Control effect of root exudates from mycorrhizal watermelon seedlings on Fusarium wilt and the bacterial community in continuously cropped soil.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is susceptible to wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp niveum (FON). AMF colonization alleviates watermelon wilt and regulates the composition of root exudates, but the effects of mycorrhizal watermelon root exudates on watermelon Fusarium wilt is not well understood. Root exudates of watermelon inoculated with AMF (Funeliformis mosseae or Glomus versiformme) were collected in this study. Then the root exudates of control plants and mycorrhizal plants were used to irrigate watermelon in continuous cropping soil, respectively. Meanwhile, the watermelon growth, antioxidant enzyme activity, rhizosphere soil enzyme activities and bacterial community composition, as well as the control effect on FON were analyzed. The results indicated that mycorrhizal watermelon root exudates promoted the growth of watermelon seedlings and increased soil enzyme activities, actinomyces, and the quantity of bacteria in rhizosphere soil. The proportion of Proteobacteria and Bacteroides was decreased, and the proportion of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi in rhizosphere soil was increased when the seedlings were watered with high concentrations of mycorrhizal root exudates. The dominant bacterial genera in rhizosphere soil were Kaistobacter, Rhodanobacter, Thermomonas, Devosia, and Bacillus. The root exudates of mycorrhizal watermelon could reduce the disease index of Fusarium wilt by 6.7-30%, and five ml/L of watermelon root exudates inoculated with F. mosseae had the strongest inhibitory effect on watermelon Fusarium wilt. Our results suggest mycorrhizal watermelon root exudates changed the composition of bacteria and soil enzyme activities in rhizosphere soil, which increase the resistance of watermelon to Fusarium wilt and promoted the growth of plants in continuous cropping soil.

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on microorganism of phenanthrene and pyrene contaminated soils.

A pot experiment was performed to investigate the effect of phytoremediation (CK, using tall fescue), fungi remediation (GV, using Glomus versiforme), bacterial remediation (PS, using Pseudomonas fluorescens Ps2-6), and microbial-phytoremediation (GVPS, using three species) on removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the microbial diversity in soils. Inoculation with G. versiforme and P. fluorescens could increase the biomass of tall fescue and the accumulation of phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) in plants. Among them, the highest PHE and PYR removal efficiencies and highest biomass of tall fescue were observed in the GVPS treatment and the microbial diversity in contaminated soil was changed, the result revealed that Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were the dominant bacterial phylum and fungal phylum in all treatments, while more Proteobacteria were detected in GVPS treatment. At the genus level, the abundance of Sphingomonas (3.17%), Pseudomonas (2.05%), and Fusarium (8.65%) treated with GVPS increased compared with other treatments. These pieces of evidence contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the combined microbial-phytoremediation strategies for PAHs-contaminated soils, especially the effects of microbial-phytoremediation on rhizosphere microbial diversity.

Inoculation with G. versiforme and P. fluorescens could increase PHE and PYR removal efficiencies, the biomass of tall fescue, microbial diversity, and the abundance of Proteobacteria, Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, and Fusarium in (PHE + PYR)-contaminated soils.

[Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance cadmium uptake of wetland plants in contaminated water]. / ä¸›æžèŒæ ¹çœŸèŒä¿ƒè¿›æ¹¿åœ°æ¤ç‰©å¯¹æ±¡æŸ“æ°´ä½“ä¸­é•‰çš„å¸æ”¶.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in plant growth enhancement, tolerance to heavy metal toxicity, and rehabilitation of contaminated ecosystems. An experiment was carried out with Phragmites communis and Pennisetum alopecuroides inoculated with or without Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), or Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri) under the simulated wetland system with Cd polluted water (0, 5, 10 or 20 mg·L-1). The results showed that Cd addition significantly decreased mycorrhizal colonization. AMF increased plant height, dry mass, leaf chlorophyll, N and Cd contents in shoot and root of P. communis and P. alopecuroides, enhanced Cd enrichment capability by roots, and decreased Cd transfer coefficient. Under Cd 5 mg·L-1 treatment, all of the indices in Fm + P. communis combination treatment were higher than those of other treatments, with 60.6% of AMF colonization, and the entry points and vesicles per mm root length were 2.3 and 3.7, respectively. Under the inoculation treatment, dry mass of shoot and root was improved by 69.1%, and 75.0%, nitrogen contents in shoot and root were increased by 38.7% and 27.8%, and the chlorophyll content and plant height were increased by 3.8% and 11.1%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between Cd concentration in wetland system and Cd content in shoot and root. Under Cd 20 mg·L-1 treatment, Fm + P. communis combination had the maximum Cd contents of 182.4 mg·kg-1 and 663.3 mg·kg-1 in shoot and root, respectively, the lowest Cd transfer coefficient (0.27), and the highest enrichment coefficient (0.55). In conclusion, Fm + P. communis was the best combination for absorbing Cd in polluted water.

[Characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and functions in saline-alkali land].

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, widely distributing in various terrestrial ecosys- tems, are one of the important functional biotic components in soil habitats and play a vital role in improving soil evolution, maintaining soil health and sustainable productivity. Saline-alkali soil is a special habitat affecting plant growth and grain yield. Under the influence of a series of factors, such as human activities on the nature, S and N deposition, ozone, greenhouse effect, climate anomalies, and alien species invasions etc., soil salinization, biodiversity and functions of saline farmlands may be greatly affected, which could consequently influence agricultural production and the sustainable development of ecosystems. Followed by an introduction of the changing characteristics of saline soil area and the secondary salinization under the background of global changes, the present review mainly discussed the changing features of diversity and functions of AM fungi in saline habitats, summarized the factors influencing AM fungal diversity and functions, and the factors' changing characters under the global changes, in order to provide new ideas and ways in further elucidating the position, role and function of AM fungi in saline soil, and in strengthening saline farmland remediation in response to global changes.

[Interactions between invasive plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a review].

The invasion of invasive plants changes the biological community structure in their invaded lands, leading to the biodiversity loss. As an important component of soil microorganisms in terrestrial ecosystem, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can affect the growth performance of invasive plants. This kind of specific relations between AM fungi and invasive plants also implies that AM fungi can affect plant invasion. On the other hand, the invasion of invasive plants can affect the community structure and function of AM fungi. This paper summarized the species and harms of invasive plants in China, and discussed the relationships between AM fungi and invasive plants invasion, including the roles of AM fungi in the processes of invasive plants invasion, the effects of the invasion on AM fungi, and the interactive mechanisms between the invasion and AM fungi.

[Effects of different peony cultivars on community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in rhizosphere soil].

This paper studied the community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the rhizosphere soil of different peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) cultivars grown in Zhaolou Peony Garden of Heze in Shandong Province. A number of parameters describing this community structure, e. g., spore density, species- and genera composition, species richness, distribution frequency, species diversity indices, and Sorenson's similarity coefficient, were examined. The species- and genera composition, species richness, and distribution frequency of AM fungi in rhizosphere soil varied with planted peony cultivars. A total of 10 AM fungal species were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of cultivars 'Fengdan' and 'Zhaofen', 9 species from the rhizosphere soil of 'Wulong pengsheng' and 'Luoyang red', and 8 species from the rhizosphere soil of 'Hu red'. The spore density was the highest (59 per 50 g soil) in the rhizosphere soil of 'Fengdan', but the lowest (47 per 50 g soil) in the rhizosphere soil of 'Hu red'; the species diversity index was the highest (1.89) in the rhizosphere soil of 'Zhaofen', but the lowest (1.71) in the rhizosphere soil of 'Hu red'; and the mycorrhizal colonization rate was the highest (63.6%) in rhizosphere soil of 'Fengdan' and 'Hu red', but the lowest (52.7%) in the rhizosphere soil of 'Wulong pengsheng'. The Sorenson's similarity coefficient of AM fungal species composition in the rhizosphere soil among the test cultivars ranged from 0.71 to 0.95, being the highest between 'Wulong pengsheng' and 'Fengdan', and the lowest between 'Luoyang red' and 'Hu red'. It was concluded that the gene type of peony could change the community structure of AM fungi in rhizosphere soil.