Cardiometabolic risk factors and antithrombotic treatment in a Mexican population with atrial fibrillation and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

INTRODUCTION: Heart failure in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is two to three times more common than in individuals without NVAF. OBJECTIVE: To identify cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) and antithrombotic treatment in patients with NVAF and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and to determine if there were differences according to gender. METHODS: CMRF, pro-thrombotic risk, bleeding risk, and antithrombotic therapy were globally analyzed and according to gender. RESULTS: Out of 1,423 patients with NVAF, 336 had HFrEF. On average, females were older than males. There was no difference between genders with regard to the type of NVAF or direct oral anticoagulants use. Hypertension was more common in women. History of transient ischemic attack was reported in 3.6% of the patients and cerebrovascular event in 10%, without differences in terms of gender. The percentage of men with elevated embolic risk was higher, but without antithrombotic treatment, in comparison with women. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found according to gender in patients with NVAF and HFrEF, both in CMRF and some comorbidities, as well as in antithrombotic treatment according to embolic and bleeding risk.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La insuficiencia cardiaca en pacientes con fibrilación auricular no valvular (FANV) es de dos a tres veces más frecuente que en individuos sin FANV. OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico (FRCM) y el tratamiento antitrombótico de pacientes con FANV e insuficiencia cardiaca con fracción de expulsión reducida (IC-FEr), y determinar si existen diferencias conforme al sexo. MÉTODOS: En forma global y de acuerdo con el sexo se analizaron FRCM, riesgo protrombótico, riesgo de sangrado y terapia antitrombótica. RESULTADOS: De 1423 pacientes con FANV, 336 tuvieron IC-FEr. Las mujeres promediaron mayor edad que los hombres. No hubo diferencia entre los sexos respecto al tipo de FANV o uso de anticoagulantes orales directos. La hipertensión arterial sistémica fue más frecuente en mujeres. Un 3.6 % de los pacientes reportó antecedente de ataque isquémico transitorio y 10 % de evento vascular cerebral, sin diferencias en cuanto al sexo. El porcentaje de hombres con riesgo embólico elevado fue mayor, pero sin tratamiento antitrombótico, en comparación con las mujeres. CONCLUSIONES: Se encontraron diferencias significativas de acuerdo con el sexo en pacientes con FANV e IC-FEr, tanto en FRCM y algunas comorbilidades, como en el tratamiento antitrombótico de acuerdo con el riesgo embólico y de sangrado.

Factores de riesgo cardiometabólico y tratamiento antitrombótico en población mexicana con fibrilación auricular e insuficiencia cardiaca con fracción de expulsión reducida / Cardiometabolic risk factors and antithrombotic treatment in a Mexican population with atrial fibrillation and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Resumen Introducción: La insuficiencia cardiaca en pacientes con fibrilación auricular no valvular (FANV) es de dos a tres veces más frecuente que en individuos sin FANV. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico (FRCM) y el tratamiento antitrombótico de pacientes con FANV e insuficiencia cardiaca con fracción de expulsión reducida (IC-FEr), y determinar si existen diferencias conforme al sexo. Métodos: En forma global y de acuerdo con el sexo se analizaron FRCM, riesgo protrombótico, riesgo de sangrado y terapia antitrombótica. Resultados: De 1423 pacientes con FANV, 336 tuvieron IC-FEr. Las mujeres promediaron mayor edad que los hombres. No hubo diferencia entre los sexos respecto al tipo de FANV o uso de anticoagulantes orales directos. La hipertensión arterial sistémica fue más frecuente en mujeres. Un 3.6 % de los pacientes reportó antecedente de ataque isquémico transitorio y 10 % de evento vascular cerebral, sin diferencias en cuanto al sexo. El porcentaje de hombres con riesgo embólico elevado fue mayor, pero sin tratamiento antitrombótico, en comparación con las mujeres. Conclusiones: Se encontraron diferencias significativas de acuerdo con el sexo en pacientes con FANV e IC-FEr, tanto en FRCM y algunas comorbilidades, como en el tratamiento antitrombótico de acuerdo con el riesgo embólico y de sangrado.

