Considerações sobre instituições de reabilitação para crianças e adolescentes com deficiência no município do Rio de Janeiro / Considerations about rehabilitation institutions for children and adolescents with disabilities in the city of Rio de Janeiro

Discussão a partir de dados extraídos da pesquisa "Estudo da oferta e análise de programas de reabilitação para a população infanto-juvenil com deficiência no Município do Rio de Janeiro". Objetivo: Ampliar o conhecimento sobre as instituições que oferecem reabilitação para a população de crianças e adolescentes com deficiência. Método: Estudo descritivo tipo inquérito, por questionário, especificamente preparado para este fim. Resultados: A amostra composta por 7 (12,6%) instituições de ensino, 16 (29,6%) instituições pertencentes ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e 31 (57,41%) representam: 11 organizações não governamentais, 15 filantrópicas e 5 privadas conveniadas com o SUS e/ou Sistema único de Assistência Social (SUAS), mostrando que a maior parte dos atendimentos não ocorre na rede pública. Este dado sugere rotatividade de profissionais por falta de estabilidade e consequente descontinuidade de tratamento. Maioria das organizações, fora a rede pública, tem convênio com o SUAS, cuja missão é regular e organizar serviços, programas e benefícios socioassistenciais, o que pode levar ao não aproveitamento de avanços técnicos na área da saúde. Avaliações médicas especializadas e recursos como óculos, cadeira de rodas, andadores, mostraram não ser de fácil obtenção. Considerações sobre dificuldade para reabilitação são levantadas. Conclusão: O fato de que esta população quando reabilitada tem ampliada sua condição para participação ativa na sociedade, com consequente redução de custo e aumento do capital social é uma realidade. Ampliar conhecimentos sobre a gestão em reabilitação está se tornando cada vez mais premente, visto que avanços científicos e tecnológicos aliados a constantes conquistas sociais viabilizam, cada vez mais, inserção de pessoas que antes estariam restritas a uma vida de exclusão social.

This paper analyses some data extracted from the Research "Study of supply and analysis of rehabilitation programs for children and adolescents with disabilities in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Self-reported nocturnal sleep duration and glycosylated hemoglobin A in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA).

OBJECTIVE: At present, epidemiologic studies regarding the relationship between sleep duration and glucose metabolism in adolescents are scarce. The objective was to investigate the association between self-reported nocturnal sleep duration and glycosylated hemoglobin A in 12- to 17-year-old Brazilian adolescents. PATIENTS/METHODS: A school-based multicenter cross-sectional study was carried out in private and public schools from 273 municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The final sample comprised 24,923 adolescents. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Blood tests included glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin A and serum lipids. Age, sex, skin color, school type, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and Brazilian regions were studied as possible effect modifiers and/or confounders using linear regression. RESULTS: A significant positive association was found between more than 12 h of nocturnal sleep and glycosylated hemoglobin A in two Brazilian regions: Southeast and South, even after adjustment for age, sex, skin color, and BMI (coefficients of 0.142 and 0.339, respectively). No association was found with nocturnal sleep duration <7 h. CONCLUSION: Notably, a significant positive relationship was found between more than 12 h of nocturnal sleep duration and glycosylated hemoglobin A in two Brazilian regions. The specific pubertal sleep curtailment can be a compensatory mechanism for dealing with the insulin resistance during adolescence. Those that escape from this regulatory strategy and sleep longer than the adequate duration, break down this balance and tend to damage their glucose metabolism. To our knowledge, this is the first large scale study, of the association between sleep duration and glucose metabolism in adolescents.

Comparison between self-reported sleep duration and actigraphy among adolescents: gender differences.

