Insights into the fate of the N-terminal amyloidogenic polypeptide of ApoA-I in cultured target cells.

Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) is an extracellular lipid acceptor, whose role in cholesterol efflux and high-density lipoprotein formation is mediated by ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). Nevertheless, some ApoA-I variants are associated to systemic forms of amyloidosis, characterized by extracellular fibril deposition in peripheral organs. Heart amyloid fibrils were found to be mainly constituted by the 93-residue N-terminal fragment of ApoA-I, named [1-93]ApoA-I. In this paper, rat cardiomyoblasts were used as target cells to analyse binding, internalization and intracellular fate of the fibrillogenic polypeptide in comparison to full-length ApoA-I. We provide evidence that the polypeptide: (i) binds to specific sites on cell membrane (K(d) = 5.90 ± 0.70 × 10(-7) M), where it partially co-localizes with ABCA1, as also described for ApoA-I; (ii) is internalized mostly by chlatrin-mediated endocytosis and lipid rafts, whereas ApoA-I is internalized preferentially by chlatrin-coated pits and macropinocytosis and (iii) is rapidly degraded by proteasome and lysosomes, whereas ApoA-I partially co-localizes with recycling endosomes. Vice versa, amyloid fibrils, obtained by in vitro aggregation of [1-93]ApoA-I, were found to be unable to enter the cells. We propose that internalization and intracellular degradation of [1-93]ApoA-I may divert the polypeptide from amyloid fibril formation and contribute to the slow progression and late onset that characterize this pathology.

Effects of the known pathogenic mutations on the aggregation pathway of the amyloidogenic peptide of apolipoprotein A-I.

The 93-residue N-terminal fragment of apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) is the major constituent of fibrils isolated from patients affected by the amyloidosis caused by ApoA-I mutations. We have prepared eight polypeptides corresponding to all the currently known amyloidogenic variants of the N-terminal region of ApoA-I, other than a truncation mutation, and investigated their aggregation kinetics and the associated structural modifications. All the variants adopted a monomeric highly disordered structure in solution at neutral pH, whereas acidification of the solution induced an unstable α-helical conformation and the subsequent aggregation into the cross-ß structure aggregate. Two mutations (Δ70-72 and L90P) almost abrogated the lag phase of the aggregation process, three mutations (Δ60-71, L75P, and W50R) significantly accelerated the aggregation rate by 2- to 3-fold, while the remaining three variants (L64P, L60R, and G26R) were not significantly different from the wild type. Therefore, an increase in aggregation propensity cannot explain per se the mechanism of the disease for all the variants. Prediction of the protection factors for hydrogen exchange in the native state of full-length protein reveals, in almost all the variants, an expansion of the conformational fluctuations that could favour the proteolytic cleavage and the release of the amyloidogenic peptide. Such an event seems to be a necessary prerequisite for ApoA-I fibrillogenesis in vivo, but the observed increased aggregation propensity of certain variants can have a strong influence on the severity of the disease, such as an earlier onset and a faster progression.

Expression of human apolipoprotein A-I in Nicotiana tabacum.

Several transgenic tobacco lines expressing human apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) were obtained. Western blot analyses indicated the expression of the recombinant protein in plant organs at various stages of development, including senescent leaves. A cell line expressing human ApoA-I was established from a T(1) transgenic plant. Recombinant ApoA-I was isolated either from extracts of transgenic leaves and from the culture medium of transgenic cells using an antibody-based one-step procedure.

Aggregation mechanisms of cystatins: a comparative study of monellin and oryzacystatin.

Identification of diseases caused by protein misfolding has increased interest in the way proteins adopt non-native conformations and form aggregates. In this study we address the question of how proteins sharing the same fold respond to destabilizing environmental conditions. We have studied the behavior of two members of the cystatin superfamily, MNEI, a single chain monellin, and oryzacystatin_I, a plant cystatin. Despite the close similarity of their three-dimensional architecture, these two proteins aggregate in a different way: MNEI gives rise to amyloid aggregation whereas oryzacystatin_I yields amorphous aggregates. Mutants of oryzacystatin_I, designed to make it more similar to MNEI, generally behave like the parent protein, but a construct devoid of the disordered N- and C-terminal sequences does show a tendency to form amyloid fibers. Our results suggest that precise sequence details may be more important than the three-dimensional architecture in determining the type of aggregate formed. Oryzacystatin_I appears to be a very promising model system for further studies of protein aggregation.

