Adjuvant vs. neoadjuvant chemotherapy: quality of life and psychosocial variables in women with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: A breast cancer diagnosis with all that it entails is a highly stressful moment for women. Chemotherapy is one of the main treatments for this type of cancer, and it also brings several side effects and physical changes that often lead to emotional distress and adjustment difficulties. This study aims to analyse the quality of life and psychosocial variables in women with breast cancer submitted to different chemotherapy procedures. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE: We used a convenience sample of 50 women with breast cancer submitted to adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Women were interviewed after obtaining their informed consent. The instruments used were: a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being-12-Item, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and Brief Resilient Coping Scale. RESULTS: Participants demonstrated reasonable levels of all dimensions analysed, except for resilient coping, which was relatively low. Neither treatment significantly improves quality of life or any other psychosocial variable more than the other. Most of the variables were correlated, especially quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the choice of treatment according to the most favourable objective criteria (e.g., stage, patients' characteristics) and multidisciplinary work with the integration of a psychologist are vital to achieve good outcomes and the best possible quality of life. Interesting insights were obtained, such as the need for health literacy to make informed decisions and the variation of needs during the cancer course. Future research could use a longitudinal approach and a more representative sample.

Plano de cuidados para sobreviventes de câncer de mama: tradução e validação / Plan de cuidados para sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama: traducción y validación / Care plan for breast cancer survivors: translation and validation

Resumo Objetivo Traduzir, adaptar transculturalmente e validar o conteúdo do Treatment Summary and Survivorship Care Plan (TSSCP-S) para sobreviventes brasileiras de câncer de mama. Métodos Estudo metodológico, quantitativo, executado de acordo com as etapas de tradução, compatibilização e retrotradução, construção de consenso de opiniões de um grupo de especialistas para a validação de conteúdo, de acordo com a Técnica Delphi e avaliação do usuário. Resultados O plano traduzido e adaptado transculturalmente foi avaliado por 10 profissionais, entre estes, enfermeiros, médicos, psicológos, nutricionista e fisioterapeuta, possuidores de titulação, produção científica, conhecimento e tempo de atuação na temática e o consenso foi obtido em duas rodadas. O instrumento apresentou coeficiente de validade de conteúdo de 83,3% na segunda rodada da Delphi. Na avaliação dos domínios conteúdo, clareza, utilidade, responsividade cultural e socioecológica, a concordância foi de 93,3%. O perfil sóciodemográfico e clínico das usuárias foi heterogêneo, contribuindo para os ajustes culturais necessários, com consenso final de 93,9%. Conclusão O plano de cuidados foi traduzido para o português do Brasil, adaptado transculturalmente e seus conteúdos foram validados, considerando as políticas de saúde nacionais.

Resumen Objetivo Traducir, adaptar transculturalmente y validar el contenido del Treatment Summary and Survivorship Care Plan (TSSCP-S) para sobrevivientes brasileñas de cáncer de mama. Métodos Estudio metodológico, cuantitativo, ejecutado de acuerdo con las etapas de traducción, compatibilización y retrotraducción, construcción de consenso de opiniones de un grupo de especialistas para la validación de contenido, de acuerdo con el método Delphi y evaluación del usuario. Resultados El plan traducido y adaptado transculturalmente fue evaluado por diez profesionales, entre ellos enfermeros, médicos, psicólogos, nutricionista y fisioterapeuta, con titulación académica, producción científica, conocimiento y tiempo de actuación en la temática, y el consenso se obtuvo en dos rondas. El instrumento presentó un coeficiente de validez de contenido del 83,3 % en la segunda ronda de Delphi. En la evaluación de los dominios contenido, claridad, utilidad, responsividad cultural y socioecológica, la concordancia fue del 93,3 %. El perfil sociodemográfico y clínico de las usuarias fue heterogéneo, lo que contribuye a los ajustes culturales necesarios, con consenso final del 93,9 %. Conclusión El plan de cuidados fue traducido al portugués de Brasil, adaptado transculturalmente y sus contenidos fueron validados, considerando las políticas sanitarias nacionales.

Abstract Objective To translate, cross-culturally adapt and validate the content of the Treatment Summary and Survivorship Care Plan (TSSCP-S) for Brazilian breast cancer survivors. Methods Methodological, quantitative study performed according to the steps of translation, compatibility and back-translation, construction of consensus of opinions in a group of experts for content validation, according to the Delphi technique and user evaluation. Results The translated and cross-culturally adapted plan was evaluated by ten professionals, including nurses, physicians, psychologists, nutritionists and physical therapists with a degree, scientific production, knowledge and time working on the subject. Consensus was obtained in two rounds. The instrument presented a content validity coefficient of 83.3% in the second round of Delphi. In the evaluation of content, clarity, usefulness, cultural and socioecological responsiveness domains, agreement was 93.3%. The sociodemographic and clinical profile of users was heterogeneous, contributing to the necessary cultural adjustments, with a final consensus of 93.9%. Conclusion The care plan was translated into Brazilian Portuguese, cross-culturally adapted and its contents were validated considering national health policies.

