Associations of tea consumption with blood pressure progression and hypertension incidence.

BACKGROUND: Association between tea consumption and incident hypertension remains uncertain. This study conducted to examine the health effects of tea consumption on blood pressure progression and hypertension incidence. METHODS: A population-based cohort of 38,913 Chinese participants without hypertension at baseline were included in the current study. Information on tea consumption was collected through standardized questionnaires. Associations of tea consumption with blood pressure progression and incident hypertension were analyzed using logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazards regression models, respectively. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 5.9 years, 17,657 individuals had experienced progression to a higher blood pressure stage and 5,935 individuals had developed hypertension. In multivariate analyses, habitual tea drinkers (≥ 3 times/week for at least six months) had a 17% lower risk for blood pressure progression [odds ratio (OR) = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.79-0.88] and a 14% decreased risk for incident hypertension [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.80-0.91] compared with non-habitual tea drinkers. Individuals in different baseline blood pressure groups could obtain similar benefit from habitual tea drinking. In terms of tea consumption amount, an inverse, linear dose-response relation between monthly consumption of tea leaves and risk of blood pressure progression was observed, while the risk of incident hypertension did not reduce further after consuming around 100 g of tea leaves per month. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that habitual tea consumption could provide preventive effect against blood pressure progression and hypertension incidence.

Paramyxoviruses respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and human metapneumovirus infection in pediatric hospitalized patients and climate correlation in a subtropical region of southern China: a 7-year survey.

To investigate the features of paramyxovirus respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection and determine the effect of meteorological conditions in Guangzhou, a subtropical region of southern China. We collected 11,398 respiratory samples from hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness between July 2009 and June 2016 in Guangzhou. The samples were tested simultaneously for 18 respiratory pathogens using real-time PCR. Local meteorological data were also collected for correlation analysis. Of 11,398 patients tested, 5606 (49.2%) patients tested positive for one or more pathogens; RSV, PIV, and HMPV were the first, sixth, and ninth most frequently detected pathogens, in 1690 (14.8%), 502 (4.4%), and 321 (2.8%) patients, respectively. A total 17.9% (4605/5606) of patients with positive results had coinfection with other pathogens. Significant differences were found in the prevalence of RSV, PIV, and HMPV among all age groups (p < 0.001). RSV and HMPV had similar seasonal patterns, with two prevalence peaks every year. PIV appeared alternatively with RSV and HMPV. Multiple linear regression models were established for RSV, PIV, and HMPV prevalence and meteorological factors (p < 0.05). RSV and PIV incidence was negatively correlated with monthly mean relative humidity; RSV and HMPV incidence was negatively correlated with sunshine duration; PIV incidence was positively correlated with mean temperature. We described the features of paramyxovirus infection in a subtropical region of China and highlighted the correlation with meteorological factors. These findings will assist public health authorities and clinicians in improving strategies for controlling paramyxovirus infection.

[Rapid Start-up of One-stage Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal Process in EGSB Reactor for Wastewater with Low Concentration of Ammonia].

Biofilm coming from a reactor in which One-stage Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal Process exists was selected as inoculum in an expanded granular sludge bed reactor. A potential fast start-up procedure was tested in this research. Wastewater with low ammonium concentration between 60-100 mg·L-1 was applied. The results showed that a One-stage Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal Process was successfully established in 83 days under the following conditions: temperature at (30±2)℃ , pH at 7.8-8.2, dissolved oxygen (DO) at 0.2-1.1mg·L-1 and upflow velocity at 2.0-4.0m·h-1. After the 83-day operation, the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and TN were 99.4% and 80.7%, respectively. By controlling the reflux ratio and increasing the NH4+-N load, the reactor could maintain a stable state of low DO concentration. Nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation became main reactions that maintained efficient and stable nitrogen removal performance. In addition, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were inhibited. In the start-up process, the average particle diameter of granular sludge increased from 174 to 296 µm. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface of granular sludge was smooth, and most microorganisms were bevibacteria and cocci. Finally, a fluorescence in situ hybridization experiment showed that ammonium oxidation bacteria and anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria were distributed on the surface and in the inner space of granular sludge, respectively. The research indicated that a stable autotrophic nitrogen removal granular sludge system was quickly established in the sludge bed.

