Interculturalidad e infancia rural: trabajo y cuidado en La Araucanía, Chile / Interculturality and rural childhood: work and care in La Araucanía, Chile

(analítico) Desde una mirada intercultural, se exploraron los significados de infancia en la agricultura familiar campesina, así como sus implicaciones en términos de trabajo y provisión de cuidados a niños y niñas. A partir de la tensión entre los significados universales de infancia basados en un enfoque de derechos y el trabajo en el campo del cual participan las personas desde temprana edad, se realizó un estudio cualitativo con diseño de teoría fundamentada y aplicación de entrevistas a mujeres cuidadoras y profesionales de programas de desarrollo rural en Chile. Se evidenció que a medida que la infancia aumenta en actoría social, disminuyen las prácticas de trabajo y se profundizan las de cuidado. Los resultados alientan a pensar en la proyección de una ontología de la niñez rural.

(analytical) Using an intercultural perspective, this study explores the meanings of childhood in the rural peasant population, as well as the implications of these meanings on the allocation of tasks and providing care to boys and girls. Taking into account the tension between universal meanings of childhood that draw on rights-based perspectives and the traditional practice of children working in agriculture, we conducted a qualitative study using a grounded theory methodology. Interviews were conducted with women caregivers and staff who work in rural development programs in Chile. The study's results show that as childhood has had an increasing value with children becoming more and more recognized as social actors, traditional child work practices in agriculture have decreased and care practices have been strengthened. The author concludes that the results of the research have consequences when thinking about an ontology for rural children.

(analítico) A partir de uma perspectiva intercultural, exploramos os significados da infância entre famílias voltadas para agricultura familiar camponesa, bem como suas implicações em termos de trabalho e prestação de cuidados às meninos e meninas. Considerando a tensão existente entre os significados universais da infância a partir de uma abordagem de direitos e o trabalho no campo, no qual as pessoas se engajam desde muito cedo, realizamos um estudo qualitativo, com base na teoria fundamentada, onde realizamos entrevistas com mulheres cuidadoras e profissionais dos programas de desenvolvimento rural no Chile. Evidenciamos que à medida que a infância adquiriu um valor ao nível da atuação social, as práticas de trabalho diminuíram e as práticas de cuidado se aprofundaram. Conclui-se sobre as consequências dos resultados para pensar uma ontologia da infância rural.

Uncovering the Work-Family Interface: The Impact of Facilitators and Stressors on the Health of Farm Women.

Work-family interface (WFI) theory has identified many stressors that influence work-family dynamics from the standpoint of employees. However, work-family facilitators, as well as the effects of gender differences and the impact of sociocultural environments that differ from a formal employment situation, have received much less attention. Our research aimed to fill these theoretical gaps by analyzing the facilitators and stressors involved in work-family dynamics and determining their consequences for farm women's physical, psychological, and social health. We used a qualitative method with a grounded theory design to collect data via semi-structured interviews with 46 farm women from the region of Araucanía in Chile. Our results explain how facilitators, stressors, and outcomes take place in a process of work-family balance that, paradoxically, implies exhausting journeys, a gender-based overload, a risk of diffuse body pain and distress, and a lack of time for personal healthcare and productive autonomy. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach involving improved healthcare infrastructure and services focused on changing the pressures that the farming WFI exerts on rural women.

Apparent False Lateralization of Seizure Onset by Scalp EEG in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Associated with Cerebral Cavernous Malformation: A Case Report and Overview.

False lateralization of ictal onset by scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) is an infrequent entity that has been reported in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). In these cases, a tendency for rapid seizures that spread through the frontal-limbic system and hippocampal commissural pathways to the contralateral hemisphere has been proposed. Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), which constitute a collection of abnormally configured small blood vessels with irregular structures, is a well-defined epilepsy-associated pathology. Their primary association with seizures might be explained either as a result of physiological changes affecting the cerebral cortex immediately surrounding the CCM (an epileptogenic mechanism that is relevant for both, temporal and extratemporal lesions) or as a result of promoting epileptogenicity in remote but anatomo-functionally connected brain regions, a mechanism that is particularly relevant for temporal lobe lesions. To date, there have been only two publications on falsely lateralizing ictal onsets by EEG in temporal cavernoma, but not in other regions. Here, we report a rare case of apparent false lateralization of ictal onset by scalp EEG in a patient with a left medial frontal gyrus cavernoma (supplementary motor area), and discuss some relevant pathophysiological mechanisms of false lateralization.

