Evaluación de la intervención de fisioterapia en los pacientes con sarcopenia y fractura de cadera: una revisión sistemática / Evaluation of physiotherapy intervention in patients with sarcopenia and hip fracture: A systematic review

Introducción La sarcopenia en los pacientes con fractura de cadera es cada vez más habitual en la población envejecida, aumentando el riesgo de hospitalización, dependencia y mortalidad. Objetivos Valorar el tratamiento de fisioterapia más efectivo en los pacientes con sarcopenia y fractura de cadera a través de la revisión de evidencia sistemática. Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda entre febrero y mayo de 2022 en 8 bases de datos electrónicas (Pubmed, Scopus, PEDro, Web of Science, Cochrane, Google Scholar y Springer Link), con el fin de extraer ensayos clínicos publicados en los últimos 12 años en español e inglés. Resultados Se seleccionaron 3 ensayos clínicos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. En todos ellos las intervenciones de fisioterapia incluían ejercicio aeróbico, de fuerza, de alta intensidad, de movilizaciones y combinados. La calidad metodológica se evaluó con la escala PEDro (puntuación media entre 6 y 10). Uno de los estudios no encuentra diferencias entre el tratamiento estándar y el grupo que recibe además entrenamiento progresivo de fuerza muscular. Otro constata una mejora a corto plazo en el grupo que recibe además del tratamiento convencional entrenamiento en cinta rodante con soporte del peso corporal durante el ejercicio con seguimiento a los 3 y 6 meses. El estudio que suplementa con aminoácidos esenciales es el único que constata una mejoría en los pacientes con sarcopenia. Conclusión Los pacientes con sarcopenia y fractura de cadera, pueden tener una mejor evolución si combinan ejercicios de fisioterapia con un protocolo nutricional. Son necesarias más investigaciones metodológicamente rigurosas sobre este tema para poder ampliar la evidencia. (AU)

Introduction Sarcopenia in patients with hip fracture is increasingly common in the elderly population, increasing the risk of hospitalization, dependency, and mortality. Objectives To assess the most effective physiotherapy treatment in patients with sarcopenia and hip fracture through systematic evidence review. Methods Electronic databases were searched from February to May 2022 using Pubmed, Scopus, PEDro, Web of Science, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Springer Link in order to extract randomized clinical trials published in full text both English and Spanish for the last 12 years. Results Three clinical trials that met the inclusion criteria were selected. In all of them, the physiotherapy interventions included aerobic, strength, high intensity, mobilization, and combined exercises. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale (average score between 6 and 10). One of the studies found no differences between the standard treatment and the group that also received progressive muscle strength training. Another found a short-term improvement in the group that received, in addition to conventional treatment, treadmill training with body weight support during exercise with follow-up that was not maintained at three and six months. The study that supplements with essential amino acids is the only one that confirms an improvement in patients with sarcopenia. Conclusion Patients with sarcopenia and hip fracture may have a better evolution if they combine physiotherapy exercises with a nutritional protocol. More methodologically rigorous research on this topic is needed to expand the evidence. (AU)

Evaluación de la intervención de fisioterapia en los pacientes con sarcopenia y fractura de cadera: una revisión sistemática / Evaluation of physiotherapy intervention in patients with sarcopenia and hip fracture: A systematic review

Introducción La sarcopenia en los pacientes con fractura de cadera es cada vez más habitual en la población envejecida, aumentando el riesgo de hospitalización, dependencia y mortalidad. Objetivos Valorar el tratamiento de fisioterapia más efectivo en los pacientes con sarcopenia y fractura de cadera a través de la revisión de evidencia sistemática. Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda entre febrero y mayo de 2022 en 8 bases de datos electrónicas (Pubmed, Scopus, PEDro, Web of Science, Cochrane, Google Scholar y Springer Link), con el fin de extraer ensayos clínicos publicados en los últimos 12 años en español e inglés. Resultados Se seleccionaron 3 ensayos clínicos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. En todos ellos las intervenciones de fisioterapia incluían ejercicio aeróbico, de fuerza, de alta intensidad, de movilizaciones y combinados. La calidad metodológica se evaluó con la escala PEDro (puntuación media entre 6 y 10). Uno de los estudios no encuentra diferencias entre el tratamiento estándar y el grupo que recibe además entrenamiento progresivo de fuerza muscular. Otro constata una mejora a corto plazo en el grupo que recibe además del tratamiento convencional entrenamiento en cinta rodante con soporte del peso corporal durante el ejercicio con seguimiento a los 3 y 6 meses. El estudio que suplementa con aminoácidos esenciales es el único que constata una mejoría en los pacientes con sarcopenia. Conclusión Los pacientes con sarcopenia y fractura de cadera, pueden tener una mejor evolución si combinan ejercicios de fisioterapia con un protocolo nutricional. Son necesarias más investigaciones metodológicamente rigurosas sobre este tema para poder ampliar la evidencia. (AU)