Induction Chemotherapy and Chemoradiotherapy Combined to ASA vs. Placebo for High-Risk Rectal Cancer: Results of a Randomized Trial.

INDUCTION: chemotherapy (IC) followed by chemoradiation (CRT) is an attractive approach in high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer. Additionally, ASA has shown potential to improve outcomes alongside CRT in rectal cancer. The ICAR trial aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of IC followed by CRT with or without ASA on MRI tumor response. METHODS: Single-center, double-blind, randomized phase II trial to evaluate induction treatment with CAPOX, followed by capecitabine-based chemoradiotherapy with ASA (arm 1) or placebo (arm 2) in high-risk stage II-III rectal adenocarcinoma staged by MRI. The primary endpoint was MRI tumor regression grade (mrTRG). Secondary endpoints were pathological response, surgical outcomes, postoperative complications, treatment tolerance, DFS, and OS. RESULTS: Between January 2018 and August 2019, 27 patients were eligible, 25 (92.5%) completed IC, and 23 patients were randomly assigned (12 to ASA group; 11 to placebo group). In the ASA arm, 3 pts (25%) presented distant disease progression at restaging. Seven patients (30.4%) had cCR after neoadjuvant treatment. All 13 patients submitted to surgery after neoadjuvant treatment underwent R0 resections except for 1 patient with positive CRM, and 12 patients (92.3%) had sphincter preservation. After a median follow-up of 34.9 months, the 2-year DFS was 83.1% and 3-year OS was 81.5%. CONCLUSION: There was good compliance in both treatment arms and encouraging cCR rate. ASA during CRT was safe but failed to improve on MRI tumor response. The study was closed due to the absence of benefits.

Supernumerary muscles in the posterior leg compartment: a case report / Músculos supernumerarios en el compartimento posterior de la pierna: reporte de un caso

SUMMARY: The leg muscles are organized in anterior, lateral and posterior compartments. The posterior compartment is usually divided in two layers: superficial and deep. The deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg are known to mainly plantar flexion and toes flexion. In comparison to the other leg compartments, variations of the posterior one are rare. These variants often involve the presence or absence of one or more muscles, and they have differences among origin and insertion, which leads to confusion between anatomists. We aim to describe a case of a male cadaver that possessed three supernumerary muscles in the lateral and posterior compartments of both legs: the peroneus quartus muscle and two accessory bellies of the flexor digitorum longus. This presentation seems to be very rare and scarcely reported in the literature. These variants have the potential of causing nervous or vascular compression, thus leading to tarsal tunnel syndrome or a symptomatic peroneus quartus. The clinical and surgical implications of this abnormal presentation is discussed.

RESUMEN: Los músculos de la pierna están organizados en compartimentos anterior, lateral y posterior. El compartimento posterior por lo general es dividido en dos capas: superficial y profunda. Se sabe que los músculos profundos del compartimento posterior de la pierna se caracterizan principalmente por participar de la flexión plantar y la flexión de los dedos de los pies. En comparación con los otros compartimentos de la pierna, las variaciones musculares en el compartimiento posterior son raras. Estas variantes suelen implicar la presencia o ausencia de uno o más músculos y presentan diferencias en el origen y en la inserción, lo que conduce a confusión entre los anatomistas. Nuestro objetivo fue describir el caso de un cadáver masculino que poseía tres músculos supernumerarios en los compartimentos lateral y posterior de ambas piernas: el músculo fibular cuarto y dos vientres accesorios del músculo flexor largo de los dedos. Esta presentación parece ser muy rara y escasamente reportada en la literatura. Estas variantes musculares tienen el potencial de causar compresión nerviosa o vascular, lo que conduce al síndrome del túnel del tarso o un cuarto músculo fibular sintomático. Se discuten las implicaciones clínicas y quirúrgicas de esta presentación anormal.

Attentional Bias Toward Reproduction-Related Stimuli and Fertility Concerns Among Breast Cancer Survivors.

The current study examined whether an attentional bias exists for reproduction-related visual cues among breast cancer survivors and its relationship with fertility concerns and emotional distress. Breast cancer survivors (n = 38) aged 18-40 were compared to 37 healthy women recruited from the general population. Attentional bias was investigated using a visual dot-probe task and response times (RT) were measured. Participants also completed several questionnaires, including the Reproductive Concerns After Cancer Scale (RCACS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Biased cognitive processing toward reproduction-related stimuli was observed for all young women. However, attentional bias was a significant predictor of concerns about partner disclosure of fertility status, with higher bias scores associated with higher levels of concern only for breast cancer survivors. The desire to have a (or another) biological child was also a significant predictor of higher concerns related with fertility potential for all young women. Higher vigilance regarding reproduction-related cues seems to lead to higher concerns among women with breast cancer history whose fertility is threatened. This result may have important research and clinical implications. Interventions focused on goal-oriented attention self-regulation and problem-solving can help to manage fertility concerns and distress in the course of the disease.