Sexualidad(es) y colectividad. La vigilancia y el juzgamiento social como mecanismos de producción corporal / Sexualidade(es) e coletividade. A vigilância e o julgamento social como mecanismos de produção corporal / Sexualities and colectivity: The surveillance and the social judgment as mechanisms for the corporal production

Este artículo aborda la vigilancia y el juzgamiento social como mecanismos de producción y legitimación del cuerpo, claves para comprender los procesos de socialización de mujeres pertenecientes a la clase media de Santiago de Chile. Se basa en la revisión crítica de los resultados de un estudio empírico sobre significados que mujeres santiaguinas de estratos sociales medios construyen en relación a su cuerpo, a través de entrevistas acerca de sus prácticas sexuales, en particular, respecto del uso de juguetes sexuales. Los procesos de socialización de género que regulan el comportamiento sexual de dichas mujeres involucran prácticas de legitimación social de las corporalidades, así como de vigilancia y juzgamiento interpersonal en sus entornos inmediatos.

Este artigo aborda a vigilância e o julgamento social como mecanismos de produção e legitimação do corpo, que são chaves para compreender os processos de socialização de mulheres pertencentes à classe média de Santiago do Chile. Se baseia na revisão crítica dos resultados de um estudo empírico sobre significados que mulheres santiaguinas de estratos sociais médios constroem em relação ao seu corpo, atraves de entrevistas respeito de suas práticas sexuais, especificamente quanto ao uso de brinquedos sexuais. Os processos de socialização de gênero que regulam o comportamento sexual de tais mulheres envolvem práticas de legitimação social das corporalidades, assim como de vigilância e julgamento interpessoal nos seus entornos imediatos.

This article addresses surveillance and social judgment as mechanisms of female body production and legitimation, which play a key role in the gender socialization of middle-class women in Santiago, Chile. It is based on a critical review of the main findings of a study on the meanings produced by middle-class women about their bodies, while interviewed about their sexual practices, in particular about their use of sex toys. The socialization processes whereby women’s sexuality is regulated involve the legitimation of women’s bodies, as well as their surveillance and social judgment in everyday settings.

Síndrome opalski: reporte de caso / Opalski syndrome: case report

El síndrome de Opalski se considera una variante del síndrome de Wallenberg, la presencia de hemiplejia ipsilateralen el primero representa la diferencia. El síndrome de Wallenberg o síndrome medular lateral se genera por laoclusión de la arteria cerebelosa posteroinferior o la arteria vertebral intracraneal (1), que el comprometer la zonasuperior de la médula espinal en la región posterolateral del bulbo, lleva al desarrollo de síntomas como hipoestesiaipsilateral de la cara, hipoestesia en hemicuerpo contralateral, pérdida del reflejo nauseoso, disfagia, ronquera ydisartria, pérdida ipsilateral de la coordinación, vértigo, nauseas, vómito, nistagmos, síndrome de Horner ipsilateraly lateropulsión (2). El componente motor (hemiplejia ipsilateral) que acompaña al síndrome de Opalski es causadopor la extensión de la lesión hasta un plano más inferior de la médula espinal, en la decusación de las pirámideslo que afecta las fibras corticoespinales caudales. Se presenta un caso clínico de un paciente con diagnóstico deSíndrome de Opalski causado por una disección arterial posterior, secundario a un accidente automovilístico.

Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields differentially regulate estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta expression in the rat olfactory bulb.

Recently, the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMF) on biological systems have been extensively investigated. In this report, the influence of ELF EMF on olfactory bulb (OB) estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha) mRNA and -beta (ER beta) mRNA expression was studied by RT-PCR in adult female and male rats. Results reveal for the first time that ELF EMF exerted a biphasic effect on female OB ER beta mRNA gene expression, which increased during diestrous and decreased during estrous. We did not observe any influence of ELF EMF on female OB ER alpha mRNA expression. Our data demonstrate a fluctuating pattern of ER-alpha and -beta mRNA expression in the female OB throughout the phases of the estrous cycle in non-ELF EMF-exposed animals. Thus the highest ER alpha expression was observed in diestrous and the lowest in proestrous. The pattern of ER beta mRNA was less variable, the lowest expression was observed in diestrous. ER-alpha mRNA and -beta mRNA expression level in the male OB did not exhibit any variation either in ELF EMF-exposed or non-ELF EMF-exposed animals. In summary, ELF EMF modulate ER beta gene expression in the OB of female adult rats but not in males.

Three types of single voltage-dependent potassium channels in the sarcolemma of frog skeletal muscle.

