Mycena subpiligera sp. nov., a Symbiotic Species from China Associated with the Seed Germination of Gastrodia elata

Mycena subpiligera, a new taxon in sect. Fragilipedes that can strongly enhance the germination efficiency of Gastrodia elata seeds, was discovered in subtropical areas of China. As revealed by a morphological comparison with related Mycena species as well as maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) regions of nuclear ribosomal RNA, the new taxon can be distinguished from phenotypically similar and phylogenetically related species. Optimal cultural conditions for M. subpiligera basidiomata are reported, and the germination rate of the new species is compared with that of M. citrinomarginata.

Community composition and diversity of endophytic fungi from roots of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum in forest of Upper-north mountain of Qinghai province / 中国中药杂志

High throughput sequencing technology is also called Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), which can sequence hundreds and thousands sequences in different samples at the same time. In the present study, the culture-independent high throughput sequencing technology was applied to sequence the fungi metagenomic DNA of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1(ITS 1) in the root of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum. Sequencing data suggested that after the quality control, 22 565 reads were remained. Cluster similarity analysis was done based on 97% sequence similarity, which obtained 517 OTUs for the three samples (LD1, LD2 and LD3). All the fungi which identified from all the reads of OTUs based on 0.8 classification thresholds using the software of RDP classifier were classified as 13 classes, 35 orders, 44 family, 55 genera. Among these genera, the genus of Tetracladium was the dominant genera in all samples(35.49%, 68.55% and 12.96%).The Shannon's diversity indices and the Simpson indices of the endophytic fungi in the samples ranged from 1.75-2.92, 0.11-0.32, respectively.This is the first time for applying high through put sequencing technol-ogyto analyze the community composition and diversity of endophytic fungi in the medicinal plant, and the results showed that there were hyper diver sity and high community composition complexity of endophytic fungi in the root of S. hexandrum. It is also proved that the high through put sequencing technology has great advantage for analyzing ecommunity composition and diversity of endophtye in the plant.

ITS sequences variation and phylogenetic analysis on 31 geographical populations of Notopterygium incisum / 中国中药杂志

In this study, 31 Notopterygium incisum populations were analyzed using ITS sequences to investigate the genetic structure. The results showed that: the ITS region ranged in size from 634 to 635 bp and base composition was with high G + C content of 57.8%. Thirty-one polymorphic sites were detected from 402 sequences of 31 populations of N. incisum, and the proportion of polymorphic sites was 4.88%, in which parsimony informative sites were up to 12. And 31 haplotypes were identified based on these polymorphic sites. Molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) indicated that high genetic differentiation (57%) existed among population, and gene flow was low (N(m) = 0.38) among populations. Phylogenetic relationships of 31 haplotypes were analyzed using NJ method with N. forbesiias an out-group. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 31 haplotypes from different populations mixed together and did not form distinct geographically separated clades.

Dynamic study on two lignans contents in different parts of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum / 中国中药杂志

The contents of two lignans, namely 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin and podophyllotoxin in cultivated and wild Sinopodophyllum hexandrum plants were extracted by ultrasonicaction and determined by HPLC. According to the result showed, the order of parts of cultivated plants containing 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin from high to low is as follows: stem > root, no 4'-demethypodophyllotoxin was detected in leaves of cultivated plants; The order of parts of wild plants 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin from high to low is as follows: lateral root > petiole > rhizome > leaf, no 4'-demethypodophyllotoxin was detected in fruit. The order of parts of cultivated and wild S. hexandrum containing podophyllotoxin from high to low is as follows: root > petiole > leaf ( > fruit). Both of the lignan contents in different parts of cultivated plant varied in a " W" curve with the changes in seasons, with the highest content in July.

Moderate and severe sudden deafness treated with low-energy laser irradiation combined with auricular acupoint sticking / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To test the therapeutic effect on moderate and severe sudden deafness treated with low-energy laser irradiation on acupoint and external auditory canal combined with auricular point sticking (APS) and as compared with electroacupuncture.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two hundred and fifty-eight cases of moderate and severe sudden hearing loss were randomly divided into an observation group 1, an observation group 2 and a control group, 86 cases in each group. In three groups, 10% low molecular Dextran 500 mL were used for intravenous infusion. Based on the above treatment, the observation group 1 was treated with low-energy laser irradiation on acupoint and external auditory canal (such as Ermen (TE 21), Tinggong (SI 19) and Tinghui (GB 2)), combined with APS at Gan (liver), Shen (kidney) and Neifenmi (endorine), etc. The observation group 2 was treated with electroacupuncture at the same acupoints as those point irradiation in observation group 1. Fifteen days made one session. The therapeutic effects were evaluated after one and two sessions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After two sessions, The cured rate was 40.7% (35/86) in observation group 1 and 38.4% (33/86) in observation group 2,which were superior to 25.6% (22/86) in control group (both P < 0.05). Compared with one session, the therapeutic effects after two sessions were better in two observation groups (both P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between two groups (both P > 0.05). In comparison of the improvements of frequency audiometry and auditory function, the two observation groups were better than those in control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and the improvements after two sessions were better in two observation groups (both P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Both of low-energy laser irradiation on acupoint and external auditory canal combined with APS and electroacupuncture are able to decrease frequency audiometry, improve auditory function, and the therapeutic effects are better with prolongation of treatment time. The clinical efficacy of above two the rapies on moderate and severe sudden deafness is superior remarkably to that of conventional treatment. The therapy of low-energy laser irradiation on acupoint and external auditory canal combined with APS can replace the electroacupuncture therapy in treating moderate and severe sudden deafness.</p>

rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis of Craterellus tubaeformis from North America and Europe.