Trends in the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension and health care service use in Brazil over a decade (2008-2019). / Tendências na prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e na utilização de serviços de saúde no Brasil ao longo de uma década (2008-2019).

The global burden and the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) have increased over the last two decades, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and are a concern to health authorities. This study analyzed the prevalence of SAH reported by Brazilian adults in 2008, 2013, and 2019, and individual disease control in 2013 and 2019. Data from the National Household Sample Survey (2008) and National Health Survey (2013-2019) were employed. We calculated the disease's prevalence ratios using Poisson regression, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. Regarding health care and PHC organization indicators, we calculated proportions by gender, age group, ethnicity, and region. The results reveal persistent regional inequalities, with lower prevalence in the North and Northeast and higher prevalence in the Southeast and South. While the health care access and use indicators are positive, reflecting PHC improvements in recent years, we highlight the importance of adopting multifaceted SAH prevention and control strategies in the country.

A carga global e a prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) têm crescido nas últimas duas décadas, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda, representando uma preocupação para as autoridades em saúde. Este estudo analisou a prevalência de HAS entre adultos brasileiros em 2008, 2013 e 2019 e o controle da doença pelos indivíduos em 2013 e 2019. Utilizou-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (2008) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013-2019). Foram calculadas razões de prevalência da doença pelo método de Poisson, ajustado para caraterísticas sociodemográficas. Para os indicadores de cuidados em saúde e organização da atenção primária calculamos proporções estratificadas por sexo, faixa etária, raça e região. Os resultados indicam que as desigualdades regionais persistem, com menores prevalências no Norte e Nordeste e maiores no Sudeste e Sul. Embora os indicadores de acesso e utilização dos serviços de saúde sejam considerados bons, refletindo as melhorias na atenção primária nos últimos anos, ressaltamos a importância da adoção de estratégias multifacetadas para a prevenção e controle da HAS no país.

Tendências na prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e na utilização de serviços de saúde no Brasil ao longo de uma década (2008-2019) / Trends in the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension and health care service use in Brazil over a decade (2008-2019)

Resumo A carga global e a prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) têm crescido nas últimas duas décadas, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda, representando uma preocupação para as autoridades em saúde. Este estudo analisou a prevalência de HAS entre adultos brasileiros em 2008, 2013 e 2019 e o controle da doença pelos indivíduos em 2013 e 2019. Utilizou-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (2008) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013-2019). Foram calculadas razões de prevalência da doença pelo método de Poisson, ajustado para caraterísticas sociodemográficas. Para os indicadores de cuidados em saúde e organização da atenção primária calculamos proporções estratificadas por sexo, faixa etária, raça e região. Os resultados indicam que as desigualdades regionais persistem, com menores prevalências no Norte e Nordeste e maiores no Sudeste e Sul. Embora os indicadores de acesso e utilização dos serviços de saúde sejam considerados bons, refletindo as melhorias na atenção primária nos últimos anos, ressaltamos a importância da adoção de estratégias multifacetadas para a prevenção e controle da HAS no país.

Abstract The global burden and the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) have increased over the last two decades, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and are a concern to health authorities. This study analyzed the prevalence of SAH reported by Brazilian adults in 2008, 2013, and 2019, and individual disease control in 2013 and 2019. Data from the National Household Sample Survey (2008) and National Health Survey (2013-2019) were employed. We calculated the disease's prevalence ratios using Poisson regression, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. Regarding health care and PHC organization indicators, we calculated proportions by gender, age group, ethnicity, and region. The results reveal persistent regional inequalities, with lower prevalence in the North and Northeast and higher prevalence in the Southeast and South. While the health care access and use indicators are positive, reflecting PHC improvements in recent years, we highlight the importance of adopting multifaceted SAH prevention and control strategies in the country.

Reproduction-related cognitive processing and distress among young adult women: the role of personal breast cancer history.

Breast cancer diagnosis can threaten fertility and biological motherhood in women of reproductive age due to the gonadotoxic effects of treatments. Much evidence documents these women fertility-related concerns and distress, but no study has attempted to understand how implicit cognitive processes can contribute to this maladjustment. In this research, we explored whether reproduction-related stimuli interfere with cognition among cancer survivors with infertility risk using an emotional Stroop task. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between reproduction-related cognitive processing and psychological morbidity. Young cancer survivors aged 18-40 years who received anticancer treatments and an age-matched non-cancer control group without known fertility problems were compared. Color-naming times and error rates were assessed. Participants in both groups were slower naming the color of reproduction-related words in comparison to unrelated negative valence words. Although in the same direction, this difference did not reach statistical significance for positive and neutral unrelated word lists. Further analysis suggested that biased attention toward reproduction-related information was associated with higher depression levels in young women with personal breast cancer history, but not in healthy women. These findings suggest that biased processing of reproduction-related cues might be a vulnerability factor after a breast cancer diagnosis. Additionally, this study puts in evidence the potential usefulness of using experimental tasks to investigate attentional bias in a context where fertility is at risk.

