Synergy of Front-Surface Energy-Level Gradient and Lattice Anchoring Effect for Enhancing Perovskite Solar Cell Performance.

A front surface gradient of the absorber valence band can effectively reduce the open-circuit voltage (VOC ) loss of perovskite solar cells by suppressing the minority carrier concentration near the front surface. However, the existing method is limited to the one-step fabrication process, resulting in underachieved photon harvesting and power conversion efficiency (PCE). To solve the problem, ZnCd-based alloy quantum dots (QDs) are utilized to create a valence-band-maximum gradient at the front surface of a two-step processed FAPbI3 absorber. This design significantly enhances VOC without requiring surface passivation. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that reducing the QD-perovskite lattice mismatch while maintaining QD's energy levels mitigates nonradiative recombination without compromising the front surface gradient effect. As a result, normal-structured perovskite solar cells achieve a VOC equivalent to 93% of the Schockley-Queisser limit and a PCE of 24.37%.

Understanding green loyalty: A literature review based on bibliometric-content analysis.

Green loyalty is a crucial factor that influences consumers' purchase intentions and is essential for the sustainable development of ecological environments. However, research on this topic is still scattered, and exploring the research hotspots and trends of green loyalty is vital for future studies. This systematic literature review clarified the conceptual content, structure, and measurement of green loyalty. Additionally, the study conducted a bibliometric analysis of 236 articles on green loyalty from 2002 to 2022 in the Web of Science database. The content analysis revealed the theoretical basis, antecedent and outcome variables, and mechanisms of green loyalty, providing important guidance for future research.

Topology Abstraction-Based Routing Scheme for Secret-Key Provisioning in Hybrid GEO/LEO Quantum Satellite Networks.

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a promising technique to resist the threat against quantum computers. However, the high loss of quantum signals over a long-distance optical fiber is an obstacle for QKD in the intercontinental domain. In this context, the quantum satellite network is preferred over the terrestrial quantum optical network. Due to the mobility of satellites, the satellite topology is dynamic in the quantum satellite network, which remains a challenge for routing. In hybrid geostationary-earth-orbit (GEO)/low-earth-orbit (LEO) quantum satellite networks, the lack of an efficient scheduling scheme for GEO/LEO satellites also limits the construction of quantum satellite networks. Therefore, this paper provides a topology abstraction-based routing scheme for secret-key provisioning, where the dynamic physical topology is translated into a quasi-static abstracted topology. This scheme contributes to saving the precious secret key resources. In order to improve the success probability of long-distance QKD requests, three novel resource-scheduling heuristic algorithms are proposed in hybrid GEO/LEO quantum satellite networks. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithms can improve the success probability of QKD requests by 47% compared to the benchmark.

Effect of medical researchers' creative performance on scientific misconduct: a moral psychology perspective.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, some researchers have engaged in scientific misconduct such as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism to achieve higher research performance. Considering their detrimental effects on individuals' health status (e.g., patients, etc.) and extensive financial costs levied upon healthcare systems, such wrongdoings have even more salience in medical sciences. However, there has been little discussion on the possible influence of medical researchers' existing creative performance on scientific misconduct, and the moral psychological mechanisms underlying those effects are still poorly understood. METHODS: We build a moderated mediation model to test how medical researchers' creative performance affects their scientific misconduct and explore the role of moral licensing and moral identity in this process. Based on situational experiments and projection techniques, 287 medical researchers in China participated in a survey. RESULTS: Medical researchers' creative performance positively relates to scientific misconduct, and moral licensing plays a mediating role in the relationship between them. In addition, moral identity has a negative moderating effect on the mediating effect of moral licensing on creative performance and scientific misconduct. CONCLUSION: Moral licensing plays a fully mediating role in the relationship between creative performance and scientific misconduct. And moral identity negatively moderates the indirect effect of creative performance on scientific misconduct through moral licensing. The findings provide theoretical and practical implications for the prevention of medical researchers' scientific misconduct.

Direct Observation of the Charge Transfer States from a Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cell with a Small Driving Force.

For organic solar cells (OSCs), the charge generation mechanism and the recombination loss are heavily linked with charge transfer states (CTS). Measuring the energy of CTS (ECT) by the most widely used technique, however, has become challenging for the non-fullerene-based OSCs with a small driving force, resulting in difficulty in the understanding of OSC physics. Herein, we present a study of the PM6:Y6 bulk heterojunction. It is demonstrated that electro-absorption can not only reveal the dipolar nature of Y6 but also resolve the morphology-dependent absorption signal of CTS in the sub-bandgap region. The device with the optimum blending weight ratio shows an ECT of 1.27 eV, which is confirmed by independent measurements. Because of the charge transfer characteristics of Y6, the charge generation at PM6:Y6 interfaces occurs efficiently under a small but non-negligible driving force of 0.14 eV, and the total recombination loss is as low as 0.43 eV.

Origin of Subthreshold Turn-On in Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes.

The subthreshold (or sub-bandgap) turn-on for electroluminescence is one of the most discussed, but often misinterpreted, phenomena for solution-processed quantum-dot light-emitting diodes. Here, multiple techniques are applied to show that the phenomenon can be readily explained using the fundamental rules of carrier injection and transport. Evident from temperature dependent photovoltage measurements, it is found that the energy up-conversion originating from the decay of charge transfer excitons is not responsible for the subthreshold turn-on. Further analysis using electroabsorption reveals that the turn-on voltage of electroluminescence consistently correlates with the flat-band voltage of the emission layer. Under such subthreshold bias, although the device current is still limited by the depleted hole-transporting layer, field-assisted carrier injection starts to provide enough electrons and holes for detectable radiative recombination, thereby enabling distinct subthreshold turn-on.