Introduction Sarcopenia in patients with hip fracture is increasingly common in the elderly population, increasing the risk of hospitalization, dependency, and mortality. Objectives To assess the most effective physiotherapy treatment in patients with sarcopenia and hip fracture through systematic evidence review. Methods Electronic databases were searched from February to May 2022 using Pubmed, Scopus, PEDro, Web of Science, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Springer Link in order to extract randomized clinical trials published in full text both English and Spanish for the last 12 years. Results Three clinical trials that met the inclusion criteria were selected. In all of them, the physiotherapy interventions included aerobic, strength, high intensity, mobilization, and combined exercises. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale (average score between 6 and 10). One of the studies found no differences between the standard treatment and the group that also received progressive muscle strength training. Another found a short-term improvement in the group that received, in addition to conventional treatment, treadmill training with body weight support during exercise with follow-up that was not maintained at three and six months. The study that supplements with essential amino acids is the only one that confirms an improvement in patients with sarcopenia. Conclusion Patients with sarcopenia and hip fracture may have a better evolution if they combine physiotherapy exercises with a nutritional protocol. More methodologically rigorous research on this topic is needed to expand the evidence. (AU)

Effect of Dentin Moisture in Posterior Restorations Performed with Universal Adhesive: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVES: This double-blind, randomized clinical trial evaluated the influence of dentin moisture on postoperative sensitivity (POS), as well as, on clinical performance in posterior bulk-fill composite restorations, using a universal adhesive, until 12 months after clinical service. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In accordance with a split-mouth design, 45 patients received posterior restorations, restored with a bulk-fill resin composite (Filtek Bulk Fill, 3M Oral Care) and a universal adhesive used in etch-and-rinse mode (SBU; Single Bond Universal Adhesive), which were applied on dry or moist dentin, with a cavity depth of at least 3 mm. Three operators placed 90 Class I/Class II restorations. Patients were evaluated for spontaneous and stimulated POS in the baseline, and after 48 hours, 7 days, and at 6 and 12 months. In addition, secondary parameters (marginal discoloration, marginal adaptation, fracture, and recurrent caries) were evaluated by World Dental Federation (FDI) criteria after 7 days and at 6 and 12 months. Statistical analyzes were performed using the Chi-square, Fisher exact, Friedman, Kruskall-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests (α=0.05). RESULTS: No significant spontaneous and stimulated POS was observed when SBU was applied in dry and moist dentin (p>0.05). A significant and higher risk of spontaneous POS (20.0%; 95%CI 10.9-33.82 for dry dentin and 22.22%; 95%CI 12.54-36.27 for moist dentin) occurred up to 48 hours after restoration placement for the dry and moist dentin groups (p<0.02). However, the POS intensity was mild up to 48 hours with no significant difference between dry and moist dentin groups (p>0.79). When secondary parameters were evaluated, no significant differences between the groups were observed. CONCLUSION: Dentin moisture did not influence POS in posterior bulk-fill composite restorations when associated with a universal adhesive applied in etch-and-rinse mode.