Oocyte Morphology and Reproductive Outcomes - Case Report and Literature Review.

Oocyte quality could be negatively affected by many factors including smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, woman's age, endometriosis and controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), during assisted reproductive technology (ART), in addition to genetic factors, such as hormone receptor polymorphisms, for example. We know that the increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to systemic disorders causes biochemical and morphological changes to the oocytes, interfering with their quality. The oocyte dysmorphism can be expressed through intra and/or extra cytoplasmic changes. In general, the size and number of oocytes' morphological abnormalities are directly related to preimplantation development failure. This case report is based on four in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles performed by a patient with oocyte dysmorphism in all oocytes captured. The literature review on this topic aims to relate the characteristics of the oocytes, presented in the case report, with research results about the quality and morphology of the oocytes.

Skills-adjusted human capital shows rising global gap.

Human capital, broadly defined as the skills acquired through formal education, is acknowledged as one of the key drivers of economic growth and social development. However, its measurement for the working-age populations, on a global scale and over time, is still unsatisfactory. Most indicators either only consider the quantity dimension of education and disregard the actual skills or are demographically inconsistent by applying the skills of the young cohorts in school to represent the skills of the working-age population at the same time. In the case of rapidly expanding or changing school systems, this assumption is untenable. However, an increasing number of countries have started to assess the literacy skills of their adult populations by age and sex directly. Drawing on this literacy data, and by using demographic backprojection and statistical estimation techniques, we here present a demographically consistent indicator for adult literacy skills, the skills in literacy adjusted mean years of schooling (SLAMYS). The measure is given for the population aged 20 to 64 in 185 countries and for the period 1970 to 2015. Compared to the conventional mean years of schooling (MYS)-which has strongly increased for most countries over the past decades, and in particular among poor countries-the trends in SLAMYS exhibit a widening global skills gap between low- and high-performing countries.

Efficiency of the primary health care policy in Brazilian municipalities: an application of the Pearl's Structural Causal Model / A eficiência da política de atenção básica de saúde nos municípios brasileiros: uma aplicação do Modelo Causal Estrutural de Pearl

ABSTRACT Background In recent years, public health policies and their effects on improving health outcomes have been gaining prominence in the economic literature and on the agenda of international organizations. Objective This study aims to evaluate the causal effect of the "Pacto pela Saúde" (Pact for Health) program on health policy performance in terms of a Health Vulnerability Index (HVI) of Brazilian municipalities from 2006 to 2013. The "Pacto pela Saúde" program is the current operational standard of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). One of the main guidelines of this program was to improve health policy governance. Method The effect resulting from efficiency gains of the participation of municipalities in the health policy on the HVI was estimated by the Pearl's Structural Causal Model. Results The results indicate a positive and significant impact of efficiency management on the reduction of health vulnerability in the municipalities. The Pearl's Causal Model and the back-door criterion of causal identification were employed to calculate the effects of the "Pacto pela Saúde" program on the HVI. Conclusion The use of Pearl's method in this study contributed to a more comprehensive analysis of the effects of the "Pacto pela Saúde" program on health outcomes and, therefore, its use in future research on the analysis of public policies is recommended.

RESUMO Introdução A condução da política de saúde pública e seus efeitos sobre a melhoria dos resultados de saúde vêm ganhando destaque nos últimos anos na literatura econômica e na agenda dos organismos internacionais. Objetivo Avaliar o efeito causal do Pacto pela Saúde sobre o desempenho da política de saúde, em termos de um indicador de vulnerabilidade de saúde (IVS), dos municípios brasileiros no período de 2006 a 2013. O Pacto pela Saúde é a norma operacional vigente pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil e teve como uma de suas principais diretrizes o aprimoramento da governança da política de saúde. Método A estimação do efeito causal decorrente dos ganhos de eficiência da participação do município na política sobre o IVS se deu por meio do Modelo Causal Estrutural (MCE) de Pearl. Resultados Houve a estimação de um impacto positivo e significante da eficiência da gestão sobre a queda da vulnerabilidade de saúde dos municípios e a adequação do MCE e do critério back-door de Pearl de identificação causal com o cálculo do efeito do Pacto pela Saúde sobre o IVS. Conclusão A utilização do método de Pearl contribuiu para uma análise mais adequada do efeito do Pacto pela Saúde sobre os IVS, e, portanto, recomenda-se sua utilização em estudos futuros de análise de políticas públicas.

