Transfusion Camp: The UK experience and its value in improving knowledge of transfusion medicine among postgraduate trainees.

OBJECTIVES: To report the UK experience of rolling out Transfusion Camp. BACKGROUND: Transfusion Camp is a structured education programme developed in Toronto, with the aim of reducing knowledge gaps in transfusion medicine in postgraduate trainees. It consists of didactic lectures viewed online by the participants, then interactive, locally delivered seminars. Since 2015, it has been rolled out in the United Kingdom, and is now available in four centres. Here, we report the UK experience of Transfusion Camp and outcomes. METHODS: Trainees are recruited via the training programme directors in each region. Pre- and post-course assessments are administered using the validated BEST (Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion) test, with possible scores 0-20, and confidence measured on an A-E Likert scale. RESULTS: Since 2015, 130 trainees have participated in Transfusion Camp in the United Kingdom. Trainees from all specialties significantly improved their BEST-test scores after attending the course (mean score 11.6/20 before the course, compared with 14.3/20 after the course), and confidence in managing transfusion-related issues was also significantly improved. CONCLUSION: We recommend that all centres consider offering Transfusion Camp to trainees in haematology and other specialties that frequently use blood transfusions, such as anaesthesia/ICU, Internal Medicine and others.

Do working and living conditions influence brick-kiln productivity? Evidence from Nepal.

The brick-kiln (BK) sector in Nepal is largely an informal sector. This study investigated the influence of working and living conditions (WLCs) in BKs on productivity at two levels - BK level and workers' level - using primary data collected from 781 workers and 80 BK entrepreneurs in 12 districts of Nepal. WLCs were assessed based on the provision of nine amenities to workers at BKs. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that WLCs have a positive influence on both BK level as well as workers' level productivity. Moreover, large BKs with better investment in zig-zag technology and mechanization are more likely to spend on improving WLCs than small BKs, who are reluctant to invest in WLCs due mainly to a lack of financial resources. The study suggests an integrated approach emphasizing equally improved WLCs and cleaner technology in the BK sector to transform it into a healthier and socio-environmentally responsible industry.

Sickle cell disease patients in two London trusts: Genotyping including RH variants.

BACKGROUND: All SCD patients need extended RBC antigen typing (by serology or genotyping) for provision of extended RH, K matched blood and to guide RBC selection in those with complex transfusion requirements. Genotyping can also identify RH variants which can cause sensitisation even when extended RH phenotypically matched blood is provided and alloantibodies associated with RH variants can cause HTRs. OBJECTIVES: To review the use of RBC genotyping in SCD patients at two London trusts (ICHNT, LNWH) with a focus on RH variants. METHODS: Retrospective review with data collected from clinical notes, local and national pathology reporting systems. RESULTS: A 311/482 (64%) ICHNT patients and 181/346 (52%) LNWH patients had extended genotyping. Of genotyped patients, 68 (22%) ICHNT and 31 (17%) LNWH patients had RH variants. Eight ICHNT patients had RH variants and corresponding antibodies associated with RH variants; 4/8 received multiple transfusions with antigen positive RBCs but had no evidence of haemolysis. One LNWH patient had a RH variant with corresponding alloantibody but could not be investigated further for possible HTR. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients (59%) had genotyping and a significant number had RH variants (99, 20%). A small proportion (9, 9%) had antibodies associated with RH variants, but with no evidence of clinically significant HTRs despite transfusions in four of them with antigen positive RBCs. All SCD patients should have RBC genotyping including RH variants (preferentially over extended phenotyping) to guide better selection of RBC units. However, where antigen negative blood cannot be provided, the risk of alloimmunisation is not inevitable and subsequent HTRs from antibodies associated with RH variants might not always occur.

Forgotten Contributors in the Brick Sector in Nepal.

Brick making in Nepal is an informal sector that is still highly labor intensive. It employs transient workers who are extremely marginalized and exposed to poor working and living conditions. This study assesses the working and living conditions of male and female brick workers and their children and looks to address the main issues and challenges to promote decent living and working conditions in the brick factories through action research. A rapid needs assessment was conducted to take stock of the working and living conditions of male and female workers across five provinces in Nepal. Subsequently, selected pilot interventions through stakeholder consultations were initiated to address these issues and challenges. There are a host of challenges faced by these workers in the factories, with the main issues being occupational health and safety and childcare/education for workers' children. The study suggests that the working and living conditions of the workers can be improved by incentivizing the brick entrepreneurs to invest in them, thus creating a more productive workforce. Moreover, the findings from the pilot interventions can help in the design of effective solutions.

Efficacy and safety of prothrombin complex concentrate in patients treated with rivaroxaban or apixaban compared to warfarin presenting with major bleeding.

This retrospective study investigated the efficacy and safety of prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) for management of major bleeding events (MBE) in 344 patients receiving the anticoagulants rivaroxaban, apixaban or warfarin during the period January 2016 to April 2018. Median (range) PCC dose was 2000 units (1000-4500). Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) was the most common indication (137/344, 39·8%) for PCC use followed by gastrointestinal bleeding (93/344, 27%). ICH patients more frequently received rivaroxaban (62·5%) or apixaban (52·5%) compared to warfarin (34·5%), P = 0·002; and visceral bleeding patients received warfarin more frequently (24·2%) than rivaroxaban (5%) or apixaban (10%), P = 0·003. Median rivaroxaban and apixaban levels were 230 ng/ml (47-759) and 159 ng/ml (45-255). Median International Normalised Ratio pre- and post-PCC in patients on warfarin were 3·4 (1·9-15·4) and 1·2 (1·0-1·9). Blood products use was the same between groups. Thirty-day mortality and re-bleeding rates in patients with ICH were 35% (P = 0·50) and 18% (P = 0·90) with no differences between the groups. Thrombosis occurred in 4·1% patients within 30 days with no difference between groups. Two of 91 (2·2%) patients with ICH only (both on warfarin) had ischaemic strokes within 30 days post-PCC. In conclusion, there was no difference in the safety (thrombosis) or efficacy (30-day mortality, re-bleeding) in use of PCC for MBE in patients on warfarin, rivaroxaban or apixaban.