Understanding the treatment paradigm and the sequencing of antiglaucoma fixed-dose combinations in a tertiary center in South India.

PURPOSE: To analyze the medical management of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT) and the placement of fixed-drug combination drugs (FDC) in the treatment paradigm at a tertiary eye care center in South India. METHODS: Retrospective study (January 2011-December 2015) of newly diagnosed POAG and OHT patients (≥18 years) with ≥5 years follow-up. Primary outcome included percentage use of different antiglaucoma drugs (at initiation) and FDCs at the first, second, and third progression (sequencing). Secondary outcomes: Percentage discontinuation for different FDCs, efficacy parameters (decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP)/visual field), adverse events, and the median number of antiglaucoma medications (AGMs) after 5 years. RESULTS: Three hundred and seventy eyes (198 patients) were analyzed; 84% of them had POAG. Prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) were the most common (66.2%). FDCs were started in 48 eyes (12.9%), with brimonidine + timolol combination being the most common. FDC usage at subsequent modifications was 10.1%, 24.04%, and 30.0%. Beta-blockers and PGAs were the most frequently prescribed AGMs in our practice pattern, with b-blockers being the most consistent one. CONCLUSION: This study is a fairly large study with a minimum of a 5-year follow-up of patients with POAG and OHT and gives insights into the treatment patterns, use of FDCs, and the need for multiple medications over time.

Emerging antimicrobial resistance and need for antimicrobial stewardship for ocular infections in India: A narrative review.

Patients with ocular infections are at increased risk of vision impairment and may require immediate medical care to preserve their vision. Management of ocular bacterial infections has evolved in recent years and includes a pragmatic selection of broad-spectrum antibiotics based on the causative bacteria. Nevertheless, the treatment of bacterial ocular infections is increasingly becoming a challenge, as the causative bacterium acquires resistance to antibiotics through intrinsic and acquired methods. From an Indian perspective, along with the challenges of antibiotic resistance, there are other factors such as lack of knowledge on epidemiology, and lack of data on local susceptibility patterns of ocular pathogens that have significant impact on the management of ocular infections. This narrative review summarizes the available knowledge on prescribing antibiotics for five common ocular infections in India. It further highlights the significance of the understanding of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns across India as a cornerstone to promote rational use of ocular antibiotics. This review indicates that large-scale antimicrobial resistance surveillance studies can facilitate the synchronization of ophthalmic antimicrobial prescription policies with local antibiotic resistance patterns. Further, establishment of an antimicrobial stewardship program in ophthalmology can potentially increase the efficacy of diagnostic tools, and implement earlier adoption of effective antibiotics. Overall, this review provides consolidated information and key considerations for treatment decision-making of common ocular infections in India.

Association of statin induced reduction in serum coenzyme Q10 level and conduction deficits in motor and sensory nerves: An observational cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The reduction of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) levels following statin use has been linked to cause peripheral neuropathy. Hence, this study was planned to explore the effect of statin on the serum HMGCR (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase), serum CoQ10 levels and nerve conduction and their correlation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In an open labelled, cross-sectional, observational study, estimation of serum HMGCR and CoQ10 levels was performed in 50 atorvastatin/rosuvastatin users and 50 normal healthy volunteers (NHV). Statin users were also subjected to nerve conduction studies (NCS). RESULTS: Mean serum HMGCR level in NHV was higher (73.58 ± 7.64 ng/ml; p = 0.003) than that in statin users (49.11 ± 1.98 ng/ml). Similarly, mean serum CoQ10 levels was also lower (30.54 ± 2.03 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) in statin users than in NHV (49.43 ± 3.23 ng/ml). Amongst the 50 statin users, 29 had impaired NCS in sural, tibial and common peroneal nerve with lower mean serum CoQ10 levels (24.05 ± 1.96 ng/ml; p < 0.0001). Significant negative correlation was observed between onset time of action potential (AP) of the sural nerve and serum CoQ10 (r=-0.32) and HMGCR (r=-0.43) levels. There was significant positive correlation of conduction velocity of sural (r = 0.38) and tibial (r = 0.31) nerves with serum CoQ10 level. While conduction velocity in sural (r = 0.37) and common peroneal (r = 0.34) nerves positively correlated with serum HMGCR levels. The amplitude of the AP of the common peroneal nerve positively correlated with both serum CoQ10 (r = 0.52) and HMGCR (r = 0.46) levels. CONCLUSION: Statin users had lower serum CoQ10 and HMGCR levels associated with nerve conduction deficits suggesting a role of CoQ10 in the occurrence of the neurological adverse effects.