Effects of a lipid environment on the fibrillogenic pathway of the N-terminal polypeptide of human apolipoprotein A-I, responsible for in vivo amyloid fibril formation.

In amyloidosis associated with apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), heart amyloid deposits are mainly constituted by the 93-residue ApoA-I N-terminal region. A recombinant form of the amyloidogenic polypeptide, named [1-93]ApoA-I, shares conformational properties and aggregation propensity with its natural counterpart. The polypeptide, predominantly in a random coil state at pH 8.0, following acidification to pH 4.0 adopts a helical/molten globule transient state, which leads to formation of aggregates. Here we provide evidence that fibrillogenesis occurs also in physiologic-like conditions. At pH 6.4, [1-93]ApoA-I was found to assume predominantly an alpha-helical state, which undergoes aggregation at 37 degrees C over time at a lower rate than at pH 4.0. After 7 days at pH 6.4, protofibrils were observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Using a multidisciplinary approach, including circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, electrophoretic, and AFM analyses, we investigated the effects of a lipid environment on the conformational state and aggregation propensity of [1-93]ApoA-I. Following addition of the lipid-mimicking detergent Triton X-100, the polypeptide was found to be in a helical state at both pH 8.0 and 6.4, with no conformational transition occurring upon acidification. These helical conformers are stable and do not generate aggregated species, as observed by AFM after 21 days. Similarly, analyses of the effects of cholesterol demonstrated that this natural ApoA-I ligand induces formation of alpha-helix at physiological concentrations at both pH 8.0 and 6.4. Zwitterionic, positively charged, and negatively charged liposomes were found to affect [1-93]ApoA-I conformation, inducing helical species. Our data support the idea that lipids play a key role in [1-93]ApoA-I aggregation in vivo.

Enzymatically active fibrils generated by the self-assembly of the ApoA-I fibrillogenic domain functionalized with a catalytic moiety.

Enzymatically active fibrils were produced by self-assembly of a bifunctional chimeric protein, made up of a fibrillogenic and a catalytic moiety. For this purpose, the fibrillogenic domain of Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), a 93-residue polypeptide named [1-93]ApoA-I, was functionalized with the enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST). The fusion protein GST-[1-93]ApoA-I was expressed, isolated to homogeneity and characterized. In the soluble form, GST-[1-93]ApoA-I was found to be fully active as a GST enzyme, and to have high propensity to self-aggregate. Upon incubation for 3 weeks at pH 6.4, insoluble aggregates were generated. Analyzed by AFM, they were found to contain fibrillar structures often organized into large fiber networks. Fibrils were loaded on the membrane of a microfiltration unit and tested for enzymatic activity by filtering the substrate through the fibrillar network. Fibrils were shown to be catalytically active, stable over time and reusable, as no loss of activity was detected when fibrils were repeatedly tested. Our findings suggest that catalytically active fibrils may be of interest for biocatalytic applications in nanobiotechnology.

Recombinant amyloidogenic domain of ApoA-I: analysis of its fibrillogenic potential.

A variety of amyloid diseases are associated with fibrillar aggregates from N-terminal fragments of ApoA-I generated through a largely unexplored multi-step process. The understanding of the molecular mechanism is impaired by the lack of suitable amounts of the fibrillogenic polypeptides that could not be produced by recombinant methods so far. We report the production and the conformational analysis of recombinant ApoA-I 1-93 fragment. Similarly to the polypeptide isolated ex vivo, a pH switch from 7 to 4 induces a fast and reversible conformational transition to a helical state and leads to the identification of a key intermediate in the fibrillogenesis process. Limited proteolysis experiments suggested that the C-terminal region is involved in helix formation. The recombinant polypeptide generates fibrils at pH 4 on a time scale comparable with that of the native fragment. These findings open the way to studies on structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic aspects of ApoA-I fibrillogenesis.