Inhibitory Effects of a Reengineered Anthrax Toxin on Canine Oral Mucosal Melanomas.

Canine oral mucosal melanomas (OMM) are the most common oral malignancy in dogs and few treatments are available. Thus, new treatment modalities are needed for this disease. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) toxin has been reengineered to target tumor cells that express urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and metalloproteinases (MMP-2), and has shown antineoplastic effects both, in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a reengineered anthrax toxin on canine OMM. Five dogs bearing OMM without lung metastasis were included in the clinical study. Tumor tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry for expression of uPA, uPA receptor, MMP-2, MT1-MMP and TIMP-2. Animals received either three or six intratumoral injections of the reengineered anthrax toxin prior to surgical tumor excision. OMM samples from the five dogs were positive for all antibodies. After intratumoral treatment, all dogs showed stable disease according to the canine Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (cRECIST), and tumors had decreased bleeding. Histopathology has shown necrosis of tumor cells and blood vessel walls after treatment. No significant systemic side effects were noted. In conclusion, the reengineered anthrax toxin exerted inhibitory effects when administered intratumorally, and systemic administration of this toxin is a promising therapy for canine OMM.

Slc11a1 (Nramp-1) gene modulates immune-inflammation genes in macrophages during pristane-induced arthritis in mice

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) in AIRmax mice homozygous for Slc11a1 R and S alleles was used to characterize the influence of Slc11a1 gene polymorphism on immune responses during disease manifestation. Previous reports demonstrated that the presence of the Slc11a1 S allele increased the incidence and severity of PIA in AIRmax SS , suggesting that this gene could interact with inflammatory loci to modulate PIA. We investigated the effects of Slc11a1 alleles on the activation of phagocytes during PIA. TREATMENT: Mice were injected intraperitoneally with two doses of 0.5 mL of mineral oil pristane at 60-day intervals. Arthritis development was accompanied for 180 days. RESULTS: AIRmax SS mice showed differential peritoneal macrophage gene expression profiles during PIA, with higher expression and production of H2O2, NO, IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, and several chemokines. The presence of the Slc11a1 R allele, on the other hand, diminished the intensity of macrophage activation, restricting arthritis development. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrated the fine-tuning roles of Slc11a1 alleles modulating macrophage activation, and consequent PIA susceptibility, in those mouse lines. (AU)

Slc11a1 (Nramp-1) gene modulates immune-inflammation genes in macrophages during pristane-induced arthritis in mice.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) in AIRmax mice homozygous for Slc11a1 R and S alleles was used to characterize the influence of Slc11a1 gene polymorphism on immune responses during disease manifestation. Previous reports demonstrated that the presence of the Slc11a1 S allele increased the incidence and severity of PIA in AIRmax SS , suggesting that this gene could interact with inflammatory loci to modulate PIA. We investigated the effects of Slc11a1 alleles on the activation of phagocytes during PIA. TREATMENT: Mice were injected intraperitoneally with two doses of 0.5 mL of mineral oil pristane at 60-day intervals. Arthritis development was accompanied for 180 days. RESULTS: AIRmax SS mice showed differential peritoneal macrophage gene expression profiles during PIA, with higher expression and production of H2O2, NO, IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, and several chemokines. The presence of the Slc11a1 R allele, on the other hand, diminished the intensity of macrophage activation, restricting arthritis development. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrated the fine-tuning roles of Slc11a1 alleles modulating macrophage activation, and consequent PIA susceptibility, in those mouse lines.

Ceratoplastia lamelar em cães usando membrana amniótica equina: Estudo clínico e morfológico / Lamelar keratoplasty in dogs using equine amniotic membrane: Clinical and morphological study

A membrana amniótica (MA) consolidou-se no tratamento de afecções na superfície ocular. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do implante de MA equina em ceratoplastia lamelar de cães. As membranas amnióticas foram preservadas em glicerina (98%). A eficácia do implante foi acompanhada por avaliação clínica, tempo de cicatrização, resposta inflamatória e reconstrução da arquitetura da córnea. Foram selecionados 12 cães, que foram divididos em quatro grupos de três animais. Em cada animal, foi realizada ceratotomia lamelar com 5 mm de diâmetro, seguida de aplicação do implante de MA. Após cirurgia, os animais foram avaliados em diferentes tempos: 2, 7, 21 e 40 dias. Duran- te o período de observação, os exames oftalmológicos foram realizados com intervalo de 48 h e, após a última avaliação, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia. Os olhos foram enucleados, fixados e corados com hematoxilina-eosina (HE), ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) e picrossirius. Os implantes foram completamente epitelizados em cerca de 10 dias após a cirurgia. Os neovasos apresentaram involução progressiva a partir de 21 dias e não foram detectados ao final de 40 dias pós-cirurgia, restando apenas uma nébula no local da lesão. À microscopia óptica, observou-se resposta inflama- tória moderada, presença de epitélio pavimentoso estratificado aos sete dias e epitelização completa aos 21 dias. Aos 40 dias, a membrana basal do epitélio apresentou-se reconstituída. Assim, concluímos que a membrana amniótica equina é viável como implante em córnea de cão, sendo incorporada ao estroma e resultando em restabelecimento parcial da transparência.