In Vitro Performance of Different Universal Adhesive Systems on Several CAD/CAM Restorative Materials After Thermal Aging.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the microshear bond strength (mSBS) of 10 universal adhesive systems applied on five different CAD/CAM restorative materials, immediately and after thermal aging. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Five CAD/CAM materials were selected: 1) feldspathic glass ceramic (FeCe); 2) pre-polymerized reinforced resin composite (ReRC); 3) leucite-reinforced glass ceramic (LeGC); 4) lithium disilicate (LiDi); and 5) yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide (ZiDi). For each material, 15 blocks were cut into four rectangular sections (6 × 6 × 6 mm; n=60 per group) and processed as recommended by the respective manufacturer. For each indirect material, the following adhesive systems were applied according to the respective manufacturer's instructions: 1) AdheSE Universal [ADU]; 2) All-Bond Universal [ABU]; 3) Ambar Universal [AMB]; 4) Clearfil Universal Bond [CFU]; 5) Futurabond U [FBU]; 6) One Coat 7 Universal [OCU]; 7) Peak Universal Bond [PUB]; 8) Prime&Bond Elect [PBE]; 9) Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU]; 10) Xeno Select [XEN, negative control]. After the application of the adhesive system, cylinder-shaped transparent matrices were filled with a dual-curing resin cement (NX3) and light cured. Specimens were tested in shear mode at 1.0 mm/min (mSBS), after 24 hours and 10,000 thermal cycles (TC). All data were submitted to statistical analysis (α=0.05). RESULTS: For FeCe, there was no significant decrease in mean mSBS for AMB, FBU, and SBU after TC when compared at 24 hours. For ReRC, AMB and SBU showed higher mean mSBS when compared to CFU and XEN, after 24 hours and TC. For LiDi, FBU and OCU showed higher mean mSBS when compared to CFU and XEN, after 24 hours and TC. For LeGC, AMB and PUB showed higher mean mSBS when compared to XEN, after 24 hours and TC. For ZiDi, OCU and SBU showed higher mean mSBS when compared to XEN, after 24 hours and TC. In addition, PBE and XEN showed the lowest mean mSBS after TC with higher percentage of bond strength reduction. CONCLUSIONS: The mean mSBS among the different universal adhesives varied widely for each CAD/CAM material used. In addition, most universal adhesives underwent a statistically significant bond strength reduction after TC.

Effect of Methacryloyloxydecyl Dihydrogen Phosphate-Containing Silane and Adhesive Used Alone or in Combination on the Bond Strength and Chemical Interaction With Zirconia Ceramics Under Thermal Aging.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Achieving durable bonding to zirconia is fundamental for the application of a methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-containing silane solution or an MDP-containing silane solution associated with an MDP-containing universal adhesive. SUMMARY: Objectives: To evaluate the effect of a methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-containing silane coupling agent and universal adhesive, used alone or in combination, on the microshear bond strength (µSBS) to zirconia after 24 hours of water storage (24h) and after 10,000 thermocycles (TC), complemented with chemical analysis of the surface to establish the presence of MDP on the surface of the zirconia after bonding procedures.Methods and Materials: Thirty computer-aided design/computed-aided manufacturing blocks of zirconia were cut into four sections (6×6×6 mm) and sintered. Zirconia sections (n=96) were assigned to 24 groups according to three factors: 1) silane (no silane, Monobond S [MBS], Monobond P [MB+]), 2) adhesive + resin cement (no adhesive + Enforce [ENF], no adhesive + RelyX Ultimate [REX], Prime&Bond Elect + Enforce [PBE/ENF], Scotchbond Universal + RelyX Ultimate [SBU/REX]), and 3) thermocycling (no thermocycling [24h], 10,000 thermocycles [TC]). Upon silane/adhesive application, cylinder-shaped matrices were filled with resin cement and light cured. Specimens were tested in µSBS (1.0 mm/min) after 24h or TC. The µSBS data were analyzed using twoway ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α=0.05). In addition, micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the zirconia surface for immediate chemical interaction analysis (n=24).Results: For the 24h condition, PBE/ENF resulted in lower mean µSBS than both groups with silane without PBE (MBS and MB+ groups; p<0.001). SBU alone or MB+ alone and MB+ associated with SBU showed the highest mean µSBS (p<0.001). For the TC condition, all groups showed a significant decrease in mean µSBS compared with those of 24h (p<0.001), with the exception of MB+ associated to SBU (p>0.05). However, the application of MB+ alone or MB+ associated to SBU resulted in higher mean µSBS (p<0.001) after TC than the remaining TC groups. In terms of chemical interaction, only the SBU groups, alone or combined with both of the silane agents, were associated with the methacrylate groups after rinsing.Conclusions: The results of the current study support the use of an MDP-containing silane solution or an MDP-containing silane solution associated with an MDP-containing universal adhesive for bonding to air-abraded zirconia, as a more stable bonding after thermocycling.

Randomized 36-month follow-up of posterior bulk-filled resin composite restorations.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this double blind, randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the 36-month clinical performance of the layering technique (incremental [IF] vs. bulk-fill [BF]) in posterior composite resin restorations bonded with self-etch (SE) and etch-and-rinse (ER) strategies. METHODS: Posterior dental cavities of 72 participants (n = 236), with a cavity depth of at least 3 mm, were randomly divided into four groups. The restorations were bonded using either the Tetric N-Bond ER or Tetric N-Bond SE. The composite resin Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fill was placed either IF or using BF. Two experienced and calibrated examiners evaluated the restorations using FDI criteria in the baseline and after 12, 24 and 36-month. The statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon Signed rank test (α = 0.05) RESULTS: After 36-month, 14, 21 and 33 restorations showed minor fractures, marginal desadaptation and color mismatch, respectively (p > 0.05). Thirty-three restorations showed some marginal discoloration after 36-month with significant difference between ER (3 for ER-IF; 3 for ER-BF) and SE (14 for SE-IF; 12 for SE-BF; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The BF technique showed excellent clinical performance, which was comparable during the 36-month of clinical evaluation with the 2-mm IF and it was not affected by the adhesive strategy. However, using the ER strategy reduces the risk of some marginal discoloration, irrespectively of the filling technique. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The bulk-fill material showed excellent clinical behavior when compared to its use in an incremental filling technique, mainly when associated to etch-and-rinse adhesive material after 3 years of clinical evaluation.

