Preoperative risk calculator for the probability of completing nephron sparing for kidney cancer.

PURPOSE: In absence of predictive models, preoperative estimation of the probability of completing partial (PN) relative to radical nephrectomy (RN) is invariably inaccurate and subjective. We aimed to develop an evidence-based model to assess objectively the probability of PN completion based on patients' characteristics, tumor's complexity, urologist expertise and surgical approach. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: 675 patients treated with PN or RN for cT1-2 cN0 cM0 renal mass by seven surgeons at one single experienced centre from 2000 to 2019. OUTCOMES MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES: The outcome of the study was PN completion. We used a multivariable logistic regression (MVA) model to investigate predictors of PN completion. We used SPARE score to assess tumor complexity. We used a bootstrap validation to compute the model's predictive accuracy. We investigated the relationship between the outcomes and specific predictors of interest such as tumor's complexity, approach and experience. RESULTS: Of 675 patients, 360 (53%) were treated with PN vs. 315 (47%) with RN. Smaller tumors [Odds ratio (OR): 0.52, 95%CI 0.44-0.61; P < 0.001], lower SPARE score (OR: 0.67, 95%CI 0.47-0.94; P = 0.02), more experienced surgeons (OR: 1.01, 95%CI 1.00-1.02; P < 0.01), robotic (OR: 10; P < 0.001) and open (OR: 36; P < 0.001) compared to laparoscopic approach resulted associated with higher probability of PN completion. Predictive accuracy of the model was 0.94 (95% CI 0.93-0.95). CONCLUSIONS: The probability of PN completion can be preoperatively assessed, with optimal accuracy relaying on routinely available clinical information. The proposed model might be useful in preoperative decision-making, patient consensus, or during preoperative counselling. PATIENT SUMMARY: In patients with a renal mass the probability of completing a partial nephrectomy varies considerably and without a predictive model is invariably inaccurate and subjective. In this study we build-up a risk calculator based on easily available preoperative variables that can predict with optimal accuracy the probability of not removing the entire kidney.

Guidelines on the diagnosis, treatment and management of visceral and renal arteries aneurysms: a joint assessment by the Italian Societies of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (SICVE) and Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM).

The objective of these Guidelines is to provide recommendations for the classification, indication, treatment and management of patients suffering from aneurysmal pathology of the visceral and renal arteries. The methodology applied was the GRADE-SIGN version, and followed the instructions of the AGREE quality of reporting checklist. Clinical questions, structured according to the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) model, were formulated, and systematic literature reviews were carried out according to them. Selected articles were evaluated through specific methodological checklists. Considered Judgments were compiled for each clinical question in which the characteristics of the body of available evidence were evaluated in order to establish recommendations. Overall, 79 clinical practice recommendations were proposed. Indications for treatment and therapeutic options were discussed for each arterial district, as well as follow-up and medical management, in both candidate patients for conservative therapy and patients who underwent treatment. The recommendations provided by these guidelines simplify and improve decision-making processes and diagnostic-therapeutic pathways of patients with visceral and renal arteries aneurysms. Their widespread use is recommended.

Single-Center Retrospective Study Comparing Double Vein Embolization via a Trans-Jugular Approach with Liver Venous Deprivation via a Trans-Hepatic Approach.