Amniotic membranes have been successfully used in the treatment of superficial corneal diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of use of equine amniotic membrane (AM) in lamellar keratoplasty of dogs. Amniotic membranes were preserved in glycerol (98%). Implant efficacy was assessed by clinical evaluation, time of healing, in-flammatory response, and the corneal architectural configuration. Twelve dogs were divided into four groups of three animals. In each animal, a 5-mm diameter lamellar keratectomy was performed, and followed by implantation of the AM. The animals were evaluated at the 2th, 7th, 21th, and 40th days after surgery. During this period, ophthalmological exams were performed at 48-h intervals, and the animals were euthanized after the last evaluation. The eyes were enu-cleated, included, fixed, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and picrosirius. Epitheli-zation of the implants was completed in about ten days after surgery. New vessels progressively diminished from 21 days on, were not detected on day 40 after surgery, and only a nebula was observed in the implant area. Optical microscopy revealed a mild inflammatory response, presence of squamous epithelium on day seven, and total epithelization on day 21 after surgery. On day 40, the basal epithelial membrane was shown to be reformed. Therefore, we conclude that use of equine amniotic membranes is feasible as implant for dog cornea since it is incorporated to the corneal stroma, and a relative transparency can be obtained.

Estudo quantitativo e morfológico das regiões organizadoras de nucléolo coradas pela prata (AgNORs) em neoplasias benignas e malignas da glândula mamária da espécie canina / Quantitative and morphological study of silver staining nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in benign and malignant neoplasms of the canine mammary gland

O alvo deste estudo foi apresentar um novo método de avaliação das regiões organizadoras de nucléolos (NORs), objetivando verificar a correlação entre malignidade das células tumorais com proliferação celular. Vinte e nove tumores foram analisados quanto aos aspectos morfológicos e quantitativos de regiões organizadoras de nucléolos coradas pela prata (AgNORs) e comparados à quatro glândulas mamárias normais utilizadas como controle. Os dados obtidos foram tratados pelos testes não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e ôUõ de Mann-Whitney. Os números médios de NORs dos grupos neoplásicos malignos incluindo carcinomas tubulares (2,14 ± 0,54), carcinomas papilíferos (1,79 ± 0,24) e carcinomas sólidos (1,95 ± 0,30) mostraram diferença significativa quando comparados ao grupo controle (1,16 ± 0,08). A análise morfológica das AgNORs mostrou que o padrão de apresentação da NORs do tipo I prevaleceu nos grupos neoplásicos benignos (75% dos casos de adenoma tubular e 50% dos casos de carcinoma tubular), enquanto o tipo II prevaleceu nos grupos neoplásicos de comportamento maligno (54,5 % dos carcinomas papilíferos e 100% dos carcinomas sólidos). O grupo controle mostrou na sua totalidade (100% dos casos) predominância de NORs do tipo IV. O padrão do Tipo III não predominou em nenhum dos grupos envolvidos neste estudo. A análise da morfologia das AgNORs é uma ferramenta útil na determinação do prognóstica de alterações neoplásicas da glândula mamária canina.

The aim of this study was try to present a new method of evaluation of the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) being related its morphology and distribution, objectifying to verify the correlation between malignancy of tumoral cells with cellular proliferation. Twenty-nine tumors were analyzed with regard to quantitative and morphological aspects of the silver staining nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) and compared to four normal mammary glands used as control. The data obtained were submitted to non-parametric Kruskal- Wallis and Mann-Whitney ôUõ tests. The mean NORs counts of the malignant neoplastic groups tubular carcinomas (2.14 ± 0.54), papillary carcinomas (1.79 ± 0.24) and solid carcinomas (1.95 ± 0.30) showed significant difference when compared with the control group (1.16 ± 0.08). Morphological analysis of AgNORs revealed that the expression pattern of type I NORs predominate in the benign histological groups (75% of the tubular adenoma cases and 50% of the tubular carcinoma cases), whereas type II NORs pattern prevailed in the malignant behavior neoplastic groups (54,5% of the papillary carcinoma and 100% of the solid carcinoma cases). Control group showed total predominance (100% of the cases) of type IV NORs. Expression pattern of the type III NORs did not prevail in neither histological group encompassed by this study. Evaluation of AgNORs morphology reveals an useful tool for prognosis assessment of neoplastic alterations of the canine mammary gland.

