La nueva directiva europea de los productos del tabaco, una oportunidad para avanzar en la prevención y control del tabaquismo / The new European tobacco products directive, an opportunity to advance in the prevention and control of the smoking habit

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The effects of total sleep deprivation on recognition memory processes: a study of event-related potential.

This study examined the memorization of information after a night of normal sleep and total sleep deprivation (TSD) by means of event-related potentials (ERPs). We expected a disfacilitatory effect of TSD on memory processing. Eighteen subjects were tested twice in a counterbalanced fashion. During the study session, subjects were presented with unfamiliar face stimuli and asked to memorize them for a subsequent memory test. At the test session, the subjects were presented with the studied faces intermixed with "new" faces and asked to indicate the previously presented stimuli. The N100 was used as a covariate to control for the differences in level of vigilance between the two sessions. Sleep deprivation decreased subjects' ability to discriminate new from previously studied stimuli and decreased the peak amplitude of the early component (N200) to the decrement of performance. In addition, following TSD the amplitude of the late frontal component (LFC), which is thought to reflect contextual processing, was decreased in covariance with the N100 vigilance component. The amplitude of the late posterior component (LPC/P600) was also reduced but was unrelated to the vigilance component of the ERP. Based on prior studies, this LPC reduction can be interpreted to indicate a decrease in information retrieved after TSD. In summary, a night of TSD decreased the amplitude of the ERPs associated with complex episodic memory task stimuli, affected the frontal cortex during episodic retrieval, and prevented the elaboration process. Furthermore, there was an inability to discriminate what is and what is not in memory, possibly due to less local processing of details.

[Effectiveness of primary health care in the diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension]. / Efectividad de la atención primaria de salud en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial.

Arterial hypertension (AHT) is a significant public health problem due to its high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and its economic and social costs. Background. To identify the prevalence of AHT detected in primary care and its degree of control; to determine the types of treatment used and factors associated with its control. Patients and methods. Transversal comparative study of two years in the Villava Health Centre. The computerised clinical history data for the years 2003 and 2006 was analysed. The following variables were studied: age, gender, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, tobacco use, body mass index in both years. Hypotensor treatment in the year 2006. The variables for the year 2006 associated with good control were identified through logistic regression. Results. AHT prevalence detected in (3)18 year olds: 2003: 11.6% (CI:10.9-12.3); 2006: 16.6% (CI:15.8-17.4) (p<0.001). Control of hypertense persons with a register of arterial tension (AP:<140/90) in 2003: 45.1% (CI: 41.0-48.0) and in 2006: 40.4% (CI: 37.7-43.2) (p<0.05). Variables associated with good control: being male [OR 1.60 (IC: 1.26-2.03)] treatment with ARA II [OR 2.16 (CI: 1.50-3.09)] and being diabetic [OR 1.50 (CI: 1.10-2.03]. Associated with poor control: presenting cerebral vascular disease, peripheral vasculopathy and treatment with ACE inhibitors. Conclusions. A low prevalence of AHT was detected. The level of control was higher for the DAP than for the SAP. Treatment with AIIRA, being male and being diabetic were associated with a better control. Peripheral vasculopathy, ichaemic cardiopathy, cerebral vascular disease, ACE inhibitors use and age were associated with a poorer control.

Documento técnico de consenso sobre la atención sanitaria al tabaquismo en España, un avance importante del movimiento de prevención y control del tabaquismo en España / No disponible

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The complex relationships between executive functions and positive symptoms in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Relationships between performance on various tests of executive functions and positive symptoms, especially delusions and hallucinations, have not been found consistently. This may be related to method of rating symptoms, to possible interactions between them, as well as to the low specificity of the cognitive test measures used. In this study, we have investigated the relationships between different aspects of positive symptomatology and several executive subprocesses. METHOD: Stable schizophrenia patients (n=96) were assessed for disorganization, delusion and hallucination symptoms rated from the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms and the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Interference sensitivity, inhibition and flexibility were assessed using the Wickens paradigm. The relationships between symptom dimensions as well as with cognitive and other potentially confounding variables were assessed using Pearson correlations and (simple and partial) stepwise regressions. RESULTS: Generally consistent with the cognitive constructs used to account for positive symptoms, the results indicated relationships between delusions, disorganization and inhibition, and between hallucinations and interference sensitivity. However, these relationships appeared more complex than expected, with some being dependent on interactions between symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest: (i) that the global measures usually employed may not be appropriate for demonstrating specific relationships between symptoms and executive functions and (ii) that it is necessary to take into account the interactions between positive symptoms as well as with other factors to reveal these relationships.