PURPOSE: To compare safety, technical and clinical outcomes of double vein embolization (DVE) via a trans-jugular approach with liver venous deprivation (LVD) via a trans-hepatic approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center retrospective analysis was conducted on patients undergoing simultaneous portal and hepatic veins embolization in view of a major hepatectomy (June 2019-November 2022). Hepatic vein embolization was performed either by transjugular plug (DVE) or by transhepatic plug followed by glue injection (LVD). Inclusion criteria were availability of pre-procedural CT scan, and availability of CT scans acquired 10 days and 25 days post-procedure. Comparative data included complication rate, fluoroscopy time, dose area product (DAP), Future Liver Remnant volume and function increase (FLR-V and FLR-F increase, respectively) and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients (n = 14 DVE; n = 22 LVD) were included. No baseline significant differences were observed among the two groups. One grade-3 complication (2.8%) was observed in the LVD group; one case of technical failure (2.8%) was observed in the DVE group. Fluoroscopy time and DAP were similar between DVE and LVD (29 ± 17.7 vs. 25 ± 8.2 min, p = 0.97; 105.1 ± 63.5 vs. 143.4 ± 79.5 Gy·cm2, p = 0.15). No differences arose at either time-point in FLR-V increase (46.7 ± 23.1% vs. 48.2 ± 28.2%, 52.9 ± 30.9% vs. 53.2 ± 29%, respectively, p = 0.9). FLR-F increase also did not differ significantly (62.8 ± 55.2 vs. 67.4 ± 57.5, p = 0.9). No differences in drop-out rate from surgery were observed. (28.6% vs. 27.3%, p = 0.93). One case of grade-B post-hepatectomy liver failure (2.8%) was observed in the LVD group. CONCLUSION: LVD via transhepatic approach and DVE via transjugular approach seem equally safe and effective. Level of Evidence Level 3, Retrospective Cohort Study.

Management of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula-related fluid collections after distal pancreatectomy.

BACKGROUND: Distal pancreatectomy is burdened by a high rate of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (CR-POPF). The presence of a fistula-related abdominal collection often requires additional treatment such as antibiotics, percutaneous drainage, and endoscopic drainage thus prolonging patient recovery. Aim of this study was to describe the management of abdominal collections related to CR-POPF and identify variables associated with the need for invasive procedures. METHODS: A retrospective review of clinical data for patients who underwent distal pancreatectomy between 2015 and 2020 was conducted. All postoperative CT-scan imaging performed for clinical signs related to POPF was reviewed. The main outcome of the study was the need for procedural management (percutaneous or endoscopic) of CR-POPF-related fluid collections at 90 days after surgery. A multivariate regression analysis was adopted to analyze factors influencing procedural management of the collection. RESULTS: Five hundred sixteen patients were included in the study. Laparoscopic resection was performed in 290 patients (56%). At 90 days after surgery, CR-POPF occurred in 207 (40.1%) patients. A symptomatic collection related to fistula was observed in 130 patients (25.2%). Factors associated with fluid collections were increased body mass index (BMI) (25.5 versus 24, p = 0.001) and intraoperative blood loss (median of 250 versus 200 ml, p < 0.001). Procedural management was required in 70 patients (13.6%); 52 patients required interventional radiology and 18 endoscopic drainage. At multivariate analysis, risk factors for invasive procedures were the following CT-scan parameters: fluid collection diameter greater than 5 cm (OR 6.366, 95%CI 2.29-17.66, p = 0.001), presence of blood in the fluid collection (OR 10.618, 95%CI 1.94-58.09, p = 0.006), and enhancement of its walls (OR 4.073, 95%CI 1.22-13.57, p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: CR-POPF-related fluid collections affect about a quarter of patients undergoing distal pancreatectomy. CT-scan provides important information which can guide the management of the collection in a "step-up" fashion.

Multidisciplinary management of patients diagnosed with von Hippel-Lindau disease: A practical review of the literature for clinicians.

Objective: The aim of the current review is to summarize the available evidence to aid clinicians in the surveillance, treatment and follow-up of the different primary tumors developed by patients diagnosed with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome. Methods: A non-systematic narrative review of original articles, meta-analyses, and randomized trials was conducted, including articles in the pre-clinical setting to support relevant findings. Results: VHL disease is the most common rare hereditary disorder associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Affected individuals inherit a germline mutation in one VHL allele, and any somatic event that disrupt the other allele can trigger mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, or epigenetic regulations leading to oncogenesis. From a clinical perspective, patients continuously develop multiple primary tumors. Conclusion: Because VHL is considered a rare disease, very limited evidence is available for diagnosis, surveillance, active treatment with local or systemic therapy and follow-up.

Embolisation of the parenchymal tract after percutaneous portal vein catheterization: a retrospective comparison of outcomes with different techniques in two centres.