Covid-19: medidas de saúde pública para o enfrentamento da pandemia no Estado do Paraná / Covid-19: Public Health Measures for the management of the pandemic in the State of Paraná

Estudo descritivo com o objetivo de identificar as principais medidas de saúde pública divulgadas pelo governo do estado do Paraná para o combate à pandemia da Covid-19, entre 1 de janeiro a 27 de junho de 2020, e publicadas em veículos de comunicação oficiais. Entre as iniciativas governamentais estão medidas de prevenção da infecção, testagem da população, ampliação do número de leitos hospitalares e separação de áreas exclusivas Covid-19 nos hospitais. Até o momento do estudo, as estratégias governamentais adotadas foram capazes de manter o número de casos dentro da capacidade do sistema de saúde estadual. (AU)

This is a descriptive study that aims to elucidate the main public health measures reported by Paraná state government for the management of Covid-19 pandemic, from January 1st to June 27th, 2020, and published by official websites. Among the governmental initiatives are measures for infection control and prevention, population testing, hospital bed expansion and creation of Covid-19 exclusive areas in hospitals. Until the time of the study, the adopted government strategies maintained the number of cases within the state health system capacity. (AU)

Perfil epidemiológico da Covid-19 no Estado do Paraná / Epidemiological profile of Covid-19 in the State of Paraná

A pandemia de Covid-19 já causou mais de 990 mil óbitos pelo mundo. A doença, causada pelo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2, é um importante problema de saúde pública. Desde 12 de março até 28 de setembro de 2020, foram registrados 174.124 casos e 4.335 óbitos pela doença no Paraná. O estudo teve como objetivo traçar o perfil epidemiológico da Covid-19 no Paraná. Fez--se análise descritiva com dados do informe epidemiológico da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado. Até 28 de setembro de 2020, 1,5% da população paranaense havia sido contaminada e 72,6% dos pacientes já estavam recuperados. A média de idade dos casos e óbitos foram, respectivamente, de 39,8 e 68,6 anos. Dos confirmados, 91.676 (53%) eram do sexo feminino e dos óbitos, 2.599 (60%) do masculino. Dos 906 (0,5%) pacientes internados, 446 (49,2%) estavam em UTI. A taxa de letalidade era de 2,5%. É possível delinear o com-portamento da doença no Estado. (AU)

Covid-19 pandemic has already caused more than 990 thousand deaths worldwide. The coronavirus disease, due to SARS-CoV-2, is an important public health problem. From March 12 to September 28, 2020, Paraná has already registered 174.124 cases and 4.335 deaths. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological profile of Covid-19 in the state of Paraná. Data collection were informed by Health Secretary of Paraná. As of September 28, 1,5% of Paraná population had been infected and 72,6% had recovered. The mean age of confirmed cases and deaths were 39,8 and 68,6 years old, respectively. Among confirmed cases, 91.676 (53%) were female and among deaths, 2.599 (60%) were male. 906 (0,5%) were hospitalized, of which 446 (49,2%) were in ICU bed. Mortality rate was 2,5%. It is possible to determinate the disease's behavior in Paraná. (AU)

Pacto pela Saúde: efeito do tempo na eficácia da gestão municipal / Pacto por la Salud: efecto del tiempo en la eficacia de la gestión municipal / The effects of time on the performance of local government: the "Pact for Health Care" Program

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o impacto do tempo de adesão ao termo de compromisso de gestão (TCG), no âmbito do programa Pacto pela Saúde, sobre o nível de eficácia da política municipal de atenção básica, no período de 2008 a 2012. O TCG objetivou aprimorar a governança de política de saúde pelos entes federados, com especial atenção à gestão por resultados. O programa vigorou no Brasil entre 2006 e 2012, tendo recebido a adesão de 4.587 municípios (80% do total). Esta pesquisa buscou responder à seguinte questão: "qual foi o efeito causal do tempo de participação (em anos) no programa Pacto pela Saúde sobre o nível da eficácia da política local de atenção básica, para os municípios participantes?". Para tanto, adotou-se um desenho de pesquisa quase experimental, mediante estimação de um modelo de dose-resposta com escore de propensão generalizado. Estimou-se, via análise de componentes principais, um indicador de eficácia da política de atenção básica (IDEAB), tendo como referência as metas preconizadas pelo programa. Os resultados da estimação da função de dose-resposta evidenciaram que o tempo de adesão ao Pacto pela Saúde teve impacto positivo e estatisticamente significativo sobre o nível de eficácia das políticas de atenção básica nos municípios participantes. Para cada ano adicional de permanência da política, o IDEAB aumentou, em média, entre 0,011 e 0,019 unidades. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que as metas importam para a governança de política de saúde municipal brasileira.