Effect of obesity on the association between common variations in the PPAR gene and C-reactive protein level in Chinese Han population.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)-α, -ß/δ, and -γ are the ligand-activated transcription factors that function as the master regulators of glucose, fatty acid and lipoprotein metabolism, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Our aim was to test the association between ten single nucleotide polymorphisms of PPARs and CRP level, as well as their interaction with overweight/obesity. A sample population of 643 subjects was recruited from the prevention of MetS and multi-metabolic disorders in Jiangsu Province of China Study. The selected SNPs in PPAR α (rs135539, rs4253778, rs1800206), PPAR ß/δ (rs2016520 and rs9794), and PPAR γ (rs10865710, rs1805192, rs709158, rs3856806, and rs4684847) were genotyped. After adjustment for smoking, alcohol consumption, SBP, DBP, TG, and HDL-C, rs1800206, rs709158, rs1805192, and rs4684847 polymorphisms were significantly associated with CRP level in normal weight subjects (P < 0.05). In the overweight/obese subjects, rs1800206 was also significant associated with CRP level (P<0.01). In addition, the rs709158, rs1805192, and rs4684847 polymorphisms were shown interactions with overweight/obesity to influence CRP level (P<0.05). PPARs polymorphisms are independently associated with CRP levels in Chinese Han population. Further, PPARs polymorphisms interact with overweight/obesity to set CRP levels.

Peroxisome proliferator­activated receptor γ polymorphisms as risk factors for dyslipidemia.

Peroxisome proliferator­activated receptor Î³ (PPARγ) may play an important role in lipid metabolism directly or by inducing the transcription of target genes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between common variants at the PPARγ locus (C1431T and Pro12Ala polymorphisms) and lipid serum levels. The studied population consisted of 820 subjects randomly selected from the Prevention of Multiple Metabolic Disorders and Metabolic Syndrome in Jiangsu Province cohort population. All subjects were interviewed and blood samples were obtained for laboratory analysis and DNA extraction. The TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assay was used for polymorphism genotyping. Individual polymorphisms and haplotype data were available for analysis. The 12Ala allele was found to be associated with significantly increased levels of triglyceride (TG) (P<0.01), whilst the 1431T allele was found to be associated with significantly increased levels of TG, total cholesterol (TC) and non­high­density lipoprotein (non­HDL) (P<0.01). When P­C, the most common haplotype, was used as the reference group, the P­T, A­C and A­T haplotypes were found to be associated with significantly increased levels of TG (P<0.01). In addition, the A­T haplotype was shown to be associated with significantly increased levels of TC and non­HDL (P<0.01). In conclusion these results suggest that PPARγ gene variability may increase the risk of dyslipidemia.

PPAR α and PPAR γ polymorphisms as risk factors for dyslipidemia in a Chinese Han population.

BACKGROUND: The PPAR α and PPAR γ are the key messengers responsible for the translation of nutritional stimuli into changes for the expression of genes, particularly genes involved in lipid metabolism. However, the associations between PPAR α/γ polymorphisms and lipid serum levels in the general population were rarely studied, and the conclusions were conflicting. The objective was to investigate the associations of the PPAR α and PPAR γ polymorphisms with dyslipidemia. METHODS: 820 subjects were randomly selected from the Prevention of Multiple Metabolic Disorders and MS in Jiangsu Province cohort populations. The logistic regression model was used to examine the association between these polymorphisms and dyslipidemia. SNPstats was used to explore the haplotype association analyses. RESULTS: In the codominant and log-additive models, rs1800206, rs1805192 and rs3856806 were all associated with dyslipidemia (P < 0.005). When the most common haplotype L-G (established by rs1800206, rs4253778) was treated as the reference group, the V-G haplotype was associated with dyslipidemia (P < 0.001), higher TC and TG levels (P < 0.01). Moreover, when compared to Pro-C haplotype (established by rs1805192, rs3856806), the Pro-T, Ala-C, Ala-T haplotypes were associated with dyslipidemia (p < 0.001). A-T haplotype was associated with higher TC levels, (p < 0.01), and the P-T, A-C, A-T haplotypes were associated with higher TG levels (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: PPAR α and PPAR γ polymorphisms and haplotypes may be the genetic risk factors for dyslipidemia.