BACKGROUND: Embolisation of the parenchymal tract is a key step after any other transhepatic or transplenic percutaneous portal vein catheterization since eventual venous bleeding is difficult to control and may require surgical management. Different techniques have been proposed to perform tract embolisation. The aim of this study is to compare the safety and efficacy of different techniques of haemostasis of the parenchymal tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All the interventional procedures with percutaneous transhepatic or transplenic access to the portal vein (excluding ipsilateral portal vein embolisation) from January 2010 to July 2020, in two tertiary hospitals, were retrospectively analyzed. The following data were evaluated: access site, the technique of embolisation, technical success in terms of immediate thrombosis of the tract, safety and clinical efficacy in terms of the absence of hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications. RESULTS: One-hundred-sixty-one patients underwent 220 percutaneous transhepatic or transplenic portal vein catheterization procedures. The main indications were pancreatic islet transplantation, portal anastomotic stenosis after liver transplantation, and portal vein thrombosis recanalization. As embolic materials gelfoam was used in 105 cases, metallic micro-coils in 54 cases, and cyanoacrylic glue in 44 cases; in 17 cases the parenchymal tract was not embolized. Technical success was 98% without significant difference among groups (p-value = 0.22). Eighteen post-procedural abdominal bleedings occurred, all grade 3 and were managed conservatively; difference among groups was not significant (p-value = 0.25). We detected 12 intrahepatic portal branch thromboses not related to the embolisation technique; only one case of non-target embolisation was documented after liver tract embolisation with glue, without clinical consequences. CONCLUSION: Embolisation of the parenchymal tract after percutaneous portal vein catheterization is technically safe and effective. No significant differences were found between coils, glue, and gelfoam in effectiveness and complications rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3, Cohort study.

Combining Laparoscopic Liver Partitioning and Simultaneous Portohepatic Venous Deprivation for Rapid Liver Hypertrophy.

Future liver remnant (FLR) volume is an important indicator of the risk of posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) and limits the feasibility of major hepatectomies. A case series of 5 patients treated with a novel approach is presented. Laparoscopic liver partitioning was combined with subsequent liver venous deprivation (embolization of both the portal and the hepatic veins). Baseline average FLR was 28.8%. All procedures were successfully performed without major complications. Mean 1-, 2- and 4-week hypertrophy of the FLR were 35%, 40.3%, and 46.4%, respectively. Four patients underwent planned surgery after a mean interval of 28 days. Of these, 2 patients achieved sufficient FLR volume and function after 2 weeks and underwent surgery before the 4-week volumetric analysis. One patient did not undergo surgery because of intraoperative diagnosis of peritoneal metastases. No cases of PHLF were observed at 5-day follow-up.

Prediction of Early Distant Recurrence in Upfront Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Multidisciplinary, Machine Learning-Based Approach.

Despite careful selection, the recurrence rate after upfront surgery for pancreatic adenocarcinoma can be very high. We aimed to construct and validate a model for the prediction of early distant recurrence (<12 months from index surgery) after upfront pancreaticoduodenectomy. After exclusions, 147 patients were retrospectively enrolled. Preoperative clinical and radiological (CT-based) data were systematically evaluated; moreover, 182 radiomics features (RFs) were extracted. Most significant RFs were selected using minimum redundancy, robustness against delineation uncertainty and an original machine learning bootstrap-based method. Patients were split into training (n = 94) and validation cohort (n = 53). Multivariable Cox regression analysis was first applied on the training cohort; the resulting prognostic index was then tested in the validation cohort. Clinical (serum level of CA19.9), radiological (necrosis), and radiomic (SurfAreaToVolumeRatio) features were significantly associated with the early resurge of distant recurrence. The model combining these three variables performed well in the training cohort (p = 0.0015, HR = 3.58, 95%CI = 1.98-6.71) and was then confirmed in the validation cohort (p = 0.0178, HR = 5.06, 95%CI = 1.75-14.58). The comparison of survival curves between low and high-risk patients showed a p-value <0.0001. Our model may help to better define resectability status, thus providing an actual aid for pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients' management (upfront surgery vs. neoadjuvant chemotherapy). Independent validations are warranted.