Resumen El presente estudio evaluó el impacto del tiempo de membresía al Término de Compromiso de Gestión (TCG) sobre el nivel de efectividad de la política municipal de salud en Brasil, de 2008 a 2012. El TCG fue parte del programa Pacto por la Salud, y tenía como objetivo mejorar la gobernanza de la política de salud por parte de los estados federados, con especial atención a la gestión basada en resultados. El programa se ejecutó en Brasil entre 2006 y 2012, y fue adoptado por 4.587 municipios (80 por ciento del total). Esta investigación buscó responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cuál fue el efecto causal del tiempo de participación en el programa (en número de años) sobre la efectividad de la política de atención primaria para los municipios participantes? Para ello, se adoptó un diseño de investigación cuasiexperimental, estimando un modelo de dosis-respuesta con puntaje de propensión generalizada. Se estimó un indicador de efectividad de la política de atención primaria (IDEAB) a través del análisis de componentes principales, con base en los objetivos recomendados por el programa. Los resultados de la estimación de la función dosis-respuesta mostraron que el número de años en el programa Pacto por la Salud tuvo un impacto positivo y estadísticamente significativo en el indicador de efectividad de la política de atención primaria para los municipios participantes. Por cada año adicional en la política, el IDEAB aumentó en un promedio de 0.011 a 0.019 unidades. Por lo tanto, los resultados sugieren que los objetivos son importantes para la gobernanza de la política de salud municipal brasileña.

Abstract This study evaluated the impact of the time a Brazilian local government stays as member of the program "Pacto pela Saúde" (Pact for Health) - by signing a Management Agreement -, and its efficiency to provide primary health care for the population. The research observed the period from 2008 to 2012. The program was an initiative of the Federal Government operated by municipalities through the Management Agreement and aimed to improve healthcare policy management adopting a results-based managerial approach. The program was in place between 2006 and 2012 and was operated by 4,587 local governments (80 percent of the Brazilian municipalities). The research question guiding the study was 'What was the effect of the time of a local government in the program (in years) on the efficiency of health care delivery to local populations? A quasi-experimental research design was adopted, estimating a dose-response model with generalized propensity score. An efficiency indicator of the primary care policy (IDEAB) was estimated via principal component analysis, based on the targets recommended by the program. The results of the dose-response model showed that the number of years in the Management Agreement had a positive and statistically significant impact on the efficiency of health care delivery in participating municipalities. For each additional year in the agreement, IDEAB increased by an average of 0.011 to 0.019 units. Therefore, the results suggest that establishing targets are important for the governance of the Brazilian health care policy.

Implementation of a rapid response team in a large nonprofit Brazilian hospital: improving the quality of emergency care through Plan-Do-Study-Act. / Implantação de um time de resposta rápida em um grande hospital filantrópico brasileiro: melhora na qualidade dos cuidados de emergência por meio do ciclo Planejar-Fazer-Estudar-Agir.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation of a rapid response team in a large nonprofit hospital, indicating relevant issues for other initiatives in similar contexts, particularly in Latin America. METHODS: In general terms, the intervention consisted of three major components: (1) a tool to detect aggravation of clinical conditions in general wards; (2) the structuring of a rapid response team to attend to all patients at risk; and (3) the monitoring of indicators regarding the intervention. This work employed four half-year Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles to test and adjust the intervention from January 2013 to December 2014. RESULTS: Between 2013 and 2014, the rapid response team attended to 2,296 patients. This study showed a nonsignificant reduction in mortality from 8.3% in cycle 1 to 5.0% in cycle 4; however, death rates remained stable in cycles 3 and 4, with frequencies of 5.2% and 5.0%, respectively. Regarding patient flow and continuum of critical care, which is a premise of the rapid response system, there was a reduction in waiting time for intensive care unit beds with a decrease from 45.9% to 19.0% in the frequency of inpatients who could not be admitted immediately after indication (p < 0.001), representing improved patient flow in the hospital. In addition, an increase in the recognition of palliative care patients from 2.8% to 10.3% was noted (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Implementing a rapid response team in contexts where there are structural restrictions, such as lack of intensive care unit beds, may be very beneficial, but a strategy of adjustment is needed.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a implantação de um time de resposta rápida em um grande hospital filantrópico, indicando as questões relevantes para as iniciativas em contextos similares, particularmente na América Latina. MÉTODOS: Em termos gerais, a intervenção consistiu em três componentes principais: (1) uma ferramenta para detecção de agravamento das condições clínicas nas enfermarias gerais; (2) estruturação de time de resposta rápida capaz de atender a todos os pacientes em risco; e (3) monitoramento dos indicadores relacionados à intervenção. Este trabalho empregou quatro ciclos semestrais (Planejar-Fazer-Estudar-Agir), com a finalidade de testar e ajustar a intervenção, entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2014. RESULTADOS: Entre 2013 e 2014, o time de resposta rápida atendeu 2.296 pacientes. Houve redução não significante da mortalidade de 8,3% no ciclo 1, para 5,0% no ciclo 4; contudo, o número de óbitos permaneceu estável nos ciclos 3 e 4, com frequência de 5,2% e 5,0%, respectivamente. Com relação ao fluxo de pacientes e cuidados críticos continuados − uma premissa do time de resposta rápida −, houve decréscimo no tempo de espera por um leito na unidade de terapia intensiva, com diminuição de 45,9% para 19,0% na frequência de pacientes hospitalizados que não puderam ser imediatamente admitidos após a indicação (p < 0,001), representando melhora no fluxo de pacientes do hospital; ocorreu também aumento no reconhecimento de pacientes para cuidados paliativos, de 2,8% para 10,3% (p = 0,005). CONCLUSÃO: A implantação de um time de resposta rápida pode trazer benefícios nos contextos em que ocorrem restrições estruturais, como falta de leitos em unidades de terapia intensiva, porém há necessidade de alguns ajustes.