Descrição histológica da via genital masculina e hermafrodita de escargots das espécies Achatina fulica E Achatina monochromatica / Histology description of the male and hermafrodite genital vias of the escargots Achatina fulica AND Achatina monochromatica

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a histologia da via genital masculina e hermafrodita dos escargots das espécies Achatina fulica e Achatina monochromatica. Foram usados 10 exemplares adultos de cada espécie para análise histológica. Após o processo seletivo, pesagem e tomada das medidas da concha, os espécimes foram sacrificados por congelamento em freezer, a -2ºC por aproximadamente 10min. Para a exposição dos órgãos reprodutores foi efetuada uma incisão longitudinal iniciada na extremidade cranial e, acompanhando a torção do corpo, até a extremidade caudal. Cada animal foi dissecado, sobre uma placa de Petri, sob imersão em formol a 10% para melhor preservação dos tecidos. Foram coletados fragmentos representativos de cada segmento do sistema reprodutor e observou-se que a estrutura histológica dos mesmos não apresentou diferenças notórias, com exceção do ovotestis do Achatina fulica, no qual se constatou um número maior de células pigmentadas no epitélio germinativo do que, nesse mesmo epitélio, no Achatina monochromatica.

The aim of this work was to make histological description of the male and hermaphrodite genital system of escargots of the species Achatina fulica and Achatina monochromatica. Ten adult copies of each species were used for such analysis. After a selective process, weighting and measuring the shell, the specimens were sacrificed by freezing in freezer to -2ºC for approximately 10min. Reproductive organs were exposed by longitudinal incision made in the cranial extremity and by accompanying the sprain of the body, until the tail extremity. Each animal was dissected over a Petri plate, under immersion in 10% phormol for better preservation of the tissues. Representative fragments of each segment of the reproductive system were collected and it was observed that their histological structure did not present evident differences, except for the Achatina fulica ovotestis in which a larger number of pigmented cells was observed in the germinative epithelium than in the same epithelium in the Achatina monochromatica.

Aspectos macroscópicos da anatomia do sistema reprodutor de escargots: Achatina fulica e Achatina monochromatica / Macroscopic aspects of the anatomy of the reproductive system of escargots: Achatina fulica and Achatina monochromatica

Foi estudada a macro-anatomia do sistema reprodutor do escargot das espécies Achatina fulica e Achatina monochromatica e estabelecidos os parâmetros morfológicos comparativos de ambas espécies. Foram utilizados 15 exemplares de cada espécie com quase 12 meses de idade pertencentes à mesma família. E estes foram sacrificados por congelamento (-2ºC). A coleta do sistema reprodutor foi feita após a retirada da concha e dissecação do animal. Verificou-se que, apesar dos animais terem sido mantidos nas mesmas condições ambientais e alimentares bem como submetidos ao mesmo tipo de seleção, o desenvolvimento dos órgãos reprodutores apresentou certa variação. Os aspectos morfológicos de alguns segmentos do sistema reprodutor, nas duas espécies, diferem macroscopicamente, porém, a disposição e a localização destes segmentos são idênticas.

The macro-anatomy of the reproductive system of both Achatina fulica and Achatina monochromatica was studied, by establishing the morphologic parameters of both species. Fifteen samples of each species with nearly twelve years old from the same family were used. The specimens were sacrificed by freezing (-2ºC). The collection of the reproductive system was made after the retreat from the shell and dissection of the animal. It was observed that even if the specimens have been maintained in the same environmental and alimentary conditions, as well as submitted to the same type of selection, the development of their reproductive organs show some variation. In both species, some segments of the reproductive system morphologic aspects differ macroscopically, although the disposition and the location of these segments are identical.