The Two-Step Treatment for Giant Hepatic Hemangiomas.

The aim of the present study is to analyze the feasibility and the impact of a two-step approach in the treatment of giant hemangiomas (GH) i.e., exceeding 10 cm in maximum diameter, consisting of transarterial embolization (TAE) followed by laparoscopic liver resection (LLR). Ten patients with 11 GH were treated with TAE and subsequent LLR between 2017 and 2020 (Group A). A matched cohort of 10 patients with GH treated with upfront LLR between 2014 and 2017 was identified for comparison (Group B). Data were analyzed regarding intraoperative and postoperative outcomes, including successful completion of LLR, morbidity, and mortality. Successful microparticle embolization of the GH-feeding arteries was performed in all patients in group A. In three cases a liquid embolic agent (Squid-18) was also injected to obtain complete embolization. No complications were observed after TAE. Successful surgery was performed after a mean time interval of 2.2 days from TAE without any case of conversion to laparotomy. Statistically significant differences between group A and group B were found in intraoperative blood loss (250 ± 200 vs. 400 ± 300 mL, p = 0.039), operative time (245 ± 60 vs. 420 ± 60 min, p = 0.027), and length of stay (5 ± 1 vs. 8 ± 2 days, p = 0.046). Our data suggest that two-step TAE + LLR might be a safe and effective option for surgical treatment of GH >10 cm.

A radiological predictor for pneumomediastinum/pneumothorax in COVID-19 ARDS patients.

PURPOSE: To determine whether Macklin effect (a linear collection of air contiguous to the bronchovascular sheath) on baseline CT imaging is an accurate predictor for subsequent pneumomediastinum (PMD)/pneumothorax (PNX) development in invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an observational, case-control study. From a prospectively acquired database, all consecutive invasively ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients who underwent at least one baseline chest CT scan during the study time period (February 25th, 2020-December 31st, 2020) were identified; those who had tracheal lesion or already had PMD/PNX at the time of the first available chest imaging were excluded. RESULTS: 37/173 (21.4%) patients enrolled had PMD/PNX; specifically, 20 (11.5%) had PMD, 10 (5.8%) PNX, 7 (4%) both. 33/37 patients with subsequent PMD/PNX had Macklin effect on baseline CT (89.2%, true positives) 8.5 days [range, 1-18] before the first actual radiological evidence of PMD/PNX. Conversely, 6/136 patients without PMD/PNX (4.4%, false positives) demonstrated Macklin effect (p < 0.001). Macklin effect yielded a sensitivity of 89.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 74.6-96.9), a specificity of 95.6% (95% CI: 90.6-98.4), a positive predictive value (PV) of 84.5% (95% CI: 71.3-92.3), a negative PV of 97.1% (95% CI: 74.6-96.9) and an accuracy of 94.2% (95% CI: 89.6-97.2) in predicting PMD/PNX (AUC:0.924). CONCLUSIONS: Macklin effect accurately predicts, 8.5 days in advance, PMD/PNX development in COVID-19 ARDS patients.

Robust prediction of mortality of COVID-19 patients based on quantitative, operator-independent, lung CT densitometry.