Abstract Introduction: Heart failure in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is two to three times more common than in individuals without NVAF. Objective: To identify cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) and antithrombotic treatment in patients with NVAF and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and to determine if there were differences according to gender. Methods: CMRF, pro-thrombotic risk, bleeding risk, and antithrombotic therapy were globally analyzed and according to gender. Results: Out of 1,423 patients with NVAF, 336 had HFrEF. On average, females were older than males. There was no difference between genders with regard to the type of NVAF or direct oral anticoagulants use. Hypertension was more common in women. History of transient ischemic attack was reported in 3.6% of the patients and cerebrovascular event in 10%, without differences in terms of gender. The percentage of men with elevated embolic risk was higher, but without antithrombotic treatment, in comparison with women. Conclusions: Significant differences were found according to gender in patients with NVAF and HFrEF, both in CMRF and some comorbidities, as well as in antithrombotic treatment according to embolic and bleeding risk.

Implantation of cardiac electronic devices in active COVID-19 patients: Results from an international survey.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation rates as well as the clinical and procedural characteristics and outcomes in patients with known active coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are unknown. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to gather information regarding CIED procedures during active COVID-19, performed with personal protective equipment, based on an international survey. METHODS: Fifty-three centers from 13 countries across 4 continents provided information on 166 patients with known active COVID-19 who underwent a CIED procedure. RESULTS: The CIED procedure rate in 133,655 hospitalized COVID-19 patients ranged from 0 to 16.2 per 1000 patients (P <.001). Most devices were implanted due to high-degree/complete atrioventricular block (112 [67.5%]) or sick sinus syndrome (31 [18.7%]). Of the 166 patients in the study survey, the 30-day complication rate was 13.9% and the 180-day mortality rate was 9.6%. One patient had a fatal outcome as a direct result of the procedure. Differences in patient and procedural characteristics and outcomes were found between Europe and North America. An older population (76.6 vs 66 years; P <.001) with a nonsignificant higher complication rate (16.5% vs 7.7%; P = .2) was observed in Europe vs North America, whereas higher rates of critically ill patients (33.3% vs 3.3%; P <.001) and mortality (26.9% vs 5%; P = .002) were observed in North America vs Europe. CONCLUSION: CIED procedure rates during known active COVID-19 disease varied greatly, from 0 to 16.2 per 1000 hospitalized COVID-19 patients worldwide. Patients with active COVID-19 infection who underwent CIED implantation had high complication and mortality rates. Operators should take these risks into consideration before proceeding with CIED implantation in active COVID-19 patients.

Worldwide Survey of COVID-19-Associated Arrhythmias.

[Figure: see text].

Anticoagulation Therapy by Age and Embolic Risk for Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation in Mexico, an Upper-Middle-Income Country: The CARMEN-AF Registry.

Background: Documenting the patterns of oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) is essential to prevent thromboembolic complications of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Objective: To report the patterns of OAT according to age and thromboembolic risk in patients included in CARMEN-AF, a nationwide registry of NVAF in Mexico, an upper middle-income country. Material and methods: There were 1,423 consecutive patients ≥18 years old and with at least one thromboembolic risk factor enrolled in the CARMEN-AF Registry at their regular clinical visit during a three-year period. They were analyzed according to 1) age, 2) AF type, and 3) CHA2DS2-VASc score. Results: Overall, 16.4% of patients did not receive antithrombotic treatment, 19.4% received antiplatelet drugs (APD), 29.2% vitamin K antagonists (VKA), and 34.6% direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). With increasing age, the proportion of subjects treated with VKA decreased significantly from 36.2% in subjects <65 years to 22.5% in those ≥75 years old (P <0.0001). Concomitantly, an increase in both APD and no antithrombotic treatment was observed with increasing age. DOAC were prescribed equally among all age groups (34.2% in <65, 36.0% in 65-74, and 33.9% in ≥75). According to the type of AF, VKA use was more common in patients with permanent AF (32.7%). A lower use of DOAC was observed in high thromboembolic risk subjects (33.6% in CHA2DS2-VASc ≥2) compared with the moderate risk group (41% in CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Conclusions: VKA use for NVAF in Mexico decreased in relation to increasing age. The proportion of DOAC therapy was the same in all age groups. Nevertheless, elderly patients with high thromboembolic risk received a suboptimal thromboprophylaxis. These data could help to improve gaps in the implementation of global guidelines. Clinical trial registration: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02334852. Highlights: CARMEN-AF is a nationwide multi-centric registry seeking to bridge the data gap on anticoagulation therapy for NVAF in Mexico.Elderly patients are more prone to receive suboptimal OAT for NVAF.DOAC were less frequently used in high thromboembolic risk patients (CHA2DS2-VASc ≥2).