Effects of the Antiparasitic Drug Moxidectin in Cattle Dung on Zooplankton and Benthic Invertebrates and its Accumulation in a Water-Sediment System.

Two anthelmintic macrocyclic lactones-ivermectin and moxidectin-have revolutionized parasite control in cattle. These drugs are only partly metabolized by livestock, and the main route of excretion is via feces. In seasonally inundated floodplains, cattle feces come into direct contact with surface water. Important differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics between these drugs may bear on their ecotoxicology in aquatic ecosystems. Moxidectin strongly binds to organic matter and thereby may be consumed in aquatic food webs, but there is a scarcity of data on toxicity to freshwater invertebrates. The objectives of this work were to determine the effect of moxidectin spiked in cattle dung on survival and growth of three representative aquatic invertebrates: the zooplankton Ceriodaphnia dubia, the amphipod Hyalella curvispina, and the snail Pomacea canaliculata. Moxidectin-laced dung was added in microcosms and concentrations were measured in water, sediment + dung, roots of the aquatic plant Salvinia biloba, and the aforementioned invertebrates. The influence of moxidectin on nutrient concentrations was also evaluated. Dung was spiked with moxidectin to attain concentrations of 750, 375 and 250 µg kg-1 dung fresh weight, approximating those found in cattle dung at days 2, 3, and 5 following subcutaneous injection. Concentrations of moxidectin in dung during the first week of excretion were lethally toxic for the tested invertebrate taxa. The persistence of moxidectin in the sediment + dung and the uptake of the drug in roots of S. biloba increase its potential exposure to aquatic food webs. Moxidectin also reduced the rate of release of soluble reactive phosphorus to the water.

Two-year Effects of Chlorhexidine-containing Adhesives on the In Vitro Durability of Resin-dentin Interfaces and Modeling of Drug Release.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of addition of diacetate chlorhexidine (CHX) at different concentrations into two etch-and-rinse adhesive systems on CHX release, as well as the immediate (IM) and two-year (2-Y) resin-dentin microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and nanoleakage (NL). METHODS: CHX was added to XP Bond (XP) and Ambar (AM) at concentrations of 0.0 wt% (control); 0.01 wt%; 0.05 wt%; and 0.1 to 0.2 wt%. To assess the cumulative CHX release, adhesive disks were made in a metallic matrix and after light-curing were stored in water. Ultraviolet spectrophotometric measurements of the storage solution were performed to examine the release kinetics of CHX. For µTBS and NL, the occlusal enamel of molars was removed and the adhesives were applied to the dentin surface after acid etching. After composite resin build-up, specimens were sectioned to obtain µTBS sticks. The specimens were subjected to µTBS and NL at IM and after 2-Y. In addition, specimens underwent examination for CHX using micro-Raman spectroscopy. All data were submitted to statistical analysis (α=0.05). RESULTS: With regard to CHX release, AM showed a slower and gradual release of CHX while XP released CHX more quickly ( p<0.05), and CHX was still present in the hybrid layers after 2-Y. Both adhesives showed CHX release at 2-Y water storage. Both CHX-containing adhesives showed higher µTBS values than did the control group ( p<0.05).

Presencia del marcador lmp-1 del virus epstein-barr en linfomas de caninos / Presence of lmp-1 protein of epstein-barr virus in lymphomas of canine origin