PURPOSE: To train and validate a predictive model of mortality for hospitalized COVID-19 patients based on lung densitometry. METHODS: Two-hundred-fifty-one patients with respiratory symptoms underwent CT few days after hospitalization. "Aerated" (AV), "consolidated" (CV) and "intermediate" (IV) lung sub-volumes were quantified by an operator-independent method based on individual HU maximum gradient recognition. AV, CV, IV, CV/AV, IV/AV, and HU of the first peak position were extracted. Relevant clinical parameters were prospectively collected. The population was composed by training (n = 166) and validation (n = 85) consecutive cohorts, and backward multi-variate logistic regression was applied on the training group to build a CT_model. Similarly, models including only clinical parameters (CLIN_model) and both CT/clinical parameters (COMB_model) were developed. Model's performances were assessed by goodness-of-fit (H&L-test), calibration and discrimination. Model's performances were tested in the validation group. RESULTS: Forty-three patients died (25/18 in training/validation). CT_model included AVmax (i.e. maximum AV between lungs), CV and CV/AE, while CLIN_model included random glycemia, C-reactive protein and biological drugs (protective). Goodness-of-fit and discrimination were similar (H&L:0.70 vs 0.80; AUC:0.80 vs 0.80). COMB_model including AVmax, CV, CV/AE, random glycemia, biological drugs and active cancer, outperformed both models (H&L:0.91; AUC:0.89, 95%CI:0.82-0.93). All models showed good calibration (R2:0.77-0.97). Despite several patient's characteristics were different between training and validation cohorts, performances in the validation cohort confirmed good calibration (R2:0-70-0.81) and discrimination for CT_model/COMB_model (AUC:0.72/0.76), while CLIN_model performed worse (AUC:0.64). CONCLUSIONS: Few automatically extracted densitometry parameters with clear functional meaning predicted mortality of COVID-19 patients. Combined with clinical features, the resulting predictive model showed higher discrimination/calibration.

Predictors of Pneumothorax/Pneumomediastinum in Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, predictors, and outcome of pneumothorax (PNX)/pneumomediastinum (PMD) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Tertiary-care university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred sixteen consecutive critically ill, invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. INTERVENTIONS: The authors collected demographic, mechanical ventilation, imaging, laboratory, and outcome data. Primary outcome was the incidence of PNX/PMD. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of PNX/PMD. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: PNX/PMD occurred in a total of 28 patients (24.1%), with 22 patients developing PNX (19.0%) and 13 developing PMD (11.2%). Mean time to development of PNX/PMD was 14 ± 11 days from intubation. The authors found no significant difference in mechanical ventilation parameters between patients who developed PNX/PMD and those who did not. Mechanical ventilation parameters were within recommended limits for protective ventilation in both groups. Ninety-five percent of patients with PNX/PMD had the Macklin effect (linear collections of air contiguous to the bronchovascular sheaths) on a baseline computed tomography scan, and tended to have a higher lung involvement at intensive care unit (ICU) admission (Radiographic Assessment of Lung Edema score 32.2 ± 13.4 v 18.7 ± 9.8 in patients without PNX/PMD, p = 0.08). Time from symptom onset to intubation and time from total bilirubin on day two after ICU admission were the only independent predictors of PNX/PMD. Mortality was 60.7% in patients who developed PNX/PMD versus 38.6% in those who did not (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: PNX/PMD occurs frequently in COVID-19 patients with ARDS requiring mechanical ventilation, and is associated with increased mortality. Development of PNX/PMD seems to occur despite use of protective mechanical ventilation and has a radiologic predictor sign.

Before sentinel bleeding: early prediction of postpancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH) with a CT-based scoring system.

OBJECTIVES: Clinically significant pancreatic fistula (POPF) has been established as a well-known risk factor for late and severe postpancreatectomy hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) (postpancreatectomy pancreatic fistula-associated hemorrhage [PPFH]). Our aim was to assess whether contrast-enhanced CT scan after PD is an effective tool for early prediction of PPFH. METHODS: From a prospectively acquired database, all consecutive patients who underwent PD between January 2013 and May 2019 were identified; within this database, all patients who were evaluated, for clinical suspicion of POPF, with at least one contrast-enhanced CT scan examination, were enrolled in this retrospective study. The selected CT findings included perianastomotic fluid collections and air bubbles; pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) was analyzed in terms of dehiscence and defect. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-eight out of 953 PD patients (18.7%) suffered from clinically significant POPF; after exclusions, 166 patients were enrolled. Among this subset, 33 patients (19.9%) had at least one PPFH episode. In multivariable analysis, PPFH was associated with postoperative CT evidence of fluid collections (p = 0.046), air bubbles (p = 0.046), and posterior PJ defect (p < 0.001). Based on these findings, a practical 4-point prediction score was developed (AUC: 0.904, Se: 76%, Sp: 93.8%): patients with a score ≥ 3 demonstrated a significantly higher risk of PPFH development (OR = 45.6, 95% CI: 13.0-159.3). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative CT scan permits early stratification of PPFH risk, thus providing an actual aid for patients' management. KEY POINTS: • Postpancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH) is a dramatic, clinically unpredictable occurrence. • After pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), early identification of posterior pancreaticojejunostomy defect, perianastomotic air bubbles, and retroperitoneal fluid collections enables effective PPH risk stratification by means of a practical CT-based 4-point scoring system. • CT scan after PD allows a paradigm shift in the management PPH, from a conventional "wait and see" approach, to a more proactive one that relies on early anticipation and timely prevention.