INTRODUCTION: There are only few agreement studies between subjective measures of sleep and actigraphy among adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To compare self-reported sleep and actigraphy in this age group, by studying gender differences and, using a new graphical approach, the survival agreement plot. METHODS: Thirty-seven subjects, aged 12 to 17 years, answered questions about nocturnal sleep duration and used actigraphy for seven days. The mean and median differences between the informed sleep and the recorded one, the intraclass correlation coefficient, the Bland-Altman plot and the survival-agreement plot were used. RESULTS: A mean difference of about one hour (SD = 2.1; median = 0.5; p < 0.01) was found between both strategies, which was higher among boys, 1.9 hours (SD = 2.8; median = 1.6; p < 0.05), than among girls, 0.5 hours (SD = 1.4; median = 0.3; p = 0.11). The graphical evaluation showed similar results, as well as the intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.06 (95%CI = -0.33 - 0.46; p = 0.489) for boys and 0.43 (95%CI = 0.12 - 0.83; p < 0.001) for girls. CONCLUSIONS: Our data are consistent with previous studies as to non-agreement between the two methods. These results are relevant because this is the first study of concordance between subjective measures of sleep and actigraphy among Brazilian adolescents, as far as we know. In addition, they reinforce the need of a careful use of nocturnal sleep measures among adolescents, mainly among boys.

Comparison between self-reported sleep duration and actigraphy among adolescents: gender differences / Comparação entre duração do sono autodeclarada e actigrafia entre adolescentes: diferenças de gênero

ABSTRACT: Introduction: There are only few agreement studies between subjective measures of sleep and actigraphy among adolescents. Objective: To compare self-reported sleep and actigraphy in this age group, by studying gender differences and, using a new graphical approach, the survival agreement plot. Methods: Thirty-seven subjects, aged 12 to 17 years, answered questions about nocturnal sleep duration and used actigraphy for seven days. The mean and median differences between the informed sleep and the recorded one, the intraclass correlation coefficient, the Bland-Altman plot and the survival-agreement plot were used. Results: A mean difference of about one hour (SD = 2.1; median = 0.5; p < 0.01) was found between both strategies, which was higher among boys, 1.9 hours (SD = 2.8; median = 1.6; p < 0.05), than among girls, 0.5 hours (SD = 1.4; median = 0.3; p = 0.11). The graphical evaluation showed similar results, as well as the intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.06 (95%CI = -0.33 - 0.46; p = 0.489) for boys and 0.43 (95%CI = 0.12 - 0.83; p < 0.001) for girls. Conclusions: Our data are consistent with previous studies as to non-agreement between the two methods. These results are relevant because this is the first study of concordance between subjective measures of sleep and actigraphy among Brazilian adolescents, as far as we know. In addition, they reinforce the need of a careful use of nocturnal sleep measures among adolescents, mainly among boys.

RESUMO: Introdução: Existem poucos estudos de concordância entre as medidas subjetivas de sono e a actigrafia entre adolescentes. Objetivo: Comparar o sono autodeclarado e a actigrafia neste grupo etário, estudando as diferenças quanto ao sexo e, usando uma nova abordagem gráfica, o gráfico de concordância e sobrevivência. Métodos: Trinta e sete indivíduos de 12 a 17 anos responderam a questões sobre a duração do sono noturno e usaram actigrafia por sete dias. As diferenças entre as médias e as medianas entre sono informado e a medida objetiva, o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e os gráficos de Bland-Altman e de concordância e sobrevivência foram aplicados. Resultados: Uma diferença média de aproximadamente uma hora (DP = 2,1; mediana = 0,5; p < 0,01) foi encontrada entre ambas as estratégias, a qual foi maior entre os meninos, com 1,9 horas (DP = 2,8; mediana = 1,6; p < 0,05), do que entre as meninas, 0,5 horas (DP = 1,4; mediana = 0,3; p = 0,11). A avaliação gráfica mostrou resultados semelhantes, bem como o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse: 0,06 (IC95% = -0,33 - 0,46; p = 0,489) para os meninos e 0,43 (IC95% = 0,12 - 0,83; p < 0,001) para as meninas. Conclusões: Nossos dados são consistentes com prévios estudos em relação à não concordância entre os dois métodos. Esses resultados são relevantes porque este é o primeiro estudo de concordância entre medidas subjetivas de sono e actigrafia em adolescentes brasileiros, do nosso conhecimento. Além disso, eles reforçam a necessidade de um cuidadoso uso das medidas de sono noturno entre adolescentes, principalmente entre os meninos.