RESUMEN El virus Epstein-Barr (EBV) es un virus de alta prevalencia en humanos que se asocia con tumores de la línea linfoide B. En caninos se dispone de pocos reportes sobre la presencia del EBV y su rol en esta especie. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la presencia de la proteína latente de membrana del EBV (LMP-1) en tejidos obtenidos de 20 linfomas de caninos cuyo diagnóstico se había realizado durante un periodo de 10 años, entre 2004 y 2014. Los linfomas se reclasificaron mediante las nuevas clasificaciones histopatológicas para linfomas y se sometieron a inmunohistoquímica (IHQ) con los anticuerpos anti-CD79a, anti-CD3, anticuerpos específicos para linfocitos B y T, además de un anti-LMP-1 como marcador de la presencia del EBV. Se encontró que el linfoma más común fue el linfoma nodal de zona T con un 75% de los casos. Al realizar la inmunomarcación se encontraron 18 casos positivos a CD3, 2 casos positivos a CD79a y 6 casos positivos a LMP-1, lo que representa el 30% de positividad del EBV en linfomas. El análisis Ji cuadrado demostró significancia estadística entre la presencia del virus y la presencia del linfoma lo que sugiere, no solamente que el virus está circulando en la población canina, sino que además puede tener relación con la ocurrencia de esta neoplasia. Con relación a las variables demográficas, sólo en la raza Golden Retriever se demostró relación con la presencia del linfoma, pero no con la presencia del virus.

ABSTRACT Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a human high prevalent virus associated with lymphoid B cells tumors development. In canines, few reports have been published regarding the presence of the virus in dogs but its role in this species remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of LMP-1 protein of EBV in 20 canine lymphomas tissues which were previously diagnosed in a period of time between 2004 -2014. Lymphomas were reclassified in accordance with the new histopathological classifications for lymphomas and were stained by IHQ with anti-CD79a, anti-CD3 and anti-LMP-1; in addition, specific antibodies for B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and EBV biomarker, respectively. It was found that the most common lymphoma was T-zone lymphoma in 75% of the cases of the study. The distribution of the cases regarding the immunostaining was: 18 positive cases with anti-CD3, 2 positive cases with anti-CD79a and 6 positive cases with anti- LMP-1. Positive cases of LMP-1 as a biomarker of the presence of EBV corresponded to the 30% of the cases of the study. Chi-square test showed statistical significance between the presence of the virus and the presence of lymphomas, which suggests not only that the virus is circulating in the canine population but also that could have implications in the development of the disease. Regarding demographic parameters, only the Golden Retriever breed showed a relationship with the presence of lymphoma, but not with the presence of the virus.

Bovine leukaemia virus DNA in fresh milk and raw beef for human consumption.

Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leucosis, which has been reported worldwide. BLV has been found recently in human tissue and it could have a significant impact on human health. A possible hypothesis regarding viral entry to humans is through the consumption of infected foodstuffs. This study was aimed at detecting the presence of BLV DNA in raw beef and fresh milk for human consumption. Nested PCR directed at the BLV gag gene (272 bp) was used as a diagnostic test. PCR products were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Forty-nine per cent of the samples proved positive for the presence of proviral DNA. This is the first study highlighting the presence of the BLV gag gene in meat products for human consumption and confirms the presence of the viral DNA in raw milk, as in previous reports. The presence of viral DNA in food products could suggest that viral particles may also be found. Further studies are needed to confirm the presence of infected viral particles, even though the present findings could represent a first approach to BLV transmission to humans through foodstuff consumption.

Aquatic toxicity of ivermectin in cattle dung assessed using microcosms.

Ivermectin (IVM) is a parasiticide widely used for livestock. It is a semisynthetic derivative of avermectin, a macrocyclic lactone produced by Streptomyces avermitilis. This drug is only partly metabolized by livestock; considerable amounts of parent drug are excreted mostly via feces. To simulate exposure of aquatic invertebrates and macrophytes to direct excretion of cattle dung into surface waters, a microcosm experiment with IVM spiked in cattle dung was conducted. The objectives of this study were to characterize accumulation of IVM in water, sediment+dung, roots of the floating fern Salvinia and the zooplankton Ceriodaphnia dubia, the amphipod Hyalella and the apple snail Pomacea; to determine the effect of this drug spiked in cattle dung on life-history traits of these invertebrates; and to evaluate the influence of IVM on aquatic nutrient cycling. Dung was spiked with IVM to attain concentrations of 1150, 458, 50 and 22µgkg-1dung fresh weight, approximating those found in cattle dung at days 3, 7, 16 and 29 following subcutaneous injection. Concentrations found in dung during the first week of excretion were lethally toxic to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella, whereas no mortality was observed in Pomacea. Concentrations of IVM in roots, sediment + dung and Pomacea increased significantly from the lowest to the highest treatment level. The effect of this drug on decomposition and release of nutrients from dung would have negative consequences for nutrient cycling in water. Increasing concentrations in sediment + dung with days of the experiment suggested that toxic concentrations would persist for an extended period in the water-sediment system. IVM represents an ecological risk for aquatic ecosystems, underscoring the need for livestock management strategies to limit its entry into water bodies.

