[Differential diagnosis of paroxysms of tonic muscle tension in children of early age with delay of psychomotor development and abnormal neurologic status]. / Differentsial'naia diagnostika paroksizmov tonicheskogo napriazheniia myshts épilepticheskoi i neépilepticheskoi prirody u detei rannego vozrasta s zaderzhkoi psikhomotornogo razvitiia i ochagovymi nevrologicheskimi simptomami.

AIM: To study neurologic status, results of video-EEG monitoring and magnetic resonance imaging in children under 3 years old with paroxysms of tonic muscle tension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and forty-six infants and young children with motor disturbances and different variants of clinically similar epileptic seizures, hyperkinesis and stereotypes were examined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cerebral palsy (91%), genetic and chromosomal abnormalities (6%), brain malformations (2%) were identified. Neurological status was characterized by pseudobulbar syndrome (100% of cases), hemiparesis (1%), tetraparesis (81%), diffuse muscular hypotonia (18%), intellectual and speech development delay (76%), autistic behavior (16%). During the prolong video-EEG monitoring, paroxysmal tonic muscle tensions were recorded in all patients: epileptic seizures were observed in 113 patients (77.40%), non-epileptic paroxysms in 51 (34.93%). The combination of epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysms was observed in 18 patients (12.33%). In 4 patients (2.75%), it was not possible to determine the genesis of paroxysms even during the prolong video-EEG-monitoring because of myographic artefacts. Five clinical and electroencephalographic combinations of dystonic attacks, epileptic seizures and epileptiform activity were identified. These data allow improving the diagnosis of epilepsy and avoiding unnecessary treatment with antiepileptic drugs. Our study has shown a high diagnostic value of video-EEG monitoring with the inclusion of sleep in patients with paroxysmal conditions in infancy and early childhood.

[Epileptic syndromes in childhood associated with secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures]. / Épilepticheskie sindromy v detskom vozraste, assotsiirovannye s vtorichno-generalizovannymi sudorozhnymi pristupami.

AIM: To study a group of patients with secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (SGTCS) in view of nosology, medical history, clinical, electroencephalographic and neuroimaging features. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 471 patients, 244 (51.8%) men and 227 (48.2%) women. RESULTS: SGTCS were observed in many epileptic syndromes. The most frequent were symptomatic focal epilepsy (33.8%), cryptogenic focal epilepsy (23.8%), rolandic epilepsy (12.6%), FEBL-BEDC syndrome (12.3%). Other forms of epilepsy were less frequent. The onset of epilepsy ranged over a wide age range from the first month of life to 18 years. The average age of onset was 5.7±4.96 years. SGTCS as the only type of paroxysms were observed in 28.3% of cases. Two or more types of seizures were observed in 71.7% of patients, three or more types in 39.3%. Epileptiform activity on EEG during long VEM was detected in 91.3% of patients with SGTCS. In 37.2% of patients, benign epileptiform discharges of childhood were recorded. Treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEP) led to complete remission in 57.1% of cases of epilepsy associated with SGTCS. A reduction of the frequency of seizures by 50% or more was found in 33.6% of patients treated with AEP. No effect was observed in 9.3% of patients. CONCLUSION: Significant differences in the prognosis and therapeutic approaches to specific epileptic syndromes associated with SGTCS necessitate the use of the entire spectrum of diagnostic measures, which should include careful history taking, clinical examination, video-EEG monitoring with the inclusion of sleep dynamics, MRI / CT brain, genetic testing.

[The possibility of using music therapy in neurology on the example of multiple sclerosis]. / Vozmozhnost' ispol'zovaniya muzykoterapii v nevrologii na primere rasseyannogo skleroza.

Currently music therapy plays an important role in the drug-free treatment and rehabilitation of children and adults with acute and chronic neurological and somatic diseases including demyelinating diseases. Existing studies show the effectiveness of music therapy in the improvement of social skills, cognitive function and sleep as well as in the reduction in the severity of depression, anxiety and pain in patients with multiple sclerosis.