RESUMO
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of diets containing soybean meal (SBM), soybean protein concentrate (SPC), and soybean protein isolate (SPI) on growth performance and gut function of the young turkey. A total of 812 one-day-old male turkey poults were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments, with 7 pens per treatment and 29 birds per pen. The 4 experimental diets contained SBM, SBM-SPC, SPC, and SPI and were fed throughout the two 4-wk experimental periods. In each period, the diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric and contained similar amounts of total and water-soluble nonstarch polysaccharides. The content of oligosaccharides differed among the diets and averaged 2.4, 1.9, 0.9, and 0.1% for SBM, SBM-SPC, SPC, and SPI, respectively. When compared with SBM, birds consuming the SBM-SPC and SPC diets had higher (P<0.05) final BW (4.32 vs. 4.45 and 4.46 kg, respectively). Incorporation of SPI as a substitute for SBM resulted in improved (P<0.05) feed utilization (from 1.76 to 1.67) but did not affect the final BW. Significant changes in cecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids were observed and averaged 130, 103, and 89 micromol/g of digesta for the SBM, SBM-SPC, and SPC diets, respectively. This coincided with the proportional decrease in dietary oligosaccharide content (from 2.4 to 0.9%) and was further substantiated by a significant decrease in ileum weights. Feeding the SPI diet resulted in the lowest ileal and cecal tissue weights as well as the lowest cecal short-chain fatty acids concentration. There was no effect of diet on digesta pH, viscosity, and mucosal sucrase and maltase activities. Bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity was decreased (P=0.08) in the cecum (from 0.98 to 0.60 U/g) with decreased dietary oligosaccharide content. In conclusion, partial or almost complete substitution of SBM with SPC suppressed the fermentation processes in the ceca but enhanced the growth rate. Substitution of SBM with SPI significantly improved feed utilization but decreased BW of 4-wk-old turkeys with no effect on growth rate of older 8-wk-old birds.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/fisiologia , Íleo/metabolismo , Oligossacarídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Soja/metabolismo , Perus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ração Animal , Animais , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/análise , Glucuronidase/análise , Mucosa Intestinal/enzimologia , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão/fisiologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Sacarase/análise , Perus/metabolismo , alfa-Glucosidases/análiseRESUMO
The results of studies on the content of the nitrogen basic compounds, viz. quinolizidine alkaloids, biogenic polyamines and basic amino acids in lupin seeds are presented. The investigations concerned three lupin species (Lupinus angustifolius L., Lupinus albus L. and Lupinus luteus L.) and 10 bitter and sweet cultivated varieties. Content of quinolizidine alkaloids in L. angustifolus ranged from 11.4 to 19.6 microg mg(-1) dw (bitter cultivars), from 0.18 to 0.47 microg mg(-1) dw (sweet), in L. albus from 0.58 microg mg(-1) dw (sweet) to 29.6 microg mg(-1) dw (bitter) and in L. luteus from 0.59 (sweet) to 14.7 microg mg(-1) dw (bitter). Total biogenic polyamine content ranged in L. angustifolius from 2,773.9 to 3,180.2 pmol mg(-1) dw (bitter) and from 315.0 to 599.0 pmol mg(-1) dw (sweet), in L. albus from 432.6 pmol mg(-1) dw (sweet) to 1,832.0 pmol mg(-1) dw (bitter) and in L. luteus from 506.9 pmol mg(-1) dw (sweet) to 2,091.8 pmol mg(-1) dw (bitter). Total basic amino acids varied in L. angustifolus from 1,034.3 to 1,704.6 pmol mg(-1) dw (bitter) and from 1,761.9 to 2,101.9 pmol mg(-1) dw (sweet), in L. albus from 696.9 pmol mg(-1) dw (bitter) to 1,269.2 pmol mg(-1) dw (sweet) and in L. luteus from 927.6 pmol mg(-1) dw (bitter) to 1,598.3 pmol mg(-1) dw (sweet). We found a close dependence between alkaloid content and level of biogenic polyamines and basic amino acids in all three lupin species tested. All bitter lupin seeds also contain high level of biogenic polyamines but a low content of basic amino acids. The reverse relationship in sweet lupin seeds was found. The findings demonstrate that lupin nitrogen basic compounds are in steady equilibrium and that change of content in one compound leads to corresponding change in the content of another.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/análise , Magnoliopsida/embriologia , Compostos de Nitrogênio/análise , Sementes/química , Alcaloides/química , Aminoácidos/análise , Monoaminas Biogênicas/análise , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Quinolizinas/químicaRESUMO
A simple method for the isolation and purification of alpha-galactosides, raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), from legumes has been developed. The method includes (i) imbibition of seeds, (ii) extraction with 50% ethanol, (iii) precipitation of RFOs, (iv) purification of RFOs on diatomaceous earth and charcoal, and (v) cation-exchange chromatography. The described method allows one to obtain high purity RFO preparations (90% for lentil and 80% for pea seeds, determined by HPLC-RI analysis) in the form of white, fine powder. Yields of alpha-galactosides isolated from 100 g of seeds of lentil and pea were 5.6 and 4.3 g, respectively.