Estudo quantitativo e morfológico das regiões organizadoras de nucléolo coradas pela prata (AgNORs) em neoplasias benignas e malignas da glândula mamária da espécie canina / Quantitative and morphological study of silver staining nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in benign and malignant neoplasms of the canine mammary gland

O alvo deste estudo foi apresentar um novo método de avaliação das regiões organizadoras de nucléolos (NORs), objetivando verificar a correlação entre malignidade das células tumorais com proliferação celular. Vinte e nove tumores foram analisados quanto aos aspectos morfológicos e quantitativos de regiões organizadoras de nucléolos coradas pela prata (AgNORs) e comparados à quatro glândulas mamárias normais utilizadas como controle. Os dados obtidos foram tratados pelos testes não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e ôUõ de Mann-Whitney. Os números médios de NORs dos grupos neoplásicos malignos incluindo carcinomas tubulares (2,14 ± 0,54), carcinomas papilíferos (1,79 ± 0,24) e carcinomas sólidos (1,95 ± 0,30) mostraram diferença significativa quando comparados ao grupo controle (1,16 ± 0,08). A análise morfológica das AgNORs mostrou que o padrão de apresentação da NORs do tipo I prevaleceu nos grupos neoplásicos benignos (75% dos casos de adenoma tubular e 50% dos casos de carcinoma tubular), enquanto o tipo II prevaleceu nos grupos neoplásicos de comportamento maligno (54,5 % dos carcinomas papilíferos e 100% dos carcinomas sólidos). O grupo controle mostrou na sua totalidade (100% dos casos) predominância de NORs do tipo IV. O padrão do Tipo III não predominou em nenhum dos grupos envolvidos neste estudo. A análise da morfologia das AgNORs é uma ferramenta útil na determinação do prognóstica de alterações neoplásicas da glândula mamária canina.

The aim of this study was try to present a new method of evaluation of the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) being related its morphology and distribution, objectifying to verify the correlation between malignancy of tumoral cells with cellular proliferation. Twenty-nine tumors were analyzed with regard to quantitative and morphological aspects of the silver staining nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) and compared to four normal mammary glands used as control. The data obtained were submitted to non-parametric Kruskal- Wallis and Mann-Whitney ôUõ tests. The mean NORs counts of the malignant neoplastic groups tubular carcinomas (2.14 ± 0.54), papillary carcinomas (1.79 ± 0.24) and solid carcinomas (1.95 ± 0.30) showed significant difference when compared with the control group (1.16 ± 0.08). Morphological analysis of AgNORs revealed that the expression pattern of type I NORs predominate in the benign histological groups (75% of the tubular adenoma cases and 50% of the tubular carcinoma cases), whereas type II NORs pattern prevailed in the malignant behavior neoplastic groups (54,5% of the papillary carcinoma and 100% of the solid carcinoma cases). Control group showed total predominance (100% of the cases) of type IV NORs. Expression pattern of the type III NORs did not prevail in neither histological group encompassed by this study. Evaluation of AgNORs morphology reveals an useful tool for prognosis assessment of neoplastic alterations of the canine mammary gland.

Histological alterations in the livers of Cx43-deficient mice submitted to a cholestasis model.

Gap junction intercellular communication capacity and connexin expression are reportedly involved in cell proliferation. To understand the participation of connexins in biliary duct hyperplasia, a cholestasis model was applied to mice with heterologous deletion of Gja 1, the connexin 43 (Cx43) gene. Heterozygous (Cx43+/-) knockout (KO) and wild-type mice (Cx43+/+) (WT) were submitted to bile duct ligation and euthanized at different time points (48 h, 7 days, and 14 days) after surgery. After euthanasia, the macroscopic and microscopic liver alterations were examined. A histomorphometric study of the livers was performed. For this purpose, a grid containing 100 points was applied to each liver section. The volumetric fraction of bile ducts, hepatocytes, arterioles, and terminal hepatic vein were quantified. Cell proliferation was also quantified by western blot PCNA. High mortality was observed in both genotypes. The heterologous deletion of Cx43 did not affect the biliary duct hyperplasia or most of the other parameters analyzed; however, the Cx43-deficient mice showed decrease in hepatic vein angiogenesis in comparison with the wild-type mice 48 h after surgery. In conclusion, our results indicate that the Cx43 gene heterologous deletion does not affect the biliary duct hyperplasia; on the other hand, connexin 43 deficiencies do affect the hepatic vein angiogenesis, although other studies to understand the details of this influence will be necessary.

Hepatic granulomas induced by Schistosoma mansoni in mice deficient for connexin 43 present lower cell proliferation and higher collagen content.