Effect of Different Protocols in Preconditioning With EDTA in Sclerotic Dentin and Enamel Before Universal Adhesives Applied in Self-etch Mode.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different protocols of 17% ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) conditioning on the etching pattern and immediate bond strength of universal adhesives to enamel and sclerotic dentin. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty bovine teeth with sclerotic dentin and 20 human third molars were randomly divided into eight groups resulting from the combination of the main factors surface treatment (none, two-minute EDTA conditioning manual application, 30-second EDTA manual application, 30-second EDTA sonic application) and adhesives systems (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU] and Prime & Bond Elect [PBE]). Resin-dentin and enamel-dentin bond specimens were prepared and tested under the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and microshear bond strength (µSBS) tests, respectively. The etching pattern produced on the unground enamel and the sclerotic dentin surfaces under the different protocols and adhesive systems was evaluated under scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: For enamel, only the main factor adhesive was significant (p<0.0001), with SBU showing the highest µSBS. In sclerotic dentin, the lowest mean was observed for the group without EDTA application and the highest mean in the group with EDTA application with the sonic device for 30 seconds. Regardless of the EDTA protocol, the highest means of µTBS were observed for SBU (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: EDTA conditioning improves the bonding performance of universal adhesives in the self-etch mode on sclerotic dentin, mainly when applied for 30 seconds with the aid of a sonic device. EDTA pretreatment also improves the retentive etching pattern of enamel, but it does not result in higher enamel bond strength.

Mechanical and microbiological properties and drug release modeling of an etch-and-rinse adhesive containing copper nanoparticles.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of addition of copper nanoparticles (CN) at different concentrations into a two-step etch-and-rinse (2-ER) adhesive on antimicrobial activity (AMA), copper release (CR), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), degree of conversion (DC), water sorption (WS), solubility (SO), as well as the immediate (IM) and 1-year resin-dentin bond strength (µTBS) and nanoleakage (NL). METHODS: Seven adhesives were formulated according to the addition of CN (0, 0.0075, 0.015, 0.06, 0.1, 0.5 and 1wt%) in adhesive. The AMA was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans using agar diffusion assay. For CR, WS and SO, specimens were constructed and tested for 28 days. For UTS, specimens were tested after 24h and 28 days. For DC, specimens were constructed and tested after 24h by FTIR. After enamel removal, the ER was applied to dentin. After composite resin build-ups, specimens were sectioned to obtain resin-dentin sticks. For µTBS and NL, specimens were tested after 24h and 1-year periods. All data were submitted to statistical analysis (α=0.05). RESULTS: The addition of CN provided AMA to the adhesives at all concentrations. Higher CR was observed in adhesives with higher concentration of CN. UTS, DC, WS and SO were not influenced. For µTBS an increase was observed in 0.1 and 0.5% copper group. For NL, a significant decrease was observed in all groups in comparison with control group. After 1-year, no significant reductions of µTBS and no significant increases of NL were observed for copper containing adhesives compared to the control group. SIGNIFICANCE: The addition of CN in concentrations up to 1wt% in the 2-ER adhesive may be an alternative to provide AMA and preserve the bonding to dentin, without reducing adhesives' mechanical properties evaluated.

Effect of Minocycline on the Durability of Dentin Bonding Produced with Etch-and-Rinse Adhesives.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of minocycline and chlorhexidine pretreatment of acid-etched dentin on the longevity of resin-dentin bond strength (µTBS) and nanoleakage of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives. METHODS: Before application of Prime & Bond NT and Adper Single Bond 2 in occlusal dentin, the dentin surfaces were treated with 37% phosphoric acid, rinsed, air-dried, and rewetted with water (control group), 2% minocycline, or 2% chlorexidine digluconate. Composite buildups were constructed incrementally, and specimens were longitudinally sectioned to obtain bonded sticks (0.8 mm2) to be tested in tension (0.5 mm/min) immediately or after 24 months of water storage. For nanoleakage, two specimens of each tooth/period were immersed in the silver nitrate solution, photo-developed, and polished with SiC paper for analysis under energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy/scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Reductions of the µTBS and increases in the nanoleakage were observed for both adhesives when the rewetting procedure was performed with water. Stable bonds were observed for the 2% minocycline and 2% chlorexidine digluconate groups after 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: The use of 2% minocycline as pretreatment of acid-etched dentin is one alternative to retard the degradation of resin-dentin interfaces over a 24-month period as well as 2% chlorexidine digluconate.