Assuntos
Fabaceae/química , Galactosídeos/isolamento & purificação , Plantas Medicinais , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia por Troca Iônica , Cromatografia em Camada FinaRESUMO
Four strains of Bacillus isolated from lupine compost exhibited an antifungal activity against six plant fungal pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Trichothecium roseum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum). It was significantly influenced by the composition of the cultivation media.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Bacillus/isolamento & purificação , Bacillus/fisiologia , Animais , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Bacillus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Meios de Cultura , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Esterco/microbiologia , LobosRESUMO
The results demonstrated immunotropic activity of seeds extracts and fractions from Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus albus. Plaque forming cells (PFC) number to SRBC (sheep red blood cells) were elevated by an extract from Lupinus angustifolius and lowered by extracts from Lupinus albus. All preparations obtained from Lupinus angustifolius reduced the number of rosette forming cells (E-RFC). These preparations suppressed also the intensity of graft versus host reaction (GVHR) in case when the donors were treated. Lupinus albus extract suppressed GVH reaction when recipients were treated. Lupin extracts stimulated draining popliteal lymph nodes in PLN assay.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/imunologia , Feminino , Reação Enxerto-Hospedeiro/efeitos dos fármacos , Reação Enxerto-Hospedeiro/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Tardia/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Linfonodos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfonodos/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Formação de Roseta , Sementes/química , OvinosRESUMO
Fusarium moniliforme grown on extract obtained from lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) seeds effectively produced gibberellic acid (GA3). The extract used at the concentration of 8.3-0.41% d.w. inhibited the fungal growth. As much as 0.35-0.40 g of GA3 per liter was produced on the 2% extract. The latter medium competes effectively with other media used so far for GA3 production.
Assuntos
Fusarium/metabolismo , Giberelinas/biossíntese , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/biossíntese , Alcaloides/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos , Meios de Cultura , Fusarium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes , Extratos de TecidosRESUMO
Seed extracts obtained from Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius by treatment with 48% ethanol contained ca. 10% alkaloids (on a dry weight basis) and were non-toxic. Their acute toxicity (LD50) in the mouse is > 4000 mg kg-1 body wt. After fractionation, the extract from L. angustifolius seeds afforded several fractions with differing toxicities (LD50 750-4000 mg kg-1 body wt.). None of the fractions tested in vitro were toxic. The results obtained showed that, in spite of the alkaloids, other low-molecular-weight constituents present significantly modified the toxicity of the lupin extracts.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Sementes/química , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Células KB/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
The phenolic acids, including 4-hydroxybenzoic and 4-hydroxycinnamic acids, and their derivatives, such as 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, were isolated from bitter lupine seeds and were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These compounds inhibited lettuce seed germination in the first 24 hr after sowing, but after 72 hr germination was comparable with that of the control. However, very strong suppression of seedling growth, especially the roots, was observed for higher concentrations of the lupine seed fractions containing phenolic acids. Effects observed in the lettuce germination bioassays were compared with those produced by nine pure phenolic acids previously identified in the mixture. The ethyl acetate fraction from lupine seed extract inhibited seedling growth as effectively as pure 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, the strongest inhibitor of the pure phenolic compounds studied. The possible reason for this could be the synergistic effect created in the mixture of phenolic compounds isolated from the extract.
RESUMO
Two alternative procedures for the isolation of the elongation factor Tu from Thermus thermophilus were compared and the properties of a specifically nicked EF-Tu . GDP were examined in detail. Although the native elongation factor possessed similar catalytic activities in all reactions investigated as the protein isolated by Arai et al. [Eur. J. Biochem. 92, 509-519 and 521-531 (1978)] it could not be crystallized. The nicked EF-Tu, consisting of two associated fragments with molecular weights of 41000 and 8000 respectively, was active in binding GDP, GTP and in the formation of Phe-tRNAPhe . EF-Tu . GTP ternary complex. However, it did not promote poly(U)-dependent synthesis of polyphenylalanine on Escherichia coli ribosomes. The isolated fragment of a molecular weight of about 41000 did not bind GDP. This activity could be reconstituted with the supplement of the small 8000-Mr fragment. It is demonstrated that, in contrast to the native EF-Tu, the nicked EF-Tu forms high-molecular-weight aggregates. Cleavage of the polypeptide chain of EF-Tu from T. thermophilus stimulates the crystallization of this protein.
Assuntos
Fatores de Alongamento de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Thermus/análise , Cromatografia em Gel , Cromatografia por Troca Iônica , Guanosina Difosfato/metabolismo , Peso Molecular , Fator Tu de Elongação de Peptídeos , Fatores de Alongamento de Peptídeos/isolamento & purificação , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , TripsinaRESUMO
The reaction of Lupinus luteus tRNAPhe with 1 M chloroacetaldehyde in the pH range of 4 - 6 at 25 degrees C was studied. It was found that earlier difficulties lowering the utility of the reagent for structural studies of nucleic acids were caused by the formation of the stable reaction intermediates. In order to eliminate these difficulties the simple procedure of so-called maturation of the chloroacetaldehyde-modifies tRNA is proposed. It consists in further incubation of the short-term modified tRNA in water at 50 degrees C in the absence of the reagent. During the maturation step the stable intermediates are quantitatively converted into final ethenoderivatives. New HPLC conditions on Aminex A-6 were worked out which enable rapid separation of both ethenoadenosine and ethenocytidine from natural tRNA nucleosides.
Assuntos
Acetaldeído/análogos & derivados , Adenina/análise , Citosina/análise , Aminoacil-RNA de Transferência , RNA de Transferência , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Cinética , PlantasAssuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/análise , Escherichia coli/análise , Elongação Traducional da Cadeia Peptídica , Fatores de Alongamento de Peptídeos/análise , Aminoácidos/análise , Escherichia coli/genética , Genes Bacterianos , Fatores de Alongamento de Peptídeos/genética , RNA de Transferência/genéticaRESUMO
The nucleotide sequence of tRNAPhe of yellow lupin seeds (Lupinus luteus) is deduced from the composition of pancreatic and T1 ribonuclease digestion products and compared with tRNAPhe of wheat germ. Major lupin tRNAPhe, unlike pea tRNAPhe, differs from wheat germ tRNAPhe in the first base pair of stem TpsiC ("e").