Gender differences and management of stroke risk of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in an upper middle-income country: Insights from the CARMEN-AF registry.

BACKGROUND: Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of stroke and systemic embolism. Several studies have suggested that female AF patients could have a greater risk for stroke. There is scarce information about clinical characteristics and use of antithrombotic therapies in Latin American patients with nonvalvular AF. OBJECTIVE: To describe the gender differences in clinical characteristics, thromboembolic risk, and antithrombotic therapy of patients with nonvalvular AF recruited in Mexico, an upper middle-income country, into the prospective national CARMEN-AF Registry. METHODS: A total of 1423 consecutive patients, with at least one thromboembolic risk factor were enrolled in CARMEN-AF Registry during a three-year period (2014-2017). They were categorized according to Gender. RESULTS: Overall, 48.6% were women, mean age 70 ±â€¯12 years. Diabetes, smoking, alcoholism, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, and obstructive sleep apnea were higher in men. Most women were found with paroxysmal AF (40.6%), and most men with permanent AF (44.0%). No gender differences were found in the use of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) (30.5% in women vs. 28.0% in men). No gender differences were found in the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) (33.8% women vs 35.4% men). CONCLUSIONS: CARMEN-AF Registry demonstrates that in Mexico, regardless of gender, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated. No gender differences were found in the use of VKA or DOAC.

Female gender as independent risk factor of torsades de pointes during acquired atrioventricular block.

BACKGROUND: Female gender increases the risk of torsades de pointes (TdP) in the long QT syndrome, and this increased risk is assumed to be due to their longer QT interval. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to study the interplay between gender, duration of the QT interval, and risk of TdP during AV block. METHODS: We studied 250 patients (48% women) with AV block. QT interval was measured at the time of most severe bradycardia. We then constructed different receiver operating characteristic curves for the QTc of males and females for predicting TdP. RESULTS: As expected, patients with TdP had longer QTc intervals than did patients with uncomplicated AV block (564 ± 81 ms vs 422 ± 62 ms, P < .001). This correlation between longer QTc and higher risk of TdP was true for both genders. However, the QT of females with TdP was shorter than the respective value for males with TdP. Despite similar severity of bradycardia, the QT was shorter for females (QT 672 ± 88 ms vs 727 ± 57 ms for females with TdP vs males with TdP, P = .022). The QTc/TdP risk curve for females was shifted to the left in comparison to the pertinent graph for males. Female gender was an independent predictor of TdP. CONCLUSION: Women are at increased risk for developing TdP during AV block, but this increased risk is independent of their longer QT interval. Females develop TdP with QT intervals that are not necessarily arrhythmogenic for males.

Long QT syndrome complicating atrioventricular block: arrhythmogenic effects of cardiac memory.

BACKGROUND: The magnitude of QT prolongation in response to bradycardia, rather than the bradycardia per se, determines the risk for torsade de pointes during atrioventricular block (AVB). However, we do not know why some patients develop more QT prolongation than others, despite similar bradycardia. We hypothesized that in patients who develop significant QRS vector changes during AVB, the effects of cardiac memory lead to excessive QT prolongation. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 91 patients who presented with AVB and who also had an ECG predating the bradyarrhythmia for comparison. We correlated changes in QRS morphology and axis taking place during AVB with the bradycardia-induced QT prolongation. Patients with and without QRS morphology changes at the time of AVB were of similar age and sex. Moreover, despite similar R-R interval during AVB, cases with a QRS morphology change had significantly longer QT (648 ± 84 versus 561 ± 84; P<0.001) than those without. Patients who developed a change in QRS morphology at the time of AVB had a 7-fold higher risk of developing long QT. This risk nearly doubled when the change in QRS morphology was accompanied by a change in QRS axis. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac memory resulting from a change in QRS morphology during AVB is independently associated with QT prolongation and may be arrhythmogenic during AVB.

