS-DS). There is a relation between indirect self-destructiveness and recurrence of suicide attempts (Kendall Tau = 0.217, p = 0.007); the intensity of indirect self-destructiveness differentiates the risk of consecutive suicide attempts (F = 2.871, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The implications of the findings are mainly of preventive and therapeutic nature. In the preventative aspect, the subject of interest should be not only persons with a tendency to the active form of indirect self-destructiveness, but also persons exhibiting its passive form.

[Organization of emotional memories in autobiographical memory]. / Organizacja wspomnien emocjonalnych w pamieci autobiograficznej.

AIM: The author presents a new methodological approach to directed cued recall which point out the organization of emotional memories in autobiographical memory. RESULTS: This approach gave opportunity to show connections between type of cues and attributes of recall memories in a group of 40 healthy persons. CONCLUSIONS: The research proved that there exists a tendency to recall mostly positive memories in reaction to positive cues, negative memories in reaction to negative cues, while the ambivalent cues caused recollection of mostly positive feelings although with a significant number of negative remembrances. What is more, experiments indicated that respondents' reminiscences were recalled in the shortest time when the cue was positive, in the longest time when the cue was ambivalent. Moreover, the largest number of remembrances was generated in response to positive cues.

[Socio-economic status, aggressive behaviours and coping with stress]. / Status socjoekonomiczny a zachowania agresywne i style radzenia sobie ze stresem.

AIM: The authors define the term "satisfaction from life" as being able to achieve satisfying objectives, realize one's own needs and desires. Such a vision depends upon personal experience, knowledge, role models and value system. The objective of this study is to establish the styles of coping with stress, as well as kinds and intensity of aggressive behaviours that depend on the degree of life satisfaction. The degree of life satisfaction was assessed by the look at the socio-economic status. METHODS: 80 people were enrolled in the study. The authors used a personal data form, Coping Inventory for Stress Situations (CISS) by N. Endler and J. Parker and Psychological Inventory of Aggression Syndrome by Z. B. Gas (IPSA-II). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The level of life satisfaction (measured using the family situation and socio-economic status) of the participants is associated with the style of coping with stress and with tendency to aggressive behaviours. The higher the level of life satisfaction was, the lower the intensity of aggressive behaviours and more effective styles of coping with stress were observed.

[Doctors' alcohol problems]. / Problemy alkoholowe w srodowisku lekarskim.

An overusing and an addiction to alcoholic drinks are important problems in a medical society. The studies made in the United States had documented that about 8-12% doctors were addicted to alcohol. In many cases the doctors are able to keep their problem as a secret and their activity is satisfied up to the moment when a decrease is noticed. Some factors--such as a high level of stress--predispose doctors to alcoholic problems especially surgeons. Alcohol problems should be identified as early as possible, and therapy ought to be given as well. There is no reason to hide the problem.