The basidiomycete Craterellus tubaeformis (Fries) Quélet is an important widespread ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete found in the Northern Hemisphere. In this study, 12 samples of C. tubaeformis from North America and Europe were analyzed using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences to reveal the correlation between ITS genotypes and geographic locations and to provide molecular evidence for the identification of C. tubaeformis from different habitats in North America and Europe. The analyses identified abundant sequence variations within C. tubaeformis. The length of the ITS region varied from 571 to 640 bp. The proportion of variable sites was 17.6%, and the proportion of parsimony information sites was 16.7%. Phylogenetic analysis showed some correlations between the ITS genotypes and geographic locations of C. tubaeformis; however, some discrepancies between geographical location and affinity were also found. The results indicated that C. tubaeformis from different habitats in North America and Europe underwent genetic drifting and evolved into 2 different species. nrDNA ITS could be a good markers for distinguishing among C. tubaeformis from different habitats, but rational affinity should be determined by associating the available ITS data with other information sources.

Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with auricular acupoint sticking for treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the therapeutic effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) combined with auricular acupoint sticking (AAS) for treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two hundred and fifty cases of PNE patients were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 125 cases in each group. Two groups were treated on basis of the routine treatment, the observation group was treated with TEAS at Zhongji (CV 3), Qihai (CV 6) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) etc. combined with AAS at Xin (heart), Shen (kidney), and Jiaogan (sympathytic) etc., once each day, 15 days constituting one course, an interval of 5 days between two courses, the therapeutic effect was evaluated after 3 courses of continuous treatment. The control group was treated with oral administration of Desmopressin Acetate (DA) and Meclofenoxate, the therapeutic effect was evaluated after 2 months of continuous treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total effective rate of 96.8% (121/125) in observation group was superior to that of 90.4% (113/125) in control group (P < 0.05), the observation group was superior to control group in reducing the times of nocturia and enuresis, onset time and duration of effect (all P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TEAS combined with AAS can reduce the times of nocturia and enuresis of PNE children, with significant therapeutic effect, taking quick effect and keeping long effect duration.</p>

Clinical observation on transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation for treatment of functional dyspepsia / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the therapeutic effects of transcutaneous electrical point stimulation and medication on functional dyspepsia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two hundred and fifty cases were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 125 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation and oral administration of placebo, transcutaneous electrical stimulated at Zusanli (ST 36), Liangmen (ST 21), Taichong (LR 3) etc. The control group was treated with oral administration of Mosapride citrate dispersible tablets, Domperidone and Omeprazole and the placebo treatment of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation, the stimulated position was 3-4 cm to the selected points of the observation group, the amount of the stimulation did not reach the treatment amount. The symptom score, the plasma motilin (MTL) concentration and the somatostatin (SS) concentration were observed before and after treatment of 3 courses.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All symptom scores after treatment were lower than that before treatment in the two groups, the scores of the upper abdominal pain, acid regurgitation, belching and abdominal distention in the observation group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01); the treatments of both two groups can increase the plasma MTL concentration and decrease the SS concentration (both P < 0.001), and the plasma MTL concentration in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01), and the SS concentration was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Transcutaneous electrical point stimulation can more reduce the symptoms of upper abdominal pain, acid regurgitation, belching and abdominal distention, etc. in the functional dyspepsia patients than medication treatment, and can increase the concentration of the plasma MTL and decrease the SS concentration, thus to improve the gastrointestinal motility.</p>

Observation on therapeutic effect of low energy He-Ne laser acupoint radiation on infantile cold / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To search for an effective therapy for infantile cold.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two hundred and fifty-five cases were randomly divided into a laser group (n = 130) and a medication group (n = 125). The laser group were treated with lower energy He-Ne laser radiation at Tiantu (CV 22), Renying (ST 9), Dazhui (CV 14), Fengmen (BL 12), etc. and the medication group were treated mainly with oral administration of Amantadine tablets. The therapeutic effect was assessed after treatment of 5 days.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The laser group in alleviation of cough, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, sputum sound were significantly better than the medication group (P < 0.001, P < 0.01); the cured rate was 68.5% in the laser group and 42.4% in the medication group, the former being better than the latter (P < 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The low energy He-Ne laser acupoint radiation has a significant therapeutic effect on infantile cold.</p>