Quinidine, a life-saving medication for Brugada syndrome, is inaccessible in many countries.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the availability of quinidine throughout the world. BACKGROUND: Quinidine is the only oral medication that is effective for preventing life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias due to Brugada syndrome and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. However, because of its low price and restricted indication, this medication is not marketed in many countries. METHODS: We conducted a survey of the availability of quinidine by contacting professional medical societies and arrhythmia specialists worldwide. Physicians were e-mailed questionnaires requesting information concerning the quinidine preparation available at their hospital. We also requested information concerning cases of adverse arrhythmic events resulting from unavailability of quinidine. RESULTS: A total of 273 physicians from 131 countries provided information regarding the availability of quinidine. Quinidine was readily available in 19 countries (14%), not accessible in 99 countries (76%), and available only through specific regulatory processes that require 4 to 90 days for completion in 13 countries (10%). We were able to gather information concerning 22 patients who had serious arrhythmias probably related (10 cases) or possibility related (12 cases) to the absence of quinidine, including 2 fatalities possibly attributable to the unavailability of quinidine. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of accessibility of quinidine is a serious medical hazard at the global level.

[Cardiac pacemaker dysfunction due to rotation of the battery (reel syndrome)]. / Disfunción del marcapasos por síndrome de reel.

Reel syndrome is characterized by the rotation of permanent pacemaker generator on its transverse axis and electrode catheters curl around it, so this causes displacement of the electrodes with the loss of atrial and ventricular pacing. It can cause severe symptoms due to dysfunction of the pacemaker. We present three patient cases who after the placement of pacemaker attended by dysfunction of the displacement of the electrodes their clinical pictures were compatible with Reel syndrome.

The phenomenon of "QT stunning": the abnormal QT prolongation provoked by standing persists even as the heart rate returns to normal in patients with long QT syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS) have inadequate shortening of the QT interval in response to the sudden heart rate accelerations provoked by standing-a phenomenon of diagnostic value. We now validate our original observations in a cohort twice as large. We also describe that this abnormal QT-interval response persists as the heart rate acceleration returns to baseline. OBJECTIVES: To describe a novel observation, termed "QT stunning" and to validate previous observations regarding the "QT-stretching" phenomenon in patients with LQTS by using our recently described "standing test." METHODS: The electrocardiograms of 108 patients with LQTS and 112 healthy subjects were recorded in the supine position. Subjects were then instructed to stand up quickly and remain standing for 5 minutes during continuous electrocardiographic recording. The corrected QT interval was measured at baseline (QTc(base)), when heart rate acceleration without appropriate QT-interval shortening leads to maximal QT stretching (QTc(stretch)) and upon return of heart rate to baseline (QTc(return)). RESULTS: QTc(stretch) lengthened significantly more in patients with LQTS (103 ± 80 ms vs 66 ± 40 ms in controls; P <.001) and so did QTc(return) (28 ± 48 ms for patients with LQTS vs -3 ± 32 ms for controls; P <.001). Using a sensitivity cutoff of 90%, the specificity for diagnosing LQTS was 74% for QTc(base), 84% for QTc(return), and 87% for QTc(stretch). CONCLUSIONS: The present study extends our previous findings on the abnormal response of the QT interval in response to standing in patients with LQTS. Our study also shows that this abnormal response persists even after the heart rate slows back to baseline.

[Remote monitoring and follow up of implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices]. / Monitoreo remoto y seguimiento del paciente con desfibrilador automático implantable y terapia de resincronización cardiaca.