Association of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ polymorphisms and haplotypes with essential hypertension.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor involved in the regulation of several biochemical pathways. Blood pressure-lowering effects have been found in PPARγ agonists in several hypertensive models. The biology and research data related to the gene suggest that it could play a role in essential hypertension (EH) susceptibility. This study aimed to investigate the association between PPARγ polymorphisms and EH. About 820 subjects were genotyped for the three single-nucleotide polymorphisms used as genetic markers for the PPARγ genes (C681G, Prol2Ala, and C1431T). After correction for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, waist circumference, and fasting glucose, the G allele (CG+GG) of C681G was significantly associated with the increase in the risk of EH (odds ratio [OR]=1.54, 95%confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-2.09, p=0.005). The A allele (PA+PP) of Pro12Ala was significantly associated with the decrease in the risk of EH (OR=0.70, 95%CI: 0.52-0.95, p=0.020). However, C1431T was not significantly associated with EH. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis showed that there was a potential gene-gene interaction between C681G and Prol2Ala (p=0.0107). The G-P haplotype (established by C681G, Prol2Ala) was significantly associated with increase in the risk of EH (OR=1.53, 95%CI:1.13-2.07, p=0.006). In conclusion, PPARγ polymorphisms and haplotypes were significantly associated with hypertension susceptibility.

Gene-gene interactions among PPARα/δ/γ polymorphisms for hypertriglyceridemia in Chinese Han population.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)-α,-ß/δ and -γ are the ligand-activated transcription factors that function as the master regulators of glucose, fatty acid and lipoprotein metabolism, energy balance, cell proliferation and differentiation, inflammation and atherosclerosis. This study examined the main effects of both single-locus and multilocus interactions among genetic variants in Chinese Han individuals to test the hypothesis that PPAR-α/δ/γ polymorphisms may contribute to the etiology of hypertriglyceridemia independently and/or through such complex interactions. We genotyped 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms for PPAR-α/δ/γ. Participants were recruited from the Prevention of MetS and Multi-metabolic Disorders in Jiangsu Province of China Study. 820 subjects (474 non-hypertriglyceridemia subjects, 346 hypertriglyceridemia subjects) were randomly selected. Single-locus analyses showed that after adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, waist circumference and fasting glucose, rs1800206, rs9794, rs3856806 and rs1805192 were significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia, the OR (95% CI) were 4.43(3.08-6.37), 1.49(1.10-2.02), 1.56(1.16-2.08), 2.43(1.80-3.29), respectively. Further, generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction method analysis showed that two-to-six-locus and eight-locus models were significant (p<0.05), which indicated a potential gene-gene interaction among PPAR-α/δ/γ polymorphisms. The results suggest that PPAR-α/δ/γ polymorphisms may contribute to the risk of hypertriglyceridemia independently and/or in an interactive manner.

[Roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors polymorphisms, haplotypes, levels on C-reactive protein and their interactions with abnormal body weight].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) on the levels of serum C-reactive protein(CRP)and the interactions of PPARs haplotypes with abnormal body weight. METHODS: Subjects(n = 644)were randomly selected from the cohort 'Prevention of Multiple metabolic disorders and Metabolic syndrome in Jiangsu province(PMMJS)' Variance test, t test and lineal regression were used to analyze the associations between PPARs polymorphisms and the levels of CRP. The association between PPARs haplotypes and serum CRP levels as well as the interaction of PPARs haplotypes with abnormal body weight were analyzed, under the SNPStats software. RESULTS: After adjusting for sex, age, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and so on, data showed that both rs1800206 and rs9794 were associated with the changes along with the levels of CRP (P < 0.05). After adjusting for the same factors, haplotypes of AVG and CVG in PPARα, CG in PPARd appeared to be associated with the increase (P < 0.05)while haplotypes of CC in PPARδ, CPCAC in PPARγ were associated with the decrease of CRP levels (P < 0.05). Results from the Interaction analysis also noted that the interactions did exist between abnormal body weight and both AVG, CVG in PPARα, and CG in PPARδ. CONCLUSION: PPARs polymorphisms and haplotypes were associated with CRP. Interaction between PPAR a/d and abnormal body weight might contribute to the levels of CRP.