Implantação de um time de resposta rápida em um grande hospital filantrópico brasileiro: melhora na qualidade dos cuidados de emergência por meio do ciclo Planejar-Fazer-Estudar-Agir / Implementation of a rapid response team in a large nonprofit Brazilian hospital: improving the quality of emergency care through Plan-Do-Study-Act

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a implantação de um time de resposta rápida em um grande hospital filantrópico, indicando as questões relevantes para as iniciativas em contextos similares, particularmente na América Latina. Métodos: Em termos gerais, a intervenção consistiu em três componentes principais: (1) uma ferramenta para detecção de agravamento das condições clínicas nas enfermarias gerais; (2) estruturação de time de resposta rápida capaz de atender a todos os pacientes em risco; e (3) monitoramento dos indicadores relacionados à intervenção. Este trabalho empregou quatro ciclos semestrais (Planejar-Fazer-Estudar-Agir), com a finalidade de testar e ajustar a intervenção, entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2014. Resultados: Entre 2013 e 2014, o time de resposta rápida atendeu 2.296 pacientes. Houve redução não significante da mortalidade de 8,3% no ciclo 1, para 5,0% no ciclo 4; contudo, o número de óbitos permaneceu estável nos ciclos 3 e 4, com frequência de 5,2% e 5,0%, respectivamente. Com relação ao fluxo de pacientes e cuidados críticos continuados − uma premissa do time de resposta rápida −, houve decréscimo no tempo de espera por um leito na unidade de terapia intensiva, com diminuição de 45,9% para 19,0% na frequência de pacientes hospitalizados que não puderam ser imediatamente admitidos após a indicação (p < 0,001), representando melhora no fluxo de pacientes do hospital; ocorreu também aumento no reconhecimento de pacientes para cuidados paliativos, de 2,8% para 10,3% (p = 0,005). Conclusão: A implantação de um time de resposta rápida pode trazer benefícios nos contextos em que ocorrem restrições estruturais, como falta de leitos em unidades de terapia intensiva, porém há necessidade de alguns ajustes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the implementation of a rapid response team in a large nonprofit hospital, indicating relevant issues for other initiatives in similar contexts, particularly in Latin America. Methods: In general terms, the intervention consisted of three major components: (1) a tool to detect aggravation of clinical conditions in general wards; (2) the structuring of a rapid response team to attend to all patients at risk; and (3) the monitoring of indicators regarding the intervention. This work employed four half-year Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles to test and adjust the intervention from January 2013 to December 2014. Results: Between 2013 and 2014, the rapid response team attended to 2,296 patients. This study showed a nonsignificant reduction in mortality from 8.3% in cycle 1 to 5.0% in cycle 4; however, death rates remained stable in cycles 3 and 4, with frequencies of 5.2% and 5.0%, respectively. Regarding patient flow and continuum of critical care, which is a premise of the rapid response system, there was a reduction in waiting time for intensive care unit beds with a decrease from 45.9% to 19.0% in the frequency of inpatients who could not be admitted immediately after indication (p < 0.001), representing improved patient flow in the hospital. In addition, an increase in the recognition of palliative care patients from 2.8% to 10.3% was noted (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Implementing a rapid response team in contexts where there are structural restrictions, such as lack of intensive care unit beds, may be very beneficial, but a strategy of adjustment is needed.

Reliability and safety of transnasal compared to conventional endoscopy for detecting oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Unsedated transnasal endoscopy may be used for detecting oesophageal varices. However, few studies evaluated feasibility and accuracy of this technique. We aimed to evaluate accuracy, interobserver agreement and safety of the transnasal ultrathin compared to conventional endoscopy in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included consecutive patients referred for screening or surveillance of oesophageal varices. Patients underwent unsedated transnasal and sedated conventional endoscopies at the same day, which were recorded in a digital video file and randomly analysed by two double-blinded endoscopists. High-risk varices were defined by the presence of large calibre or red wale marks. Accuracy, interobserver agreement and safety of transnasal were compared to conventional endoscopy. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-three cirrhotic patients (48% male, aged of 60 ± 5, 34% Child-Pugh B/C and 71% of cases for variceal screening) were included in the study. The prevalence of oesophageal varices and high-risk oesophageal varices were 59% (n = 79) and 29% (n = 39) respectively. For the presence of oesophageal varices, transnasal GIE yielded sensitivity of 94% [95% Confidence Interval, CI 88-99], specificity of 89% [81-97] as well as positive and negative predictive value of 93% and 91% respectively. A satisfactory interobserver agreement was observed for the presence of oesophageal varices (κ = 0.89) and high-risk varices (κ = 0.65). No serious adverse events were recorded; transnasal GIE was safe and significantly associated with lower rates of hypoxaemia (P < .0001) and hypotension (P < .0001) compared to conventional endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Unsedated transnasal endoscopy was safe and had an excellent accuracy and high interobserver agreement for detecting oesophageal varices and for identifying high-risk varices in cirrhotic patients.