Leakage Risk Stratification After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG): Is There a Role for Routine Postoperative CT Scan?

PURPOSE: Leakage of the gastric remnant after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) represents an unpredictable, dreadful occurrence. Our aim was to assess whether routine postoperative CT scan is an effective tool for early prediction of leakage after LSG. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a prospectively acquired database, all consecutive patients who underwent LSG between January 2015 and December 2018 were identified; within this database, all patients who were evaluated with at least one contrast-enhanced CT scan within 48 h from surgery were enrolled in this retrospective study. The selected CT findings included twisting of the gastric remnant, perigastric air bubbles, and hematoma; the antral segment proximal from the pylorus to the first staple firing was also analyzed in terms of distance (StP, stapler to pylorus distance) and linearity (LI, linearity index). RESULTS: After exclusions, 250 patients were included; 10 patients suffered from gastric leakage. Patients with perigastric hematoma and/or twisting of the distal part of the gastric remnant on routine postoperative CT scan were found to be more likely to develop leakage after LSG (p = 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively). The mean StP was 45 ± 19.1 mm; the mean LI was 1.54 ± 0.4. Patients with subsequent development of leakage had significantly lower StP (26.7 ± 12.5 mm vs. 45.9 ± 18.9 mm; p = 0.001) and LI values (1.16 ± 0.11 vs. 1.55 ± 0.39; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Routine postoperative CT scan after LSG permits early stratification of leakage risk, thus providing an actual aid for patients' management.

Elective Embolization of Splenic Artery Aneurysms with an Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer Agent (Squid) and Detachable Coils.

PURPOSE: To report the safety and efficacy of the embolization of splenic artery aneurysms (SAAs) with coils plus ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center retrospective study was conducted from 2016 to 2019 to collect SAAs. Twelve asymptomatic patients (mean age, 59 years) with 15 SAAs (mean size, 23.6 mm; size range, 15-40 mm) were treated with embolization. Embolization was performed with EVOH (Squid 8/34) and fibered detachable coils. Transfemoral embolization was performed with a microcatheter to achieve a splenic artery occlusion embolizing the SAA and its efferent and afferent branches. Follow-up was based on color Doppler ultrasound at 24 hours and on computed tomography (CT) angiography at 1 (n = 12) and 6 months (n = 12) after embolization. Mean number of coils and Squid vials used for each patient, major/minor complications, technical success, 30-day clinical success, cases of revascularization/reintervention, and mortality were assessed. Technical success was defined as complete exclusion of the aneurysmal segment and cessation of blood flow into the sac. Clinical success at 1 month was based on the absence of clinical symptoms and the exclusion of aneurysm revascularization on CT angiography. RESULTS: The mean number of coils and Squid vials was 5.75 (standard deviation [SD], 1.58; range, 3-9) and 1.41 (SD, 0.49; range, 1-2), respectively. Both technical and 30-day clinical success were 100%, with no cases of aneurysm revascularization (CT angiography performed in all patients at 1 month and 6 months and in 3 patients at 24 months). No major complications or fatal events were recorded. In terms of minor complications, 2 cases of mild pancreatitis (transient amylases increase) and 1 case of focal splenic ischemia without clinical sequelae were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Embolization in SAAs using coils plus EVOH was safe and effective without SAA revascularization.