[Association between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gene polymorphism and essential hypertension].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between ten single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/δ/γ and essential hypertension (EH). METHODS: Participants were recruited within the framework of a cohort populations survey from the PMMJS (Prevention of Multiple Metabolic Disorders and MS in Jiangsu Province) which was conducted in the urban community of Jiangsu province from 1999 to 2007. Eight hundred and twenty subjects (551 non-hypertensive subjects, 269 hypertensive subjects) were randomly selected but were not related to each other. Ten SNP (rs135539, rs1800206, rs4253778 of PPARα; rs2016520, rs9794 of PPARδ; rs10865710, rs1805192, rs4684847, rs709158 and rs3856806 of PPARγ) were selected from the HapMap database. χ(2) test was used to determine whether the whole population was in H-W genetic equilibrium. SHEsis software was used to examine the relations of SNP and linkage equilibrium. Logistic regression model was used to examine the association between ten SNP in the PPAR and EH. RESULTS: Difference on the distribution of four SNP genotypes including rs1800206, rs9794, rs10865710 and rs4684847 between high blood pressure and non-high blood pressure group, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) and normal SBP group, high diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and normal DBP group was significant (P < 0.05). After adjusting factors as age, sex, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, high density lipoprotein cholesterol-C, high-fat diet and compared with wild-type gene carriers, the OR (95%CI) of objects with rs1800206 V allele appeared in high blood pressure, high SBP and high DBP were 0.60 (0.41 - 0.89), 0.57 (0.37 - 0.88) and 0.61 (0.39 - 0.96), respectively. The OR (95%CI) of objects with G allele of rs9794 were 0.63 (0.46 - 0.87), 0.51 (0.36 - 0.73) and 0.68 (0.47 - 1.01). The OR (95%CI) of objects with G allele of rs10865710 were 1.62 (1.19 - 2.20), 1.59 (1.14 - 2.22) and 1.53 (1.07 - 2.18), respectively. While the OR (95%CI) of objects with rs4684847 T allele were 1.42 (1.04 - 1.94), 1.38 (1.03 - 1.92) and 1.37 (1.00 - 1.88), respectively. CONCLUSION: The four SNPs including rs1800206 of PPARα, rs9794 of PPARδ and rs4684847, rs10865710 of PPARγ influenced high blood pressure, high SBP and high DBP to different degrees.