Does breathing type influence electromyographic activity of obligatory and accessory respiratory muscles?

Craniomandibular electromyographic (EMG) studies frequently include several parameters, e.g. resting, chewing and tooth-clenching. EMG activity during these parameters has been recorded in the elevator muscles, but little is known about the respiratory muscles. The aim of this study was to compare EMG activity in obligatory and accessory respiratory muscles between subjects with different breathing types. Forty male subjects were classified according to their breathing type into two groups of 20 each: costo-diaphragmatic breathing type and upper costal breathing type. Bipolar surface electrodes were placed on the sternocleidomastoid, diaphragm, external intercostal and latissimus dorsi muscles. EMG activity was recorded during the following tasks: (i) normal quiet breathing, (ii) maximal voluntary clenching in intercuspal position, (iii) natural rate chewing until swallowing threshold, (iv) short-time chewing. Diaphragm EMG activity was significantly higher in the upper costal breathing type than in the costo-diaphragmatic breathing type in all tasks (P < 0·05). External intercostal EMG activity was significantly higher in the upper costal breathing type than in the costo-diaphragmatic breathing type in tasks 3 and 4 (P < 0·05). Sternocleidomastoid and latissimus dorsi EMG activity did not show significant differences between breathing types in the tasks studied (P > 0·05). The significantly higher EMG activity observed in subjects with upper costal breathing than in the costo-diaphragmatic breathing type suggests that there could be differences in motor unit recruitment strategies depending on the breathing type. This may be an expression of the adaptive capability of muscle chains in subjects who clinically have a different thoraco-abdominal expansion during inspiration at rest.

The impact of Eskoba, a glyphosate formulation, on the freshwater plankton community.

This study analyzed the acute effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide (Eskoba) on the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, the cladoceran Simocephalus vetulus, and the copepod Notodiaptomus conifer, and evaluated the recovery ability of the surviving micro-crustaceans. Survival, age of first reproduction, and fecundity were used as endpoints for S. vetulus, while survival and time to reach the adult stage were used as endpoints for N. conifer. The registered order of sensitivity was S. vetulus (48-hour effective concentration [EC50]: 21 mg/L) > C. vulgaris (72-hour EC50: 58.59 mg/ L) > N. conifer (48-hour EC50: 95 mg/L). Despite the growth of C. vulgaris stimulated after 24 hours of exposure to the commercial formulation of glyphosate Eskoba, it was inhibited after 48 hours by all the concentrations tested. In postexposure experiments, microcrustaceans reduced their life expectancy, S. vetulus decreased its fertility, and N. conifer inhibited its sexual maturity. In summary, it was demonstrated that these species lost their recovery ability.

Identification of two immunoreactive peptides useful for the detection of porcine astrovirus.

Porcine astroviruses (PAstVs) are small RNA viruses associated with gastroenteritis. The capsid polyprotein of PAstVs, human (HAstVs) and feline (FAstVs) AstVs has a high similarity at the N-terminus before residue 415. Previous results showed the cross-detection of PAstVs and HAstVs from diarrheal samples using a commercial ELISA test that uses a monoclonal antibody to capture HAstVs, suggesting the existence of common immunoreactive epitopes between these two virus types. In this study, we seeked immunoreactive peptides located in the PAstV capsid that may be potentially used for their specific detection. The variability and hydrophobicity of a short fragment of 132 amino acids were analyzed using several capsid sequences of PAstVs and HAstVs. Peptides TATL, SLNP and IDIV were selected, synthesized and inoculated into rabbits. Pre- and hyperimmune sera were collected and their reactivity was examined by immunoassay and immunofluorescence against two wild-type strains of PAstV adapted to grow in cell culture, observing reactivity in two of the sera. Finally, the possible cross-reactivity of the sera against HAstVs was partially ruled out using HAstV8. Our data suggest that TATLGTIGSNSSGKTELEAC and IDIVVGKAATFNLKASDLSGP peptides represent immunoreactive regions useful for the specific detection of PAstVs.

Después de cien años de uso: ¿las férulas oclusales tienen algún efecto terapéutico? / After a century of use: do the occlusal appliances have any therapeutic effects?