Granuloma formation involves a coordinated interaction between monocytes and macrophages, epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and fibroblasts. It has been established that extracellular communication via cytokines is important for the assembly of granulomas. However, the importance of gap junctions and intercellular communication to granuloma formation and development had never been assessed. Connexins are proteins that form gap junctions, and connexin 43 (Cx43) is present in macrophages, lymphoid cells, myelogenous cells, fibroblasts and others. We analyzed the effect of heterologous deletion of Gja1 (Cx43 gene) on the formation and development of hepatic granulomas induced by Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Heterozygous (Cx43(+/-)) and wild-type (Cx43(+/+)) mice were infected subcutaneously with S. mansoni cercarie and evaluated after 6, 8 and 12 weeks. Granuloma cells express Cx43, as revealed by real-time PCR in isolated granulomas, and by immunohistochemistry. Cx43 expression was reduced in Cx43(+/-) mice, as expected. No differences in the average area of granulomas or number of cells per granuloma were observed between mice of different genotypes. However, granuloma cells from Cx43(+/-) mice displayed a reduced index of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling at 8 and 12 weeks post-infection. Moreover, Cx43(+/-) granulomas unexpectedly presented a higher degree of fibrosis, quantified by morphometric analysis in Sirius Red-stained slides. Our results indicate that the deletion of one allele of the Cx43 gene, and possibly the reduced gap junction intercellular communication capacity (GJIC), may impair the interactions between granuloma cells, reducing their proliferation and increasing their collagen content, thereby modifying the characteristics of S. mansoni granuloma in mice.

Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats as a model to study cancer pain.

UNLABELLED: An animal model of cancer pain induced by injection of Walker 256 carcinoma cells into the plantar surface of rat hind paw is described. Tumor growth and the occurrence of metastasis were investigated by histopathological analysis. Tumor cell growth was also analyzed plethysmographically by the increase in paw volume. For characterization of pain symptoms, hyperalgesia, allodynia, and spontaneous pain were evaluated 5 to 8 days after cell injection. The volume of the inoculated paw started to increase on day 2 after inoculation, being 40% higher on day 5 after injection. At this time, there was a marked proliferation of tumor cells, with the presence of anaplastic and pleomorphic cells, nucleoli, and atypical mitotic features. On days 7 and 8 after injection, histopathological analysis of popliteal lymph nodes showed the presence of tumor cells. The intraplantar injection of Walker 256 cells caused hyperalgesia at day 5 after cell inoculation. Low-threshold mechanical allodynia was significant 2 days after cell injection, being increased on day 5. In addition, inoculation of tumor cells induced gross behavior, characterized by a significant increase in licking and lifting of the injected paw 5 days after injection. The pain-enhancing effect caused by cell inoculation was partially inhibited by indomethacin on day 2 after cell injection, whereas morphine blocked allodynia on days 2 and 5. These results indicate that intraplantar injection of Walker 256 cells cause pain symptoms characteristic of cancer pain. This experimental model can then be used to investigate new analgesic or anti-tumor drugs. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents a new animal model for studying cancer pain and metastasis. This model could help in understanding the mechanisms involved in cancer pain symptoms and may be used for the investigation of new analgesic or anti-tumor drugs.

Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Rats as a Model to Study Cancer Pain

An animal model of cancer pain induced by injection of Walker 256 carcinoma cells into the plantar surface of rat hind paw is described. Tumor growth and the occurrence of metastasis were investigated by histopathological analysis. Tumor cell growth was also analyzed plethysmographically by the increase in paw volume. For characterization of pain symptoms, hyperalgesia, allodynia, and spontaneous pain were evaluated 5 to 8 days after cell injection. The volume of the inoculated paw started to increase on day 2 after inoculation, being 40% higher on day 5 after injection. At this time, there was a marked proliferation of tumor cells, with the presence of anaplastic and pleomorphic cells, nucleoli, and atypical mitotic features. On days 7 and 8 after injection, histopathological analysis of popliteal lymph nodes showed the presence of tumor cells. The intraplantar injection of Walker 256 cells caused hyperalgesia at day 5 after cell inoculation. Low-threshold mechanical allodynia was significant 2 days after cell injection, being increased on day 5. In addition, inoculation of tumor cells induced gross behavior, characterized by a significant increase in licking and lifting of the injected paw 5 days after injection. The pain-enhancing effect caused by cell inoculation was partially inhibited by indomethacin on day 2 after cell injection, whereas morphine blocked allodynia on days 2 and 5. These results indicate that intraplantar injection of Walker 256 cells cause pain symptoms characteristic of cancer pain. This experimental model can then be used to investigate new analgesic or anti-tumor drugs. Perspective: This article presents a new animal model for studying cancer pain and metastasis. This model could help in understanding the mechanisms involved in cancer pain symptoms and may be used for the investigation of new analgesic or anti-tumor drugs.