INTRODUCTION: The implantable cardiac devices like regular pacemaker, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) automatic implantable defibrillators (ICD) and CRT associate with ICD (CRTD) are now being used frequently. Patient visits to pacemaker and ICD clinics for review and monitoring, has increases significantly. We present the experience of monitoring via satellite of patients with implantable cardiac devices in Mexico. METHODS: Eighteen patients were selected from the arrhythmia Service Cardiac Electrophysiology and Stimulation of High Specialty Medical Unit (UMAE) of Specialties Hospital Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret. National Medical Center (NMC) La Raza Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), who had a device (CRT, ICD y CRT-D) that is able to send information through the BIOTRONIK Home Monitoring system, from March 2006, to March 2009. RESULTS: We obtained 4,980 transmissions as reports and 149 alerts recorded events, of which 50 were in ventricular fibrillation, 14 in ventricular tachycardia, frequent ventricular extra systoles exceeded by the range allowed in one hour were 25, electrograms default 26; and atrial fibrillation at 11. CONCLUSIONS: The monitoring system via satellite is reliable and useful diagnostic tool, which permits early detection, opportune treatment and effective monitoring of implantable cardiac devices.

[New antiarrthythmics in atrial fibrillation]. / Nuevos antiarrítmicos en el tratamiento de fibrilación auricular.

Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia responsible for a significant morbidity and mortality. In recent years, progress has been made in determining the genetic abnormalities, the use of anticoagulants as a component of a primary treatment strategy in many patients who have a high risk of recurrence and for thromboembolism, and newer and safer antiarrthythmics are now available. The aim of this paper is to discuss about this topic and antiarrhythmic therapy.

Monitoreo remoto y seguimiento del paciente con desfibrilador automático implantable y terapia de resincronización cardiaca / Remote monitoring and follow up of implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices

Introducción: Actualmente, el monitoreo de algunos dispositivos cardiacos implantables como los marcapasos y el desfibrilador automático, así como la terapia de resincronización cardiaca asociada con desfibrilador automático implantable, son los que se utilizan con mayor frecuencia y el seguimiento de los mismos se puede llevar a cabo por vía satelital; por ello su revisión y monitoreo ha incrementado las visitas presenciales en las clínicas de marcapasos y desfibriladores. A continuación se informa la experiencia de la monitorización vía satélite de dichos dispositivos en un centro hospitalario de tercer nivel. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 18 pacientes de la Clínica de Marcapasos del Servicio de Electro-fisiología y Estimulación Cardiaca de la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad del Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social a los cuales se les había implantado un desfibrilador o resincronizador con capacidad de vigilancia remota vía satélite (Home Monitoring BIOTRONIK, Alemania), de marzo del 2006 a marzo del 2009. Resultados: Como reportes, se obtuvieron 4980 transmisiones y 149 alertas por sucesos registrados, de los cuales 50 fueron de fibrilación ventricular, 14 de taquicardia ventricular, extrasístoles ventriculares frecuentes superadas por el rango permitido en una hora fueron 25, fibrilación auricular en 11. Conclusión: El sistema de vigilancia remota vía satélite es una herramienta de diagnóstico confiable, que permite una detección temprana de las principales arritmias que ocurren en los sujetos con dispositivos cardiacos implantables.

Introduction: The implantable cardiac devices like regular pacemaker, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) automatic implantable defibrillators (ICD) and CRT associate with ICD (CRT-D) are now being used frequently. Patient visits to pacemaker and ICD clinics for review and monitoring, has increases significantly. We present the experience of monitoring via satellite of patients with implantable cardiac devices in Mexico. Methods: Eighteen patients were selected from the arrhythmia Service Cardiac Electrophysiology and Stimulation of High Specialty Medical Unit (UMAE) of Specialties Hospital Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret. National Medical Center (NMC) La Raza Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), who had a device (CRT, ICD y CRT-D) that is able to send information through the BIOTRONIK Home Monitoring system, from March 2006, to March 2009. Results: We obtained 4,980 transmissions as reports and 149 alerts recorded events, of which 50 were in ventricular fibrillation, 14 in ventricular tachycardia, frequent ventricular extra systoles exceeded by the range allowed in one hour were 25, electrograms default 26; and atrial fibrillation at 11. Conclusions: The monitoring system via satellite is reliable and useful diagnostic tool, which permits early detection, opportune treatment and effective monitoring of implantable cardiac devices.