The ERP old-new effect: A useful indicator in studying the effects of sleep on memory retrieval processes.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To verify that the classic "Old/New" memory effect can be detected after a long delay, and to investigate the differential influence of declarative memory processes after normal sleep and daytime wake. DESIGN: The protocol is a variation of a more traditional study-recognition test used in event-related potential (ERP) studies in which sleep or wake is inserted between the learning and recognition session in order to verify the existence of the Old/New effect (ie, positive shift that occurs when stimuli are repeated). ERPs were recorded during the recognition-test session. The protocol was based on early work that compared the effect of sleep on memory without recording sleep. SETTING: Data collection occurred in the outpatient sleep laboratory. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Results from 13 subjects (6 men) aged between 21 and 39 years. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The subjects performed the recognition memory test after sleep and daytime wake periods. More-accurate performance for the old (studied) stimuli occurred after the sleep session. Analysis of variance on correctly answered reaction times revealed a significant effect of condition (old/new) with no difference across session. A repeated-measure analysis revealed differences in "Old/New" effect, whereby the amplitude difference between the old and new items was larger after sleep than after wake. CONCLUSIONS: This effect of sleep was found in early frontal and later posterior ERP components, processes that represent strategic, contextual processing and facilitation of episodic memory. Memory representation was not different across sessions. These findings suggest that sleep and wake facilitate 2 components of memory unequally, ie, episodic recognition and memory representation functioning.

Organización y funcionamiento de las consultas de tabaquismo en una comunidad autónoma. Experiencia de la Comunidad de Madrid / Organization and functions of the anti-smoking consultations in a regional community. Experience of the Madrid Community

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Tratamientos actuales del tabaquismo: revisión. Necesidades de nuevas vías de abordaje / Current treatments of smoking habit: review. Need for new approaches

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Manejo clínico de los fumadores en proceso de reducción hasta dejarlo. Protocolo clínico / Clinical management of smokers in the process of reducing smoking consumption until giving it up. Clinical Protocol

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Promover el apoyo de un compañero para mejorar elabandono del tabaco / No disponible

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Los médicos de familia y la semFYC frente al tabaquismo / Family doctors and semFYC faced with tobacco dependency

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[Management of relapses in smoking dehabituation]. / Manejo de las recaídas en la deshabituación tabáquica.

Due to the recurrent chronic nature of tobacco dependence, health care professionals should know the most common reasons for relapses and offer smokers who have stopped smoking a preventive treatment. In our setting, some authors state that the main causes for which smokers relapse are the negative emotional states and social pressures. Among the prevention strategies of relapse are providing the patient information, reinforcing his/her decision to stop smoking and helping the patient identify and face the danger situations for the maintenance of abstinence.

Manejo de las recaídas en la deshabituación tabáquica / Management of relapses in smoking dehabituation

A causa de la naturaleza crónica recidivante de la dependencia al tabaco, los profesionales sanitarios deberían conocer los motivos más comunes de recaídas y ofrecer a los fumadores que han abandonado el tabaco un tratamiento preventivo de éstas. En nuestro medio algunos autores afirman que las causas principales por las que los fumadores recaen son los estados emocionales negativos y las presiones sociales. Entre las estrategias de prevención de las recaídas se incluyen proporcionar información al paciente, reforzar su decisión de abandonar el tabaco y ayudarle a identificar y afrontar las situaciones de peligro para el mantenimiento de la abstinencia

Due to the recurrent chronic nature of tobacco dependence, health care professionals should know the most common reasons for relapses and offer smokers who have stopped smoking a preventive treatment. In our setting, some authors state that the main causes for which smokers relapse are the negative emotional states and social pressures. Among the prevention strategies of relapse are providing the patient information, reinforcing his/her decision to stop smoking and helping the patient identify and face the danger situations for the maintenance of abstinence

Fármacos en la deshabituación tabáquica. Estado actual / Medication for ending tobacco dependency. Current state of play

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Políticas de prevención y control del tabaquismo / Policies of prevention and monitoring of tobacco dependency

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Deshabituación tabáquica: actitud terapéutica ante los pacientes en fase de preparación / Tobacco dishabituation: therapeutic attitude in patients in preparation phase

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