The effectiveness of a group intervention to facilitate posttraumatic growth among women with breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This longitudinal study tested the effectiveness of a group intervention designed to facilitate posttraumatic growth (PTG). METHODS: Sample consisted of 205 women diagnosed with non-metastatic breast cancer who were either assigned to an intervention group (n = 58) or to a control group (n = 147). PTG, challenge to core beliefs, and rumination (intrusive and deliberate) were assessed at baseline (T1), at 6 months (T2), and at 12 months after baseline (T3). RESULTS: Results from the Latent Growth Modeling suggested that participants from the intervention group have higher levels of PTG. The challenge to core beliefs and the intrusive rumination have a moderator role on PTG, since group intervention is also linked to the enhancement of both variables. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in the intervention group increase PTG. Challenge to core beliefs and intrusive rumination are improved by group intervention, which to a certain extent facilitate PTG.

Desafios da Proteção a Crianças e Adolescentes Ameaçados de Morte no Brasil / Challenges of protecting children and adolescents threatened with death in Brazil / Retos en la protección de niños y adolescentes amenazados de muerte en Brasil

Este artigo apresenta reflexões sobre a atuação do Programa de Proteção a Crianças e Adolescentes Ameaçados de Morte no Estado de Minas Gerais. Tomando como referencial a Doutrina da Proteção Integral, preconizada no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, e a Metodologia do Marco Lógico (MML), recorremos à análise documental de modo a apresentar os marcos legais que orientaram a criação, o funcionamento e o desenvolvimento do Programa, assim como o perfil socioeconômico dos protegidos, cujas trajetórias de vida, marcadas por diversas formas de violações de direitos, se configuram como um grande desafio à proteção. Por outro lado, percebemos que um trabalho que encare os jovens como sujeitos de direitos permite intervenções cujos efeitos contribuem para a construção de novos projetos de vida.

This article reflects on the work of the Protection Program for Children and Adolescents who have received Death Threats in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Framed within the Doctrine of Integrated Protection, contained within the Children and Adolescents Statute, as well as the logical framework approach (LFA), the authors of the study used documentary analysis to present the juridical framework responsible for the Program's creation and operation, in addition to the socioeconomic profiles of beneficiaries of the program. The lives of these children and adolescents, marked by various forms of violations of their rights, represent a significant challenge in terms of protection work. The authors conclude that this type of project, which views young people as subjects of rights, allows interventions that contribute to the construction of new life plans for these children and adolescents.

Este artículo presenta reflexiones sobre la actuación del Programa para la Protección de Niños y Adolescentes Amenazados de Muerte en el Estado de Minas Gerais. Referenciados en la Doctrina de la Protección Integral, presente en el Estatuto de los Niños y Adolescentes, y en la Metodología del Marco Lógico (MML), empleamos el análisis documental con el fin de presentar el marco jurídico, que dirigió la creación y el funcionamiento del Programa, así como el perfil socioeconómico de los protegidos, cuyas trayectorias de vida, marcadas por diversas formas de violaciones de sus derechos, configuran un importante desafío a la protección. Por otro lado, nos damos cuenta de que un trabajo que ve a los jóvenes como sujetos de derechos permite intervenciones cuyos efectos contribuyen a la construcción de nuevos proyectos de vida.

Health needs of street market saleswomen: access, connection and welcoming as integral practices. / Necessidades de saúde das mulheres feirantes: acesso, vínculo e acolhimento como práticas de integralidade.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the health needs of street market saleswomen of the Mercado Público (Public Market) of a municipality in Northeastern Brazil. METHOD: Qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study, with fifteen saleswomen in a public market. Data production means included semi-structured interviews, April-May 2016. RESULTS: Data were analyzed using the analysis of technical content technique, from which the following theme category emerged: "Access needs to health services and professional humanized practices." The women in the study highlighted the guarantee of access, connection and welcoming as driving practices for the recognition of health needs confronting the health-disease process and comprehensive care. CONCLUSIONS: Being welcomed, identifying needs and producing a bond will contribute to these women recognizing themselves as subjects of their needs, strengthening their autonomy, empowerment and self-care.