Prevalence of arterial hypertension among Brazilian adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world and are responsible for a high number of disability-adjusted life years. Elevated blood pressure is an independent, linear and continuous risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has also been reported in the young population. Brazil is a country of continental dimensions, and is very heterogeneous with respect to socioeconomic and cultural aspects. Brazilian studies on the subject of hypertension in adolescence are not nationally representative, and this provides a rationale for the conduction of a meta-analysis to assess the magnitude of the problem in the country. METHODS: Hypertension studies in adolescents published from 1990 to September 2010 were searched in six electronic databases. Forest plots of the prevalence of hypertension were built for the overall population and by gender. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Meta-regression models were adjusted in order to identify possible sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS: Of 3,631 articles initially identified, 17 were considered eligible for systematic review. The pooled prevalence of hypertension, estimated through random effects models, was 8.12% (95% CI 6.24-10.52) for the total population. Overall, prevalence was higher in males, 8.75% (95% CI 5.81-12.96) than females, 6.31%, (95% CI 4.41-8.96). Several variables were investigated in the heterogeneity analysis: region of the study, sample size, age and method of blood pressure measurement. The only variables that partially and inconsistently explained the observed heterogeneity (I2 = 95.3%) were the region of the country where the study was conducted and sample. CONCLUSIONS: There was a large variation in hypertension prevalence and in the methods used for its evaluation throughout studies with Brazilian adolescents, indicating the need for standardized procedures and validated methods for hypertension measurement. Despite the large observed heterogeneity, and the small number of studies in some regions of Brazil, the pooled prevalence found in both males and females shows that systemic arterial hypertension should be monitored in the population aged 10-20 years and that specific measures are required to prevent and control the disease, as well as its risk factors. Studies that compare regional heterogeneities may contribute to the knowledge of factors associated with increased blood pressure among adolescents.

AIDS in childhood: cardiac involvement with and without triple combination antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in the echocardiogram of children with AIDS followed up in a reference service at 18+/-6 months of AIDS confirmed diagnosis. METHODS: A cross-section study with a cohort after 18+/-6 months of AIDS diagnosis. The study included a total of 93 children with a confirmed diagnosis of AIDS with vertical transmission, with no malignancies and who underwent echocardiogram (echo) during cardiologic evaluation. Cardiac abnormalities were assessed in patients who were not treated (G1) and patients who were treated (G2) with combination antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS: When diagnosed with AIDS, the children were on average 3.07 years old and 50.50% were female. The combination regimen with antiretroviral agents was used by 47 patients (G2). Cardiac involvement was present in 40 children (43.00%). The presence of left ventricular dysfunction (G1: 39.10%; G2: 10.60%) and the isolated enlargement of left ventricle (G1: 6.60%; G2: 14.90%) were the most frequent findings. We observed a significant association between the groups without and with combination antiretroviral therapy asregards the presence of left ventricular dysfunction (PR= 3.42; [1.41-8.26]; p = 0.02) and malnutrition (PR = 1.79; [1.00-3.20]; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Cardiac involvement was frequent in children with AIDS and left ventricular dysfunction was the most common abnormality on echocardiogram. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups with and without triple combination treatment as regards the presence of left ventricular dysfunction and malnutrition.

AIDS in childhood: cardiac involvement with and without triple combination antiretroviral therapy / AIDS na infância: acometimento cardíaco com e sem a terapia anti-retroviral tríplice combinada