Avaliação epidemiológica, clínica, anatomopatológica e etiológica de surtos de ataxia em cabritos e cordeiros / Epidemiological, clinical, etiological and histopatological evaluation of delayed enzootic ataxia outbreaks in kids and lambs

Nos anos de 2001 e 2002, 46 cabritos (CAB) e 35 cordeiros (COR) de uma propriedade do agreste do Estado de Pernambuco foram acometidos por ataxia enzoótica (AE) de forma tardia. Houve aumento da incidência do 1o ano (46,3 por cento - CAB; 24,2 por cento COR) para o ano subseqüente (100 por cento - CAB e COR). Somente no ano de 2001, houve maior incidência em CAB (P<0,002) que nos COR. Todos os animais acometidos sucumbiram, com exceção de um CAB e um de COR. O quadro clínico variou de acordo com a idade em que surgiram os sintomas, ou seja, de 30 a 45 dias os animais manifestaram paralisia dos membros anteriores e posteriores, acompanhada de espasticidade muscular e morte; com mais de 45 dias, ocorreu paralisia flácida ou espástica apenas dos membros posteriores e morte; somente os cabritos com menos de 45 dias apresentaram movimentos verticais de cabeça. As lesões histopatológicas evidenciadas foram: degeneração axonal, esferóides, gliose e dismielinização no segmento ventral e lateral da medula espinhal. Nos animais com menos de 45 dias, essas lesões foram evidentes na região cervical e nos animas mais velhos na região lombar. Apenas nos cabritos foi constatada lesão degenerativa no cerebelo. A dieta oferecida ao rebanho continha quantidades adequadas de cobre, porém os animais acometidos por AE apresentaram baixos teores de cobre no fígado (45,8mg kg-1 MS). Os elementos antagonizantes do cobre, Mo, S, e Zn, estavam normais, com exceção do ferro, que estava em alta concentração tanto no solo (8600mg kg-1) quanto nos alimentos (284mg kg-1). O excesso de ingestão de ferro sugere ter provocado a carência de cobre nos animais.

Considerações estatísticas sobre os valores métricos dos segmentos corpóreos do sistema reprodutor dos escargots das espécies Achatina fulica e Monochromatica / Statistical considerations about the metric values of the corporeal segments of the reproductive system of escargots of the species Achatina fulica and Achatina monochromatica

Este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um estudo métrico dos segmentos corpóreos do sistema reprodutor das espécies Achatina fulica e Achatina monochromatica, estabelecendo parâmetros comparativos entre ambas, para melhor conhecimento dessas espécies. Foram usados 15 exemplares adultos de cada espécie. Após o processo seletivo, pesagem e tomada das medidas da concha, os espécimes foram sacrificados por congelamento em freezer, a -2ºC por aproximadamente 10min. Retirado o sistema reprodutor, com incisão longitudinal, procedeu-se as medidas de cada segmento. A análise estatística mostrou que, apesar dos espécimes serem mantidos sob as mesmas condições ambientais e alimentares e submetidos ao mesmo tipo de seleção, ocorreram variações no desenvolvimento e tamanho dos órgãos reprodutores. O aspecto morfológico do sistema reprodutor das duas espécies difere macroscopicamente em seus vários segmentos, porém, a disposição e a localização dos mesmos são idênticas.

The objective of this work was to perform a metric study of the reproductive system of the species Achantina fulica and Achatina monochromatica , establishing comparative parameters between both, to improve the knowledge of the species. After the selective process, weighting and measures of the shell, the specimens were frozen in freezer to -2°C for approximately 10min as a sacrificing form. For each segments the measures proceeded after the retrieval of the reproductive system through a longitudinal incision. The statistical analysis showed that, in spite of the specimens be maintained under the same environmental and alimentary conditions and submitted to the same selection type, variations happened in the development and size of the reproductive organs. The morphologic aspect of the reproductive system in both species differs macroscopically in several segments; however, the disposition and the location of those segments are identical.