[Gene-gene interactions among the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor polymorphisms for hypertriglyceridemia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of ten SNP at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, δ, γ) with hypertriglyceridemia and the gene-gene interaction. METHODS: Participants were recruited from the Prevention of MetS and Multi-metabolic Disorders in Jiangsu province of China Study (PMMJS). A total of 820 subjects were selected from the 4083 participants who had received follow-up examination, by using simple random sampling. Participants in baseline and follow-up study surveys were both collected blood samples 11 ml in the morning after at least 8 hours of fasting. Blood samples which collected at the baseline were subjected to PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ genotype analyses. Blood samples which collected at the follow-up were used to measure serum triglyceride levels. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between different SNP and hypertriglyceridemia, and the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was applied to explore the gene-gene interaction. RESULTS: The samples included 474 in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group and 346 in the hypertriglyceridemia group. The genotype frequencies of rs1800206 in the hypertriglyceridemia group were 211 (61.0%) for LL, 132 (38.2%) for LV and 3 (0.9%) for VV, and in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group were 411 (86.7%) for LL, 59 (12.4%) for LV and 4(0.8%) for VV (χ(2) = 74.18, P < 0.01). V allele frequencies of rs1800206 in the hypertriglyceridemia group was 138(19.9%), and in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group was 67 (7.1%) (χ(2) = 60.62, P < 0.01). The genotype frequencies of rs2016520 in the hypertriglyceridemia group were 177 (51.2%) for TT, 154 (44.5%) for TC and 15 (4.3%) for CC, and in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group were 211 (44.5%) for TT, 212 (44.7%) for TC and 51 (10.8%) for CC(χ(2) = 15.93, P < 0.01). C allele frequencies of rs2016520 in the hypertriglyceridemia group was 184(26.6%), and in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group was 314 (33.1%) (χ(2) = 8.07, P < 0.01). The genotype frequencies of rs3856806 in the hypertriglyceridemia group were 149 (43.1%) for CC, 156 (45.1%) for CT and 41 (11.8%) for TT, and in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group were 269 (56.8%) for CC, 170 (35.9%) for CT and 35 (7.4%) for TT (χ(2) = 15.93, P < 0.01). T allele frequencies of rs3856806 in the hypertriglyceridemia group was 238(34.4%), and was 240 (25.3%) in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group (χ(2) = 15.96, P < 0.01). The genotype frequencies of rs1805192 in the hypertriglyceridemia group were 145 (41.9%) for PP, 158(45.7%) for PA and 43(12.4%) for AA, and in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group were 314 (66.2%) for PP, 137(28.9%) for PA and 23(4.9%) for AA (χ(2) = 50.92, P < 0.01). A allele frequencies of rs1805192 in the hypertriglyceridemia group was 244(35.2%), and was 183 (19.3%) in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group(χ(2) = 52.89, P < 0.01). After adjusting age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, high-fat diet, low -fiber diet and occupational physical activity factors, rs1800206, rs2016520, rs3856806 and rs1805192 were significantly associated with hypertriglyceride, while the OR (95%CI) was 3.88 (2.69 - 5.60), 0.71 (0.52 - 0.96), 1.40 (1.03 - 1.90) and 2.56 (1.88 - 3.49), respectively (P < 0.05). GMDR model analysis showed that the second-order model (rs1800206 and rs1805192) was the best model when quality traits of triglyceride was chosen as outcome (P < 0.01); while third-order model (rs1800206, rs1805192 and rs2016520) was the best model when quantitative traits of triglyceride was chosen as outcome (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The rs1800206, rs2016520, rs3856806 and rs1805192 were significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia. There was a gene-gene interaction between multiple SNP.

[Association and interaction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α with low high-density lipoprotein hyperlipidemia and with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (α, δ, γ) with low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) hyperlipidemia and the additional role of a gene-gene interactions among the 10 SNPs. METHODS: Participants were recruited under the framework of the PMMJS (Prevention of Multiple Metabolic Disorders and MS in Jiangsu Province) cohort populations survey, in the urban community of Jiangsu province, China. 820 subjects (579 normal HDL-C, 241 low HDL-C) were randomly selected, with one of them related to each other. Ten SNPs (rs135539, rs4253778, rs1800206, rs2016520, rs9794, rs10865710, rs1805192, rs709158, rs3856806, rs4684847) were selected from the HapMap database, which covered PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ. Logistic regression model was used to examine the association between ten SNPs in the PPARs and low HDL-C. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confident interval (95%CI) were calculated. Interactions were explored by using the method of Generalized Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (GMDR). RESULTS: After adjusting the factors as age, sex, smoking status, occupational physical activity, high-fat diet as well as low-fiber diet, both rs135539 and rs1800206 were significantly associated with the incidence of low HDL-C, with the OR (95% CI) values as 1.46 (1.07 - 1.99) and 0.62 (0.42 - 0.90). No statistically significant difference was found between other SNPs and the occurrence of low HDL-C. Data from GMDR analysis showed significant gene-gene interaction among rs135539, rs4253778 of PPARα and rs10865710, rs3856806, rs709158 and rs4684847 of PPAR γ (P = 0.0107). CONCLUSION: PPARα rs135539 was associated with the occurrence of low HDL-C, and had interacted with rs4253778, rs10865710, rs3856806, rs709158 and rs4684847.