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de alterações cardíacas ao ecocardiograma em crianças com AIDS acompanhadas em serviço de referência aos 18±6 meses do diagnóstico confirmado de AIDS. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com corte aos 18±6 meses do diagnóstico de AIDS. Incluídas 93 crianças com diagnóstico confirmado de AIDS por transmissão vertical, sem doença maligna, que, na avaliação cardiológica, realizaram ecocardiograma (eco). De forma exploratória avaliaram-se as alterações cardíacas nos pacientes sem uso (G1) e com uso (G2) de terapia combinada anti-retroviral. RESULTADOS: Quando do diagnóstico de AIDS, as crianças tinham em média 3,07 anos e 50,50 por cento eram do sexo feminino. Esquema de terapia combinado com anti-retrovirais foi utilizado por 47 pacientes (G2). O acometimento cardíaco esteve presente em 40 crianças (43,00 por cento). A presença de disfunção ventricular esquerda (G1:39,10 por cento;G2:10,60 por cento) e o aumento isolado de ventrículo esquerdo (G1:6,60 por cento;G2:14,90 por cento) foram os achados mais freqüentes. Observou-se associação significativa entre os grupos sem e com terapia anti-retroviral combinada quanto à presença de disfunção ventricular esquerda (RP=3,42; [1,41-8,26]; p =0,02) e de desnutrição (RP=1,79; [1,00-3,20]; p=0,04). CONCLUSÃO: O acometimento cardíaco foi freqüente nas crianças com AIDS, sendo a disfunção ventricular esquerda a alteração mais observada ao ecocardiograma. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos com e sem tratamento tríplice combinado quanto à presença de disfunção ventricular esquerda e de desnutrição.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in the echocardiogram of children with AIDS followed up in a reference service at 18±6 months of AIDS confirmed diagnosis. METHODS: A cross-section study with a cohort after 18±6 months of AIDS diagnosis. The study included a total of 93 children with a confirmed diagnosis of AIDS with vertical transmission, with no malignancies and who underwent echocardiogram (echo) during cardiologic evaluation. Cardiac abnormalities were assessed in patients who were not treated (G1) and patients who were treated (G2) with combination antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS: When diagnosed with AIDS, the children were on average 3.07 years old and 50.50 percent were female. The combination regimen with antiretroviral agents was used by 47 patients (G2). Cardiac involvement was present in 40 children (43.00 percent). The presence of left ventricular dysfunction (G1: 39.10 percent; G2: 10.60 percent) and the isolated enlargement of left ventricle (G1: 6.60 percent; G2: 14.90 percent) were the most frequent findings. We observed a significant association between the groups without and with combination antiretroviral therapy asregards the presence of left ventricular dysfunction (PR= 3.42; [1.41-8.26]; p = 0.02) and malnutrition (PR = 1.79; [1.00-3.20]; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Cardiac involvement was frequent in children with AIDS and left ventricular dysfunction was the most common abnormality on echocardiogram. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups with and without triple combination treatment as regards the presence of left ventricular dysfunction and malnutrition.

Manifestações cardíacas na forma sistêmica da artrite idiopática juvenil: estudo de dez casos / Cardiac manifestations in the systemic type of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: report of ten cases

Objetivo: Descrever o acometimento cardíaco de pacientes com a forma sistêmica da artrite idiopática juvenil (AIJ), visando determinar as frequências das manifestações clínicas, laboratoriais, radiológicas, eletro e ecocardiográficas observadas, bem como caracterizar a evolução do quadro. Materiais e métodos: Foram avaliados os prontuários de 78 crianças portadoras da forma sistêmica da AIJ e identificadas aquelas com envolvimento cardíaco sintomático, sendo desenvolvido um estudo descritivo transversal destas últimas. Resultados: Acometimento cardíaco sintomático ocorreu em dez pacientes (12,8 por cento), três deles com dois episódios e um deles com três. Pericardite isolada ocorreu em nove episódios, miocardite isolada, em cinco e perimiocardite, em um. Em 73,3 por cento dos casos o envolvimento cardíaco se deu antes dos seis anos de idade e, em 70 por cento, antes de completar uma ano de evolução. Febre foi o sintoma presente em todos os episódios. Foram verificados dois óbitos (um por varicela durante o tratamento da miocardite e um por hipertensão pulmonar), além de um caso de tamponamento cardíaco, enquanto os demais apresentaram regressão completa. Conclusão: Observou-se frequência significativa de acometimento cardíaco clinicamente evidente nos pacientes estudados, com manifestações condizentes com as descritas na literatura