Estudo comparativo entre sutura mecânica e manual em brônquio após pneumonectomia esquerda em cães (Canis familiaris): uma avaliação anatomopatológica / Comparative study between mechanical and manual sutures in the bronchus after left pneumonectomy in the dogs (canis familiaris): a pathological-anatomic evaluation

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um estudo experimental comparando-se sob o ponto de vista anatomopatológico as suturas manual e mecânica em brônquio principal após pneumonectomia esquerda em cães. Foram utilizados 18 cães, sadios, machos e fêmeas, adultos, sem raça definida, pesando entre 9 e 27,5 kg. Foram separados em 2 grupos de 9 cães, de acordo com o tipo de sutura empregada: Grupo A - sutura manual com fio polipropileno 5-0; Grupo B sutura mecânica com grampeador mecânico modelo TL- 30. Cada grupo foi subdividido em 3 subgrupos de 3 animais, sendo estabelecido estudo temporal aos 7, 15 e 36 dias de pós-operatório, onde foi realizada avaliação anatomopatológica da cicatrização das suturas manual e mecânica. Na avaliação histopatológica foram avaliados, qualitativamente e semi-quantitativamente, intensidade da inflamação, fibrose, vasos neoformados e presença ou não de tecido de granulação, granuloma tipo corpo estranho e necrose. Os resultados encontrados foram analisados estatisticamente. Com relação à análise rustopatológica, ocorreu a formação de granuloma tipo corpo estranho no coto brônquico esquerdo em 88,9% dos cães submetidos à sutura manual e em nenhum dos cães submetidos à sutura mecânica. Houve, ainda, diferença estatística significativa nos cães dos Grupos A e B em relação à intensidade da inflamação, sendo de maior intensidade nos cães submetidos à sutura manual. Concluiu-se que os 2 tipos de sutura promoveram cicatrização adequada do coto brônquico principal esquerdo, embora tenha ocorrido maior intensidade de inflamação e maior ocorrência de granuloma tipo corpo estranho nos cães submetidos à sutura manual.

Osteosarcoma in dogs: clinical-morphological study and prognostic correlation

O osteossarcoma é definido como um tumor maligno mesenquimatoso produtor de matriz óssea. É relativamente raro entre os animais domésticos, contudo em cães, corresponde a aproximadamente 85% das neoplasias ósseas malignas. A finalidade deste trabalho foi estudar o osteossarcoma canino, em nosso meio, correlacionando os achados clínico-morfológicos com o prognóstico. Retrospectivamente foram levantados 52 cases de cães com osteossarcoma. Foram avaliados quanto a idade, sexo, raça, peso, porte físico, distribuição topográfica e presença de metástases ao diagnóstico. Os tumores foram classificados histologicamente segundo POOL14. A idade variou de 6 meses a 14 anos (média = 8 anos); sexo: 31 F/ 19 M; cães de raça pura (67.5%) e sem raça definida (SRD) (32.5%); cães de grande porte foram os mais afetados (71,9%). Esqueleto apendicular (75,6%), axial (17.1%) e extraesquelético (7.3%); Metástase ao diagnóstico em 17.1%. Histopatologia: padrão puro (52%); osteoblastic (38.6%); condroblastic (9.4%) e telangiectásico (4%) e padrão combinado 48%. Conclusão: Afeta, em geral, fêmeas adultas e o esqueleto apendicular é o mais comprometido. A raça é fator predisponente e histologicamente predomina o padrão puro osteoblastic. Os pulmões são sede comum de metástases, sendo os cães machos e de raça pura os mais predispostos, independente do padrão morfológico do osteossarcoma.

Alteraçöes hepáticas em codornas japonesas submetidas à intoxicaçäo prolongada por aflatoxina B1 / Hepatic changes in japanese quail after long term intoxication by aflatoxin B1

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) sobre as vísceras (fígado, baço e moela) de codornas poedeiras japonesas, em condiçöes de exposiçäo a baixas doses, tendo em vista que säo poucos os dados de toxicidade de longa duraçäo nesta espécie. Assim, foram constituídos 4 grupos formados, cada um, por 6 codornas de linhagem comercial, as quais receberam raçöes contendo AFB1 nas concentraçöes de 0 (controle), 25, 50 e 100mg.kg-1, durante 168 dias. As aves do grupo 100mg kg_1 apresentaram fígados com peso relativo médio menor (p < 0,05) do que o controle. Alteraçöes histológicas foram constatadas apenas no fígado, sendo que todas as amostras provenientes das codornas intoxicadas apresentaram degeneraçäo vacuolar macrogoticular, sugestivas de metamorfose gordurosa moderada a severa, particularmente nos grupos que receberam raçäo com os maiores níveis de AFB1 (50 e 100mg.kg-1). A hiperplasia de ductos biliares foi observada somente no grupo alimentado com 100mg.kg-1. Os resultados indicaram que a AFB1, a partir de 50mg.kg-1, pode ocasionar lesöes hepáticas significativas em codornas de postura, em condiçöes de exposiçäo prolongada.