Patch-clamp experiments in the sarcolemma of frog skeletal muscle evidenced the presence of three types of voltage-dependent single-channel K(+) currents. According to their unitary conductance at a membrane voltage of +40 mV, we classified them as 16-, 13-, and 7-pS K(+) channels. The 16-pS K(+) channels are active close to a membrane voltage of -80 mV and they do not become inactivated during voltage pulses of 100 ms. Within 10 min after beginning the recording, these channels developed rundown with an exponential time course. The 13-pS K(+) channels are active near -60 mV; upon a 100-ms depolarization, they exhibited inactivation with an approximate exponential time course. The 7-pS K(+) channels were recorded at voltages positive to 0 mV. In patches containing all three types of K(+) channels, the ensemble average currents resemble the kinetic properties of the macroscopic delayed rectifier K(+) currents recorded in skeletal muscle and other tissues. In conclusion, the biophysical properties of unitary K(+) currents suggest that these single-channel K(+) currents may underlie the macroscopic delayed K(+) currents in frog skeletal muscle fibers. In addition, since the 16- and 13-pS channels were more frequently recorded, both are the main contributors to the delayed K(+) currents.

Structural implication of the induced immune response by Bacillus thuringiensis Cry proteins: role of the N-terminal region.

The potential role of the regions (carboxil and amino) of the Cry proteins in the ability of these proteins to elicit strong immune responses was investigated. Intraperitoneal immunization of mice with the homologous Cry1A protoxins (130-133 kDa), with the long C-terminal half gave rise mostly to similar, strong serum and mucosal IgG and IgM antibody response but a lower induction of these Ab by intranasal route. Remarkably, Cry3A protoxin, devoid of C-terminal half was able to induce a significant mucosal IgG, and IgM Ab as well as Cry1A protoxins, suggesting us that immunogenic abilities are not restricted to C-terminal half but N-terminal half itself could be involved. In fact, this assumption was strengthen by the strong immunogenic abilities of the Cry1A toxins, specially IgG and IgA Ab induced by both routes in different mucosal sites. These data indicate that immunogenic abilities of the Bt Cry proteins reside and depends of the N-terminal half.

Exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields improves social recognition in male rats.

The effect of exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMFs) on social recognition was studied. The test was based upon a comparison between two encounters of an adult rat and a conspecific juvenile, separated by an interexposure interval (IEI). The exposure to ELF EMF of 1 mT intensity during 2 h for 9 days increased the duration of short-term memory of adult male Wistar rats up to 300 min. These data indicate, for the first time, that ELF EMF improves social recognition memory in rats.

Lower olfactory threshold during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle.

We investigated whether olfactory detection threshold is correlated with phase of the menstrual cycle. Three hundred and thirty-two women 13-49 years old were tested once during either the follicular, ovulatory, luteal or menstrual phase, and 15 women 20-43 years old were tested at each of these phases across one complete cycle. In three non-cycling control groups subjects were each tested once; 83 post-menopausal women 47-86 years old, 60 pre-pubertal girls 5-12 years old, and 183 men 17-30 years old. Odor detection thresholds were determined using sniff bottles containing -log9.5 to -log6.0 concentrations of amyl acetate presented in ascending order. Thresholds differed significantly across the cycle and were lowest during the ovulatory and highest during the menstrual phase. Thresholds for all control groups were higher than for the cycling women during the ovulatory phase. The results confirm that olfactory threshold is related to phase of the menstrual cycle and thus possibly to hormonal state.

Correlation between cytological characteristics of the nasal epithelium and the menstrual cycle.

BACKGROUND: There has been considerable controversy concerning the effect of hormones on the nasal epithelium and, in particular, their association with the female reproductive state. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between cytological characteristics of the nasal epithelium and phase of the menstrual cycle. Design and Subjects Nasal smears were obtained from 15 women during the menstrual, follicular, and luteal phases, and the abundance of different cell types at each phase was compared with the abundance of equivalent cell types in vaginal smears during the follicular and luteal phases; the nasal smears were also compared with nasal smears from 20 postmenopausal women and 20 prepubertal girls. Epithelial cell counts were conducted by an observer blind to the origin of the samples. RESULTS: A significant correlation was found between the cytological characteristics of the nasal and vaginal smears and stage of the cycle, with cornified cells predominating during the follicular phase (median, 54%; range, 24%-65%) and rounded or spindle-shaped epithelial cells predominating during the luteal phase (median, 56%; range, 34%-73%). Cornified cells predominated in the nasal smears from the postmenopausal women (median, 71%; range, 60%-77%) and the prepubertal girls (median, 77%; range, 67%-81%) at all times tested. CONCLUSION: Cell turnover in the nasal epithelium may be related to hormonal state, and investigation of the mechanisms underlying such change should help in identifying possible functional consequences and in treating nasal symptoms associated with the female reproductive cycle.