Adjunctive electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of a patient with comorbid major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and anorexia nervosa - a case report.

Purpose: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is still-underdiagnosed and often accompanied by other psychiatric disorders affecting treatment and outcomes. Case description: Here we present a case report of a 28-year-old female patient with comorbid PTSD, major depressive disorder (MDD), and anorexia nervosa (AN). The patient had been treated with various medications and attended trauma-focused psychotherapy. Because none of these treatments yielded satisfying improvement, the patient was referred for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). We had to overcome challenges such as the patient's false assumptions about ECT, the simultaneous use of benzodiazepines and the management of the side effects of ECT. The symptoms of MDD and PTSD improved after 12 treatment sessions. Comment: Our report suggests that ECT may be a safe and effective method for treating patients with PTSD and comorbid MDD and AN.

Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics-A Review on Formulation and In Vitro Dissolution.

Long-acting injectable (LAI) neuroleptics constitute an effective therapeutical alternative for individuals suffering from persistent mental illness. These injectable pharmaceuticals help patients manage their condition better and improve long-term outcomes by preventing relapses and improving compliance. This review aims to analyse the current formulation aspects of LAI neuroleptics, with particular emphasis on analysis of drug release profiles as a critical test to guarantee drug quality and relevant therapeutical activity. While there is no officially approved procedure for depot parenteral drug formulations, various dissolution tests which were developed by LAI manufacturers are described. In vitro dissolution tests also possess a critical function in the estimation of the in vivo performance of a drug formulation. For that reason, thorough inspection of the in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) is also discussed.

The relationship between chronotype and personality among patients with alcohol dependence syndrome: Pilot study.

The study investigates the distribution of chronotypes among alcohol-dependent subjects and the relationship between personality and chronotype. Fifty-eight alcohol-dependent patients and 29 age-matched healthy controls were studied using Oginska's Chronotype Questionnaire (ChQ), Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R), Selzer's Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) and a sociodemographic status questionnaire designed by the authors. The alcohol-dependent patients tended to be morning type, based on the morningness-eveningness ChQ scale, with a weakly marked rhythm, based on the distinctness ChQ scale. Preference towards morningness was associated with older age, but no relation between chronotype and severity of alcohol dependence was found. A high amplitude of the rhythm was associated with higher neuroticism. Therefore, despite being in the minority, patients with a distinct circadian rhythm (i.e. with a high amplitude) are at greater risk of mood and anxiety disorders and hence should be given special consideration.