Ceratoplastia lamelar em cães utilizando membrana fetal equina como enxerto: estudo experimental / Lamelar keratoplasty in dogs using equine fetal membrane as graft: experimental study

Objetivo: Avaliar o emprego da membrana fetal (membrana amniótica, córion e alantóide) eqüina como enxerto em ceratoplastia lamelar em cães. Métodos: Foram utilizados 9 animais SRD, respeitando as normas para experimentos em animais da ARVO - Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Ceratectomia semipenetrante foi realizada com o auxílio de trépano de 5 mm de diâmetro em região temporal superior, com subseqüente fixação de fragmento de membrana fetal eqüina de 6 mm de diâmetro com fio mononylon 8-0. Realizou-se avaliação clínica durante 2, 7, 15 e 60 dias. Os animais foram sacrificados e os olhos enucleados submetidos a estudo histológico. Resultados: Observou-se clinicamente edema moderado nas áreas circunjacentes ao implante desde o início até a fase intermediária do experimento. A neovascularização apareceu de maneira progressiva, com maior intensidade no período intermediário, regredindo paulatinamente. Aos 60 dias, notava-se uma mácula no local da cirurgia. Os achados histológicos demonstraram epitelização e perfeita integração do enxerto ao tecido autóctone logo aos 7 dias de evolução, quando também evidenciou respostas celular e vascular mais intensas. Aos 15 dias, verificou-se diminuição dos elementos vasculares em relação à quantidade de matriz e elementos celulares proliferados. Constatou-se ausência quase total de infiltrado inflamatório no enxerto e nos pontos de sutura. Conclusão: O emprego da membrana fetal (membrana amniótica, córion e alantóide) eqüina como enxerto em ceratoplastia lamelar em cães é factível e produz bons resultados.

Effect of beta-Carotene on the development of the solid Ehrlich tumor in mice.

The effect of beta-Carotene on the development of the solid Ehrlich tumor in BALB/c mice was investigated. Male mice received orally, on alternate days, three different doses of beta-Carotene (1, 3.5 or 7 mg/100 g) or corn oil as the control. This protocol started 14 days before tumor inoculation (1.75 x 10(5) cells) into mouse footpad and lasted until 10 days after. The tumor growth was evaluated by daily measurement of the footpad thickness, and the tumor mass was evaluated morphometrically. The proliferation rate of tumor was investigated by counting PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) positive nuclei in the 10th day of the tumor development. Histopathological examination of the lymphoid tissue: thymus, spleen and popliteal lymph node were also performed. beta-Carotene treatment, at dose 3.5 mg/100 g, increased the tumor growth, proliferative rate and the relative weight of popliteal lymph nodes, showing up an adverse effect only when this intermediate dose was used. No effects were obtained when the smaller (1,0 mg/100 g) or the higher (7.0 mg/100 g) doses were used. These results suggest that depending on the dose, beta-Carotene may determine an undesirable effect upon the tumor growth. This should be taken into account in chemopreventive experiments and human applications.

Histopathologic and mycologic aspects of experimental infection of guinea pigs with Microsporum canis

Dermatophytosis is a zoonosis in whose etiology the dermatophyte Microsporum canis is frequently involved. The fungus can be transmitted to man by dogs and cats. In the present study, guinea pigs were experimentally inoculated with M. canis and the course of the lesions was evaluated. Inoculation resulted in lesions in 100 per cent of the animals, with a clinical course consisting of an incubation period, an inflammatory and a phase of lesion resolution. The histopathologic evaluation of the skin biopsies revealed the presence of acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, spongiosis and marked dermal edema. M. canis spores and hyphae were detected in histologic sections stained with periodic acid-Schiff. The combination of the fluorescent dyes FD and EB permitted the adequate visualization of viable and dead fungal cells in skin fragments of guinea pigs inoculated with M. canis and the identification of the morphologic characteristics of the cells. This experimental model represents a valuable instrument for the study of the pathogenesis of dermatophytic infection with respect to the evaluation of the efficacy of antifungal drugs, and may also be used for the study of the immunology of dermatophytoses and of dermatophyte morphogenes