Las férulas o planos oclusales han sido utilizadas desde hace más de un siglo, generando controversia acerca de su verdadero valor terapéutico. Esto motivó una revisión histórica y actualizada que permitiera evaluar sus efectos de acuerdo a la evidencia científica. Se discuten múltiples aspectos como el concepto de relación céntrica y su determinación como punto de inicio de tratamiento en la rehabilitación oral; el uso de las férulas para deprogramar; su efecto sobre la conducta motora oral que conocemos como bruxismo; su efecto en la actividad electromiográfica tónica, durante la deglución y el máximo apriete en los músculos masticatorios y cervicales; su influencia en la eficiencia muscular; su efecto en la carga articular y las evidencias experimentales del uso de distintas férulas sobre signos y síntomas especíicos como dolor y ruido articular. Se plantean desafíos para la investigación sobre cambios degenerativos en las articulaciones, en la relación craneovertebral y en la curvatura e inclinación de la columna cervical. Se concluye que es necesario utilizar una férula diseñada para el trastorno específico del paciente y que su verdadero valor terapéutico queda demostrado al mejorar algunos signos y síntomas, en músculos masticatorios y cervicales. El conocimiento parcial del mecanismo de acción de las férulas contribuye a que persista la controversia de su utilización en el tratamiento de ruidos articulares y para revertir cambios degenerativos en las articulaciones. Persiste el desafío de nuevas investigaciones, que sustenten el uso de estos dispositivos como un método eficaz para tratar a nuestros pacientes, utilizando protocolos de manejo y controles periódicos.

Occlusal appliances or splints have been used for over a century, generating controversy about their real therapeutic value. This led to an updated review to assess their effects according to scientific evidence. The concept of centric relation and its determination as a starting point of treatment; the use of splints to deprogram; their effect on the oral motor behaviour known as bruxism are discussed. Their effect on EMG activity during resting, swallowing and maximal clenching in the masticatory and neck muscles; their effect on muscular eficiency; their effect decreasing the joint overload; and experimental evidence of the use of several appliances on speciic symptoms such as pain and joint noise, are also treated. The true challenge is to generate new knowledge about joint degenerative changes, the craniocervical relationships, tilt and curvature of the cervical spine. In conclusion, it's necessary to use an occlusal appliance designed for the specific condition of the patient, and its real therapeutic value is demonstrated by the improvement of some signs and symptoms in masticatory and cervical muscles. However, the action mechanisms of occlusal appliances are not fully understood. The lack of scientiic support contributes to the persistent controversy of the use of these appliances in the treatment of temporomandibular joint sounds and reversing degenerative changes. It is still a challenge to carry out new researches supporting the use of these appliances as an effective method to treat our patients using management protocols and periodic evaluations.

Subgenotype diversity of hepatitis B virus American genotype F in Amerindians from Venezuela and the general population of Colombia.

The objective of this study was the evaluation of the genetic diversity found in HBV circulating among Venezuelan Amerindians and the general population in Colombia. Phylogenetic analysis of the S region in 194 isolates showed that genotype F is highly predominant in Colombia and Venezuela. This might be related to the genetic background of the population. F3 is the main subgenotype which circulates in both countries. Phylogenetic analysis of 61 complete genome sequences of HBV American genotypes confirms the presence of two genotypes F and H, and 4 F subgenotypes. In Venezuela, subgenotypes F1, F2, and F3 circulate in East and West Amerindians, while only F3 was found among South Amerindians. Japreira community derived from Yucpa Amerindians around 150 years ago. However, several Japreira HBV sequences were forming a clade that can be classified as subgenotype 2b, differing from Yucpa sequences that belong mainly to subgenotype F3. The apparent absence of correlation between the phylogenetic groupings of HBV isolates with the ethnical origin in aboriginal populations might be suggesting a recent origin of HBV American subgenotypes, or a genetic drift effect.

Presence of viral proteins in drinkable water--sufficient condition to consider water a vector of viral transmission?

In order to determine the role of water as a possible vector for transmission of the most prevalent enteric viruses affecting infantile populations, 226 water samples were collected from Facatativa's (Colombian municipality located 30km away from Bogotá) water works in the years 2000, 2002, and 2005. The samples were clarified and virus was concentrated by filtering and ultrafiltering techniques. The presence of viral protein (VP) was assessed by enzyme immunoassay method (EIA) and viral RNA presence was detected by reverse trascriptase and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using these techniques, one sample positive for Astrovirus (HAstV) was found in a sample collected from the river that supplies the aqueduct, two samples positive for Norovirus (NV) from fresh treated potable water and 13 samples positive for Rotavirus (RV), some in water from the plant during treatment and others from treated fresh water. RT-PCR inhibitors were also found in water samples obtained from the plant and in the fresh treated water. No inhibitors were found in the river water. VP, but no nucleic acid, was detected in the water samples at different stages of treatment, thus suggesting that the virus might have been complete and infectious at some stage prior to water purification.