The response of the QT interval to the brief tachycardia provoked by standing: a bedside test for diagnosing long QT syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to determine whether the short-lived sinus tachycardia that occurs during standing will expose changes in the QT interval that are of diagnostic value. BACKGROUND: The QT interval shortens during heart rate acceleration, but this response is not instantaneous. We tested whether the transient, sudden sinus tachycardia that occurs during standing would expose abnormal QT interval prolongation in patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS). METHODS: Patients (68 with LQTS [LQT1 46%, LQT2 41%, LQT3 4%, not genotyped 9%] and 82 control subjects) underwent a baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) while resting in the supine position and were then asked to get up quickly and stand still during continuous ECG recording. The QT interval was studied at baseline and during maximal sinus tachycardia, maximal QT interval prolongation, and maximal QT interval stretching. RESULTS: In response to brisk standing, patients and control subjects responded with similar heart rate acceleration of 28 +/- 10 beats/min (p = 0.261). However, the response of the QT interval to this tachycardia differed: on average, the QT interval of controls shortened by 21 +/- 19 ms whereas the QT interval of LQTS patients increased by 4 +/- 34 ms (p < 0.001). Since the RR interval shortened more than the QT interval, during maximal tachycardia the corrected QT interval increased by 50 +/- 30 ms in the control group and by 89 +/- 47 ms in the LQTS group (p < 0.001). Receiver-operating characteristic curves showed that the test adds diagnostic value. The response of the QT interval to brisk standing was particularly impaired in patients with LQT2. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of the response of the QT interval to the brisk tachycardia induced by standing provides important information that aids in the diagnosis of LQTS.

Beneficios clínicos de la resincronización cardiaca / Clinical benefit in cardiac resynchronization

Despite the improvement in pharmacologic treatment of heart failure, many patients continue to have severe persistent symptoms, and their prognosis remains poor. One of the most recent advances in heart failure management is the concept of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Large clinical trials have demonstrated morbidity and mortality benefits of CRT in patients with moderate to severe drug refractory heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class III or IV), and ejection fraction < or = 35% with QRS duration > or = 120 ms.

[Remote monitoring of automatic implantable cardiovascular devices (pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization)]. / Monitoreo a distancia de los dispositivos automáticos implantables cardiovasculares (marcapasos, desfibriladores automáticos implantables y resincronizadores cardiacos).

In the era of communication technology, new options are available to monitor patients with Automatic Implantable Cardiovascular Devices (AICD) implanted pacemaker (PM) and Automatic Implantable Defibrillators (AID) and Cardiac resynchronization system (CRS). Most companies offer devices with wireless capabilities to communicate automatically with transmitters, allowing remote monitoring device. These systems are being widely used in USA for remote monitoring and have been introduced more recently in Europe, where adoption is increasing. There have also been introduced some systems in Latin America; Mexico in particular has this type of monitoring. This article describes the systems currently existing, available data in the literature in relation to its monitoring and surveillance of the automatic implantable cardiovascular devices (DAIC) and finally, discuss some unresolved issues.

Monitoreo a distancia de los dispositivos automáticos implantables cardiovasculares (marcapasos, desfibriladores automáticos implantables y resincronizadores cardiacos) / Remote monitoring of automatic implantable cardiovascular devices (pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization)

In the era of communication technology, new options are available to monitor patients with Automatic Implantable Cardiovascular Devices (AICD) implanted pacemaker (PM) and Automatic Implantable Defibrillators (AID) and Cardiac resynchronization system (CRS). Most companies offer devices with wireless capabilities to communicate automatically with transmitters, allowing remote monitoring device. These systems are being widely used in USA for remote monitoring and have been introduced more recently in Europe, where adoption is increasing. There have also been introduced some systems in Latin America; Mexico in particular has this type of monitoring. This article describes the systems currently existing, available data in the literature in relation to its monitoring and surveillance of the automatic implantable cardiovascular devices (DAIC) and finally, discuss some unresolved issues.

[Clinical benefit in cardiac resynchronization]. / Beneficios clínicos de la resincronización cardiaca.

Despite the improvement in pharmacologic treatment of heart failure, many patients continue to have severe persistent symptoms, and their prognosis remains poor. One of the most recent advances in heart failure management is the concept of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Large clinical trials have demonstrated morbidity and mortality benefits of CRT in patients with moderate to severe drug refractory heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class III or IV), and ejection fraction < or = 35% with QRS duration > or = 120 ms.